Risk assessment of organised crime groups can assess different types of risk at a group- or individual-level. Operational definitions of key concepts, units of analysis and type of data are a few issues prevalent in risk assessment (RA) instruments when assessing risk in gangs on a group-level. Do these methodological issues also affect risk assessment in OCG members on an individual level? This review will also focus on how risk assessment instruments are used when assessing individual risk in gang members. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases were included in the review. The abstract screening process yielded 47 studies suitable for full-text screening. Only 8 studies qualified for inclusion after applying the eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis revealed that risk assessment in OCG members were focused on an adolescent population within a mainly western cultural setting. The RA tools were mostly used in custody settings but also took place in the community and in schools. Variations on RA instruments based on Level of Service Inventory (Andrews & Bonta, 2010) were the most common ones, but other frameworks and models assessing risk were also used. Similar methodological issues were observed on an individual-risk assessment level as on a group level, resulting in a negative impact on validity of RA instruments when used on OCG members.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka socialsekreterares och polisers upplevelser och erfarenheter av samverkan mellan dessa två myndigheter vid mäns våld mot kvinnor och barn i nära relation. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tre socialsekreterare inom socialtjänsten samt två utredare inom polisen har intervjuats. Samverkan användes som teoretisk tolkningsram. Resultatet visade att samverkan uppfattas som mer omfattande och strukturerad när barn finns med i bilden, jämfört med våldsutsatta kvinnor utan barn och att olika arbetssätt, rutiner, sekretessbestämmelser, resursbrist och tidsbrist påverkar samverkan. Resultatet visade också att personliga relationer påverkar samverkan och att det finns kunskap och medvetenhet kring våld i nära relationer hos båda myndigheterna. Samverkan mellan socialtjänsten och polisen är nödvändig eftersom den bidrar till att hjälpa de våldsutsatta kvinnor och barn till att få det hjälp och stöd de behöver. / The purpose of this study was to investigate social workers and police investigators perceptions and experiences of cooperation between the two authorities in cases of violence against women and children by men in a close relationship. The method used was qualitative with semi-structured interviews. Three social workers in the social services and two police investigators were interviewed. Cooperation was used as a theoretical frame. The result showed that cooperation is perceived as more extensive and structured when children are involved, compared to when women without children are abused. Collaboration is affected by different work methods, procedures, rules of confidentiality, lack of resources and time. Results showed further that personal relationships affect cooperation and there is knowledge and awareness of violence in close relationships in both authorities. Cooperation between social services and the police is necessary and contributes to help abused women and children to get the support they need.