This diploma thesis deals with an alternative frame design of Formula Student which is made of aluminium honeycomb sandwich. First part describes the current options analysis, the property of aluminium panel and its loading behaviour. Next part provides a frame design and computational model for stress analysis by FEM and the main part is contains the calculation of torsional rigidity including its procedure. Finally, the thesis provides the comparison with tubular space frame of the 3th generation formula Dragon.

Parkinson’s disease causes among other symptoms also writing disorder. Parkinson's dysgrafia is disease the writing of parkinsonics. The aim of the work is to show the importance of examinig the parametres of Parkinson's dysgrafia and to find writing parametres, which could distinguish healthy subjects from the pacient and also it could monitoring progress of pakinson's disease. Some of the parametrs showed marked differences and therefore could distinguish healthy people from those with Parkinson’s disease.

Composite sandwich structures are being used in the automotive and aerospace industries at an increasing rate due to their high strength and stiffness per unit weight.  Many teams in the world’s largest engineering competition for students, Formula Student, have embraced these types of structures and are using them in their chassis with the intent of increasing the torsional stiffness per unit weight.   The Formula Student team at Karlstad University, Clear River Racing, has since 2017 successfully built three carbon fiber based sandwich structure chassis. A big challenge when designing this type of chassis is the lack of strategy regarding torsional stiffness simulations. Thus, the goal of this thesis project was to provide the organization with a set of accurate yet relatively simple methods of modelling and simulating the torsional stiffness of the chassis.   The first step in achieving the goal of the thesis was the implementation of simplifications to the material model. These simplifications were mainly targeted towards the aluminum honeycomb core. In order to cut computational times and reduce complexity, a continuum model with orthotropic material properties was used instead of the intricate cellular structure of the core. To validate the accuracy of this simplification, the in-plane elastic modulus of the core was simulated in the finite element software Abaqus. The stiffness obtained through simulations was 0.44 % larger than the theoretical value. The conclusion was therefore made that the orthotropic continuum model was an accurate and effective representation of the core.   Furthermore, simplifications regarding the adhesive film in the core-carbon fiber interfaces were made by using constraints in Abaqus instead of modelling the adhesive films as individual parts. To validate this simplification and the overall material model for the sandwich structure, a three-point bend test was simulated in Abaqus and conducted physically. The stiffness for the sandwich panel obtained through physical testing was 2.4 % larger than the simulated stiffness. The conclusion was made that the simplifications in the material modelling did not affect the accuracy in a significant way.   Finally, the torsional stiffness of the 2020 CFRP chassis was found to be 12409.75 Nm/degree.   In addition to evaluating previously mentioned simplifications, this thesis also serves as a comprehensive guide on how the modelling of the chassis and how the three-point bend test can take place in regards to boundary conditions, coordinate system assignments and layup definitions.

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This dissertation studies asymmetric pricing in the small (APIS), where small price increases outnumber small price decreases, the asymmetry disappearing for larger price changes; and the corresponding reversed phenomenon (APIS-R). Current evidence suggests retailers deploy these pricing practices despite menu costs and potential consumer concerns. There is also evidence that inflation is only a partial contributor to the phenomena. These point to possible strategic intent driving these retail pricing practices. However, there are only a few papers in the domain, and none specifically address the cross-sectional and longitudinal variations. Further, existing results are mostly based on a single retailer, limited products, short time span, and legacy datasets dating back to the 1980s and 1990s, leaving their current relevance unsettled. Recent papers also question if small price changes are measurement artifacts. This dissertation addresses these gaps by analyzing several large contemporary datasets – a scanner dataset with more than 79 billion price observations and a matching consumer panel dataset with more than 50,000 participating panelists. Our key results imply the pricing practices can be retailers’ strategic responses to the cognitive tasks faced by consumers. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the thesis. Chapter 2 sets up the fundamentals of the phenomena and reports robust evidence of APIS and APIS-R across the retail price spectrum. Chapter 3 examines the cross-sectional variations of the phenomena and finds that APIS and APIS-R are associated with product characteristics such as purchase frequency and category price level, as well as retail format such as HILO or EDLP. Chapter 4 explores the longitudinal variations and finds that business cycles are a major time-varying factor influencing retail practices of APIS and APIS-R. Chapter 5 concludes with reflections on the findings, implications for theory and practice, limitations, and suggestions for future studies. / Dissertation / Candidate in Philosophy / This dissertation studies asymmetric pricing in the small (APIS), where small price increases outnumber small price decreases, the asymmetry disappearing for larger price changes; and the corresponding reversed phenomenon (APIS-R). There are only a few papers in the domain, and none explain their cross-sectional and longitudinal variations. Existing results are mostly based on a single retailer, limited products, short time span, and legacy datasets dating back to the 1980s and 1990s, leaving their current relevance unsettled. Recent papers also question if small price changes are measurement artifacts. This dissertation addresses these gaps by analyzing several large contemporary datasets. The research finds robust evidence of both APIS and APIS-R in the retail price spectrum, and provides explanations for their cross-sectional variation, across products and retailers, as well as longitudinal variations, across business cycles. The results indicate the pricing practices can be retailers’ strategic responses to the cognitive tasks faced by consumers.

The current research explored how one’s motivational focus and political orientation may interact to produce cognitive rigidity. Past literature provides evidence for associations between approach-based orientation and cognitive flexibility and between avoidance-based motives and cognitive rigidity (e.g., Cacioppo, Priester, & Berntson, 1993; Friedman & Förster, 2005; Förster, Friedman, Özelsel & Denzler, 2006, Isen & Daubman, 1984; Mikulincer, Kedem & Paz, 1990). Further, research on political orientation suggests a strong association between conservatism and cognitive rigidity (Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, & Sulloway, 2003). Can approach/avoidance motivation help explain this link between political orientation and rigidity? To answer this question, we manipulated approach/avoidance orientation using primes that focused individuals on what they should do versus what they should not do; there was also a no-prime control group. The cognitive rigidity task involved categorizing prototypic and non-prototypic items. For each item, participants provided goodness of fit ratings and discrete category judgment of whether the item was a member of the category (i.e., “yes” or “no”). Cognitive rigidity was operationalized as greater exclusion of non-prototypic items from a category. We found approach/avoidance motivation and political orientation significantly interacted to predict cognitive rigidity. An avoidance prime produced lower goodness of fit ratings and more “no” category membership decisions for political conservatives, but not political liberals. There were no differences across groups for the approach prime. These findings suggest that conservatives’ cognitive rigidity may be attributable to their greater avoidance motivation; conservatives appear to be sensitive to negative outcomes, and when these are cued, cognitive rigidity increases.

<pre>In the first part of this thesis we show that, for a given non-arithmetic closed hyperbolic <i>$</i><i>n</i><i>$</i> manifold <i>$</i><i>M</i><i>$</i>, there exist for each positive integer <i>$</i><i>j</i><i>$</i>, a set <i>$</i><i>M_</i><i>1</i><i>,...,M_j</i><i>$</i> of pairwise nonisometric, strongly isospectral, finite covers of <i>$</i><i>M</i><i>$</i>, and such that for each <i>$</i><i>i,i'</i><i>$</i> one has isomorphisms of cohomology groups <i>$</i><i>H^*(M_i,</i><i>\Zbb</i><i>)=H^*(M_{i'},</i><i>\Zbb</i><i>)</i><i>$</i> which are compatible with respect to the natural maps induced by the cover. In the second part, we prove that hyperbolic <i>$</i><i>2</i><i>$</i>- and <i>$</i><i>3</i><i>$</i>-manifolds which arise from principal congruence subgroups of a maixmal order in a quaternion algebra having type number <i>$</i><i>1</i><i>$</i> are absolutely spectrally rigid. One consequence of this is a partial answer to an outstanding question of Alan Reid, concerning the spectral rigidity of Hurwitz surfaces.</pre>

Extending an explicit result from Bridson–Conder–Reid, this work provides an algorithm for distinguishing finite quotients between cocompact triangle groups Δ ?and lattices Γ of constant curvature symmetric 2-spaces. Much of our attention will be on when these lattices are Fuchsian groups. We prove that it will suffice to take a finite quotient that is Abelian, dihedral, a subgroup of PSL(<i>n</i>,<b>F</b>_<i>q</i>) (for an odd prime power q), or an Abelian extension of one of these 3 groups. For the latter case, we will require and develop an approach for creating group extensions upon a shared finite quotient of Δ? and Γ which between them have differing degrees of smoothness. Furthermore, on the order of a finite quotient that distinguishes between ?Δ and Γ, we are able to establish an effective upperbound that is superexponential depending on the cone orders appearing in each group.<br>

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