Coastal oceans play an important role in the carbon cycle and are hotspots of ocean primary production and ocean acidification. These coastal regions are strongly influenced by rives, especially in the Arctic. Despite the importance of the riverine delivery of carbon and nutrients, their effect on the Arctic Ocean is still poorly understood due to hostile conditions and the consequently low number of observations. This thesis aims at improving our understanding of the influence of Arctic riverine delivery of carbon and nutrients by using ocean biogeochemical models.The first part of the thesis evaluated the model skills of the ocean biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES in the Arctic Ocean. By analyzing model results at different horizontal resolutions, the importance of lateral influx from the adjacent oceans for anthropogenic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean wasdemonstrated. These results were then used to adjust a previously published data-based estimate of anthropogenic carbon storage in the Arctic Ocean and the corresponding ocean acidification.In the second part, a pan-Arctic observation-based dataset of riverine carbon and nutrient fluxes was created. This dataset was then used to force the ocean biogeochemical model and the river fluxes were quantified. River fluxes have been shown to sustain up to 24% of Arctic Ocean primary production, to reduce the air-sea CO2 uptake by 20%, and to reduce surface ocean acidification seasonally. Eventually, idealized simulations were made to quantify the sensitivity of the Arctic Ocean biogeochemistry to future changes in riverine delivery of carbon and nutrients. Sensitivities are of small magnitude on a pan-Arctic scale, importance in the coastal areas, and the dominant factor close to river mouths. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dredged rivers remain from when lumber was floated downriver for processing and shipping purposes. This has left parts of some rivers in Sweden with shallow rocky beaches and deep central furrows. Restoration efforts of dredged unregulated rivers has shown positive results for fish populations. This report compares, by use of CFD two regulated parts of Luleälven, one dredged and one natural. The report looks at habitats where the Riverine Grayling prefers to lay its eggs and evaluates whether velocity and depth conditions could give an explanation for the lower population of the Riverine Grayling in the dredged river. For the water levels tested, usable areas exist for all cases, but the dredged river has substantially smaller areas suitable as a habitat. The river geometry seems to be the large issue for Mattisudden as its shallow wide riverbanks are not conducive to habitats for the Riverine Grayling. Surprisingly the "lower" test case for the dredged river showed a larger usable area than for the "higher" water level, for the same river and higher usable area than the natural river. For this case the water level is now so low that the shallow wide riverbanks are above the water level and only the central furrow is filled with water. This shows two avenues that can be used to improve the habitats for the Riverine Grayling, lower the water level, or raise the riverbanks.

Climate change will most likely cause marine ecosystems and human living conditions to change in the areas bordering on the sea, rivers and its delta. As a result of these changes with significant resource shortages, there are obvious risks that conflicts arise between peoples' groups or other spheres of interest. Conflicts in which Sweden, alone or most likely in an international context, may play a vital role in ensuring that the conflicts do not escalate. It would be a political prestige loss from a Swedish perspective not having the ability, despite the political intention, to be able to contribute to an international effort with the task of dampening or preventing an escalating conflict in a water-dominating area. To be able to operate in coastal environments such as rivers and its delta, the right capabilities and material are required. The scope of the study aims to describe how an amphibious unit capabilities and technical systems affect the outcome of a Riverine operation. The scope of the study is achieved through a qualitative text analysis of research reports, articles and literature that deals with Riverine operation as a concept. The theoretical framework consists of the first theory of military technology and the Swedish Armed Forces systemic-view. The analysis tool is derived from the concept DOTLMPFI. Doctrine, Organization, Training, Leadership and education, Materiel, Personnel, Facilities and Interoperability. The study's findings and conclusions indicate that a military unit’s capabilities and technical systems that enables it to work in an area over a longer period of time, in order to achieve the purpose of the operation, are factors for success. A part of this is the ability to use unmanned crafts, sensors and a flexible organizational structure that enables a situational awareness in a complex environment such as rivers and its delta. Furthermore, the degree of interoperability of the unit is something that will also affect the outcome of a Riverine operation as it, as a concept, usually involves other branches of the military and nations.

A história da ocupação recente do Lago Amanã inicia-se nas décadas finais do século XIX com o declínio na produção da borracha brasileira. Após o fim deste ciclo, a economia na região amazônica passou por uma grande diversificação, centrando-se na extração de madeira, pesca, caça (comércio de peles e carne), dentre outros produtos. Com esta mudança na economia extrativista, os regatões que abasteciam o mercado interiorano e, sobretudo, os seringais, passaram a deslocar-se para os interiores em busca de produtos regionais para atender a demanda nas capitais. Desse modo, o capítulo 2 dessa dissertação tem como objetivo realizar uma reconstrução histórica a respeito do processo de ocupação e modo de vida das pessoas que atualmente situam-se na comunidade Boa Esperança (localizada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã) e fornecer detalhes sobre processos que podem influenciar a atividade de caça relatada no capítulo 3. Já o capítulo 3 se propõe a responder as seguintes questões: 1) a variação sazonal do nível dos rios afeta a atividade de caça na área estudada? 2) a preferência alimentar por determinada espécie influencia no abate das demais? Para obter a resposta, foram utilizados dados de monitoramento de caça entre os anos de 2003 e 2014. Uma etapa piloto foi realizada entre setembro e outubro de 2014, com duração de 22 dias para a seleção da comunidade; durante os meses de fevereiro e março de 2015, em 48 dias de campo, realizou-se a primeira etapa de campo para testes metodológicos; a segunda etapa da pesquisa foi realizada nos meses de agosto a outubro do mesmo ano, totalizando 66 dias em campo. Foram selecionados todos os indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade superior a 18 anos e que participassem da atividade de caça no local. Foram realizadas conversas informais que possibilitaram a elaboração do roteiro de história de vida. Somado a essas entrevistas de caráter mais informal, foram realizadas 47 expedições para realizar a observação participante, sendo 11 para caça, 16 para pesca, 19 para agricultura e apenas uma para coleta de madeira. Os dados de caça utilizados no capítulo 3 fazem parte de um sistema de monitoramento de caça a longo prazo chamado de SMUF (Sistema de Monitoramento do Uso da Fauna), realizado entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. Para identificar se a variação no nível dos rios causa efeito sobre a atividade de caça local foi utilizado dados fluviométricos do mesmo período. Discriminou-se para todos os animais abatidos sua identificação científica, peso individual, local e data do abate, número de caçadores envolvidos e o tempo de caçada. Para responder à questão central do capítulo 3 utilizamos o teste de correlação de Pearson para compararmos se a biomassa animal coletada e esforço exercido pelos caçadores variam de acordo com a fluviometria local. Buscando averiguar se a fluviometria influi diferentemente no abate de algumas espécies, as mesmas análises foram realizadas separadamente com os cinco animais mais caçados. Os dados do capítulo 2 forneceram informações extremamente importantes para compreender o modo de vida dos moradores da Comunidade Boa Esperança. Apesar da caça ter capacidade de gerar grandes impactos na fauna, nossos dados deram luz a fatores ambientais, culturais e socioeconômicos que são capazes de modificar o modo como os animais são caçados localmente. Os dados do capítulo 3 demonstraram que a relação entre biomassa coletada, esforço despendido e fluviometria variam de acordo com a espécie caçada. De modo geral, isso pode estar associado a diversos fatores: 1) heterogeneidade de habitats, diversidade florística e conectividade das áreas de caça com áreas de igapó e várzea; 2) variações sazonais de produtividade e disponibilidade de alimentos entre as áreas; 3) diferenças no forrageio das espécies; 4) comportamento agregativo de algumas espécies; 5) efeitos da sobrecaça e expansão agrícola. Outro fator que pode ser associado as correlações entre biomassa, esforço e fluviometria é a preferência alimentar. Tendo em vista que as demais comunidades que compõem a RDS Amanã podem possuir diferentes históricos socioeconômicos, ambientais e de vida, temas como a migração de bandos, variação sazonal de abate, preferência alimentar, demanda comercial de carne silvestre e inserção de fontes alternativas de renda merecem ser estudados com mais profundidade para que se possa ter uma real compreensão da dinâmica de caça nas comunidades. Esses estudos serão fundamentais para a elaboração de um Plano de Gestão embasado nas diferentes realidades locais / The history of recent occupation of Amanã Lake starts in the final decades of the nineteenth century with the decline in the production of Brazilian rubber. After the end of this cycle, the economy in the Amazon region went through a major diversification, focusing on logging, fishing, hunting (trade skins and meat), among other products. With this change in the extractive economy, ship supplying the small-town market and, above all, the rubber plantations, began to move to the interior in search of regional products to meet demand in the capital. Thus, Chapter 2 of this dissertation aims to conduct a historical reconstruction about the process of occupation and way of life of the people who currently are in the community Boa Esperança (located in the Amana Sustainable Development Reserve) and provide details about processes that can influence the hunting activity reported in chapter 3 aims to answer the following questions: 1) the seasonal variation in the level of rivers affects the hunting activity in the study area? 2) food preference for particular species influences the slaughter of others? For the answer, hunting monitoring data were used between 2003 and 2014. A pilot phase was conducted between September and October 2014, lasting 22 days for the selection of the community; during the months of February and March 2015 in 48 field days, held the first field stage for methodological tests; the second stage of the research was conducted from August to October of that year, a total of 66 days in the field. selected were all males over the age of 18 and who participate in the hunting activity on site. Informal talks were held which enabled the development of the life story script. Added to these more informal character interviews, 47 shipments were made to perform participant observation, 11 for hunting, fishing 16, 19 for agriculture and only one for timber harvesting. The game data used in Chapter 3 are part of a long-term game monitoring system called SMUF (Monitoring System of the Wildlife Use), conducted between 2002 and 2014. To identify the variation in the level of rivers cause effect on the local hunting activity was used streamflow data from the same period. Discriminated to all animals slaughtered their scientific identification, individual weight, place and date of slaughter, the number of hunters involved and the hunting time. To answer the central question of Chapter 3 used the Pearson correlation test to compare the animal biomass collected and effort deployed by hunters vary according to the local seasonality. Seeking to establish whether the seasonality influence differently in the slaughter of some species, the same analyzes were performed separately with the five animals most hunted. The Chapter 2 Data provided extremely important information to understand the way of life of the residents of the Community Boa Esperança. Despite the game have the ability to generate large impacts on wildlife, our data gave birth to environmental, cultural and socio-economic factors that are able to modify the way the animals are hunted locally. The chapter 3 data showed that the relationship between collected biomass, effort expended and seasonality vary according to the hunted species. In general, this may be associated with several factors: 1) heterogeneity of habitats, floristic diversity and connectivity of hunting areas with areas of igapó and floodplains; 2) seasonal variations in productivity and food availability between areas; 3) differences in foraging species; 4) affiliative behavior of some species; 5) effects of overhunting and agricultural expansion. Another factor that may be associated correlations between biomass, effort and seasonality is food preference. Given that the other communities that make up the RDS Amanã may have different socioeconomic backgrounds, environmental and life issues such as migration flocks, seasonal variation of slaughter, food preference, commercial demand for bushmeat and inclusion of alternative sources of income they deserve to be studied in greater depth so that you can have a real understanding of the dynamics of hunting in communities. These studies will be fundamental to the development of a management plan grounded in the different local realities

Rivers around the world are under increasing pressure from a variety of human activities. Effective management of riverine landscapes requires an ecosystem approach and one that recognises the complex interactions between their physical, chemical and biological components. Perceptions of pattern and process are central to our understanding of riverine landscapes. Pattern and process operate over multiple scales to produce heterogeneous mosaics of landscape patches that change over time. Hierarchical patch dynamics provides a useful approach to unravel pattern and process at multiple scales in riverine landscapes. This thesis adopts a hierarchical patch dynamics approach to investigate floodplain sediment and nutrient dynamics within the Barwon-Darling River in South Eastern Australia. The flow regime of the Barwon-Darling River is highly variable. As a result, it has a complex channel cross section featuring inset-floodplain surfaces that occur at multiple elevations within the channel trough. These surfaces formed the focus of this study. The texture of inset- floodplain surface sediments displays a patchy spatial distribution and one that did not reflect lateral or longitudinal gradients within this floodplain landscape. Rather a sediment textural patch mosaic was identified. Nutrient concentrations associated with the surface sediments of the inset-floodplains were also shown to vary significantly resulting in a nutrient patch mosaic. This spatial nutrient mosaic was enhanced by factors including the surface elevation of the floodplain surface. Sediment and nutrient exchange between the river channel and inset-floodplain surfaces was measured during several flows in 2001, 2002 and 2005. Pin and sediment trap data showed that significant quantities of sediment were exchanged between the river channel and floodplain surfaces during inundation with both cut and fill processes occurring. Patterns in sediment exchange appear to be related to local sediment supply and seasonal sediment exhaustion, rather than the top down geomorphic constraints considered. These material exchanges resulted in a change to the spatial configuration of the sediment textural patch mosaic. Distinct new sediment textural patches were created following inundation, while other patches were lost post inundation and other patches changed sediment textural character to move into pre-existing patches. Thus a truly dynamic sediment textural mosaic exists within this floodplain landscape. Nutrient concentrations associated with floodplain sediments also changed over time. While nutrient concentrations increased after the December 2001 flow event, they generally decreased after the March 2002 event, highlighting their dynamic nature over time. The spatial distribution of nutrient concentrations also varied over time, with a 40 percent change to the nutrient mosaic as a result of the March 2002 flow event. In addition to the influence of the changing physical template (sediment texture mosaic), nutrient concentrations were shown to be influenced by rainfall processes on non flooded surfaces, and also a number of top-down constraints and bottom-up influences operating over multiple spatial scales. Overall, the inset-floodplains studied in this thesis acted primarily as sediment and nutrient sinks, and were a source for dissolved nutrients. Nutrient exchange was associated with the exchange of sediments in this riverine landscape, over both inter-flow and decadal timescales. It was demonstrated that water resource development within the catchment reduced the number, magnitude and duration of flow events down the Barwon-Darling River and as a result reductions in the exchange of sediment, associated and dissolved nutrients between inset-floodplains and the main river channel were calculated. The greatest reductions were with the release of dissolved nutrients (42-25 percent) and the exchange of sediment and associated nutrients from high level surfaces (43 percent). Effective conservation and management of riverine ecosystems must occur at the correct scale. This study identified potential nutrient hotspots at several scales in the Barwon-Darling floodplain landscape that could be targeted by management. The low predictability of the location of nutrient hotspots at the inset-floodplain scale over time means that environmental flows should be targeted at high level surfaces (<25 000 MLD-1) that provide long term sources of carbon to the river channel. Conserving flows of this magnitude will also reinstate flow variability, an important facet of the Barwon-Darling River?s hydrology that has been changed by water resource development. The research presented in this thesis highlights the importance of not only considering pattern and process at multiple scales, but also the way in which these processes influence landscape patterns over time, leading to the identification of the appropriate scales that can best be targeted for the conservation of these systems.

The addition of dams into a riverine system causes a wide range of changes (i.e., sedimentation, erosion, thermal) to the river as well as to the fish assemblages of that river. Although there have been many studies documenting the changes that occur to the fish assemblages in the impounded river, there have been fewer studies examining the effects of a reservoir on the fish inhabiting the tributaries upstream of the impoundment. One possible impact of a reservoir could be to act as a barrier to fish migration between streams. To determine if reservoirs restrict migration, the genetic diversity of two species of darter, the rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum Storer and the Highland Rim darter Etheostoma kantuckeense Ceas and Page, was determined from populations inhabiting the Barren River Lake drainage basin. Between ten and twenty-six individuals of each species were collected from each of 6 sites. Three streams were directly connected to Barren River Lake and three streams were directly connected to Barren River upstream of the reservoir. Allelic variation at 3 microsatellite loci was analyzed to determine the degree to which each population is isolated. If the reservoir is restricting gene flow between populations, the populations in streams adjacent to Barren River Lake would be predicted to have lower allele diversity and heterozygosity than those adjacent to the Barren River. Consistently high levels of allelic diversity (total number of alleles, N), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and effective number of alleles (Ae) across both reservoir and river study sites led to the rejection of the hypothesis that the reservoir is acting as a genetic barrier to darters. M-ratios differed between species, with Etheostoma caeruleum exhibiting consistently higher M--ratios than Etheostoma kantuckeense. The low M- seen in E. kantuckeense could be due to small sample sizes (largest sample for this species showed the highest M-), and could also be due to small natural populations. With the exception of Salt Lick Creek, high allelic diversity was observed at most sites for E. kantuckeense. A low M- coupled with high allelic diversity in most E. kantuckeense populations, may indicate that all of the study populations are recovering from a bottleneck event. These results indicate Etheostoma kantuckeense is sensitive to changes in the environment. When conservation agencies assess fish populations in South Central Kentucky, it is advantageous to know which species are currently at risk, which species are sensitive to environmental changes, and which species or populations are recovering from events that were detrimental to their genetic diversity.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7772453 bytes, checksum: f05af60e0a67e80eda426022c76e7e23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Due to anthropogenic activities, aquatic ecosystems are being rapidly modified in the entire world. The negative impact of pollutants, changes in the hydrology of the basin and changes in habitat, or introduction of exotic species, among others, result in the loss of water quality and difficulty in maintaining the integrity of these ecosystems. These changes, significantly affect the fish populations, causing a reduction in availability or even the disappearance of species that are not tolerant to the new environmental conditions. Consequently, fishermen who depend on resources from the aquatic environment can no longer subsist on fishing, which contributes to the loss of empiric knowledge and also in quality of life. The Gramame River, located in the state of Paraiba, Brazil, drains suburban areas of the region of João Pessoa, including its industrial district. As a result it receives a large amount of pollutants, particularly over the past 20 years, in addition to domestic sewage and agricultural pesticides, compounded by the introduction of exotic species. Upstream, near the industrial district, the river is surrounded by areas of sugar cane plantation, without riparian vegetation in most of its course. Coastal communities, residents in the water basin for decades, accompanied the whole process of degradation of the river water quality, now restricted in use by these communities. In this perspective, this study aimed to: (a) analyze the composition of the ichthyofauna in lotic and lentic environments along the basin of the Gramame River, comparing it with previous data in order to identify possible changes over time, (b) analyze the environmental perception from two riverine communities (Gramame and Mituaçu), their perceived changes in the river and fishing due to anthropogenic actions, and (c) relate the distribution of fish with the water quality (phosphorous and nitrogen nutrients). To obtain the data in the communities, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. The qualitative methods consisted of semi-structured interviews, snowball method and participant observation. The data were analyzed based on the model of unifying the various individual competences. On the other hand, quantitative data were statistically analyzed. Thirty eight fishermen were interviewed in both communities, of both genders, aged between 24 and 75 years. The ichthyofauna was collected with several fishing gear (fishing nets, fish traps, gererê and covos), always taking into account the physiographic and physiognomic peculiarities of each of the sampling points. The data for fish species were submitted to statistical analysis in order to ascertain whether there were significant differences in these parameters between sampling points. Regarding the limnological study, the sampling period were both in winter and summer, and the locations of water collection corresponded to the same sites where fish species where collected. The survey results show significant changes in fish fauna, especially with regard to the emergence of exotic species, which are now dominant in certain parts of the basin, with potential impacts to native fish fauna. It was also found that the fishermen noticed the differences in ichthyofauna and in the river. Despite the observed impacts, this environment is still important economically and socially, to promote the livelihood of many families. From the results obtained in this work it is concluded that there is urgency in formulating strategies for the sustainable use of this basin, integrating social, economic and environmental, in order to promote, among other benefits, the survival of fishing communities that depend on this the ecosystem. / Em virtude das ações antropogênicas, ecossistemas aquáticos estão sendo rapidamente alterados em todo o mundo. O impacto negativo de poluentes, mudanças na hidrologia da bacia e modificações no habitat, ou mesmo introdução de espécies exóticas, entre outras causas, resultam na perda de qualidade da água e dificultam a manutenção da integridade desses ecossistemas, além de afetar de forma significativa as populações de peixes, causando a redução nos estoques, ou mesmo o desaparecimento de espécies que não são tolerantes às novas condições ambientais. Consequentemente, pescadores artesanais que dependem dos recursos dos ambientes aquáticos, não podem mais subsistir da pesca, o que contribui para a perda do conhecimento empírico e para a diminuição da qualidade de vida. O Rio Gramame, localizado no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, passa por áreas periurbanas da região de João Pessoa, incluindo o seu distrito industrial. Consequentemente vem recebendo uma grande carga de poluentes, particularmente ao longo dos últimos 20 anos, além de efluentes domésticos e pesticidas agrícolas, agravados pela introdução de espécies exóticas. A montante do distrito industrial, o rio é rodeado por áreas de plantio de cana- de- açúcar, sem mata ciliar na maior parte do seu percurso. As comunidades ribeirinhas, residentes há décadas na bacia hidrográfica, acompanharam todo o processo de degradação da qualidade da água do rio, atualmente de uso restrito por estas comunidades. Nesta perspectiva, este estudo objetivou: (a) analisar a composição da ictiofauna em ambientes lóticos e lênticos ao longo da bacia do Rio Gramame, comparando-a com dados anteriores a fim de identificar possíveis modificações ao longo do tempo; (b) analisar a percepção ambiental junto a duas comunidades ribeirinhas (Gramame e Mituaçu) acerca das alterações observadas no rio e na pesca em decorrência de ações antropogênicas e, (c) relacionar a distribuição de peixes com a qualidade da água (nutrientes fosfatados e nitrogenados). Para obtenção dos dados junto às comunidades utilizou-se uma combinação de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. Dentre os métodos qualitativos, destacam-se: entrevistas semi-estruturadas, bola de neve ( Snow Ball ) e observação participativa. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com base no modelo de união das diversas competências individuais. Por outro lado, os dados quantitativos foram analisados estatisticamente. Foram entrevistados 38 pescadores em ambas as comunidades, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 24 e 75 anos. A ictiofauna foi coletada com o auxílio de diversas artes de pesca (tarrafa, rede malhadeira, gererê e covos), sempre levando em consideração as peculiaridades fisiográficas e fisionômicas de cada um dos pontos amostrais. Os dados referentes à ictiofauna foram submetidos a análises estatísticas, com o objetivo de averiguar se houve diferenças significativas nos parâmetros analisados entre os pontos amostrais. Em relação ao estudo limnológico, amostras de água foram coletadas no período chuvoso e de estiagem, e os locais de coleta corresponderam aos da ictiofauna. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram alterações significativas na ictiofauna, principalmente no que diz respeito ao surgimento de espécies exóticas, que hoje são dominantes em determinados pontos da bacia, com impacto potencial para a ictiofauna nativa. Constatou-se também que os pescadores perceberam as diferenças ocorridas na ictiofauna e no rio, e que apesar dos impactos observados, esse ambiente continua sendo importante social e economicamente, por promover o sustento de muitas famílias. Conclui-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, que há urgência na formulação de estratégias que permitam o uso sustentável dessa bacia, integrando fatores sociais, econômicos e ambientais, de modo a promover, dentre outros benefícios, a sobrevivência de comunidades que dependem da pesca neste ecossistema.

A história da ocupação recente do Lago Amanã inicia-se nas décadas finais do século XIX com o declínio na produção da borracha brasileira. Após o fim deste ciclo, a economia na região amazônica passou por uma grande diversificação, centrando-se na extração de madeira, pesca, caça (comércio de peles e carne), dentre outros produtos. Com esta mudança na economia extrativista, os regatões que abasteciam o mercado interiorano e, sobretudo, os seringais, passaram a deslocar-se para os interiores em busca de produtos regionais para atender a demanda nas capitais. Desse modo, o capítulo 2 dessa dissertação tem como objetivo realizar uma reconstrução histórica a respeito do processo de ocupação e modo de vida das pessoas que atualmente situam-se na comunidade Boa Esperança (localizada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã) e fornecer detalhes sobre processos que podem influenciar a atividade de caça relatada no capítulo 3. Já o capítulo 3 se propõe a responder as seguintes questões: 1) a variação sazonal do nível dos rios afeta a atividade de caça na área estudada? 2) a preferência alimentar por determinada espécie influencia no abate das demais? Para obter a resposta, foram utilizados dados de monitoramento de caça entre os anos de 2003 e 2014. Uma etapa piloto foi realizada entre setembro e outubro de 2014, com duração de 22 dias para a seleção da comunidade; durante os meses de fevereiro e março de 2015, em 48 dias de campo, realizou-se a primeira etapa de campo para testes metodológicos; a segunda etapa da pesquisa foi realizada nos meses de agosto a outubro do mesmo ano, totalizando 66 dias em campo. Foram selecionados todos os indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade superior a 18 anos e que participassem da atividade de caça no local. Foram realizadas conversas informais que possibilitaram a elaboração do roteiro de história de vida. Somado a essas entrevistas de caráter mais informal, foram realizadas 47 expedições para realizar a observação participante, sendo 11 para caça, 16 para pesca, 19 para agricultura e apenas uma para coleta de madeira. Os dados de caça utilizados no capítulo 3 fazem parte de um sistema de monitoramento de caça a longo prazo chamado de SMUF (Sistema de Monitoramento do Uso da Fauna), realizado entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. Para identificar se a variação no nível dos rios causa efeito sobre a atividade de caça local foi utilizado dados fluviométricos do mesmo período. Discriminou-se para todos os animais abatidos sua identificação científica, peso individual, local e data do abate, número de caçadores envolvidos e o tempo de caçada. Para responder à questão central do capítulo 3 utilizamos o teste de correlação de Pearson para compararmos se a biomassa animal coletada e esforço exercido pelos caçadores variam de acordo com a fluviometria local. Buscando averiguar se a fluviometria influi diferentemente no abate de algumas espécies, as mesmas análises foram realizadas separadamente com os cinco animais mais caçados. Os dados do capítulo 2 forneceram informações extremamente importantes para compreender o modo de vida dos moradores da Comunidade Boa Esperança. Apesar da caça ter capacidade de gerar grandes impactos na fauna, nossos dados deram luz a fatores ambientais, culturais e socioeconômicos que são capazes de modificar o modo como os animais são caçados localmente. Os dados do capítulo 3 demonstraram que a relação entre biomassa coletada, esforço despendido e fluviometria variam de acordo com a espécie caçada. De modo geral, isso pode estar associado a diversos fatores: 1) heterogeneidade de habitats, diversidade florística e conectividade das áreas de caça com áreas de igapó e várzea; 2) variações sazonais de produtividade e disponibilidade de alimentos entre as áreas; 3) diferenças no forrageio das espécies; 4) comportamento agregativo de algumas espécies; 5) efeitos da sobrecaça e expansão agrícola. Outro fator que pode ser associado as correlações entre biomassa, esforço e fluviometria é a preferência alimentar. Tendo em vista que as demais comunidades que compõem a RDS Amanã podem possuir diferentes históricos socioeconômicos, ambientais e de vida, temas como a migração de bandos, variação sazonal de abate, preferência alimentar, demanda comercial de carne silvestre e inserção de fontes alternativas de renda merecem ser estudados com mais profundidade para que se possa ter uma real compreensão da dinâmica de caça nas comunidades. Esses estudos serão fundamentais para a elaboração de um Plano de Gestão embasado nas diferentes realidades locais / The history of recent occupation of Amanã Lake starts in the final decades of the nineteenth century with the decline in the production of Brazilian rubber. After the end of this cycle, the economy in the Amazon region went through a major diversification, focusing on logging, fishing, hunting (trade skins and meat), among other products. With this change in the extractive economy, ship supplying the small-town market and, above all, the rubber plantations, began to move to the interior in search of regional products to meet demand in the capital. Thus, Chapter 2 of this dissertation aims to conduct a historical reconstruction about the process of occupation and way of life of the people who currently are in the community Boa Esperança (located in the Amana Sustainable Development Reserve) and provide details about processes that can influence the hunting activity reported in chapter 3 aims to answer the following questions: 1) the seasonal variation in the level of rivers affects the hunting activity in the study area? 2) food preference for particular species influences the slaughter of others? For the answer, hunting monitoring data were used between 2003 and 2014. A pilot phase was conducted between September and October 2014, lasting 22 days for the selection of the community; during the months of February and March 2015 in 48 field days, held the first field stage for methodological tests; the second stage of the research was conducted from August to October of that year, a total of 66 days in the field. selected were all males over the age of 18 and who participate in the hunting activity on site. Informal talks were held which enabled the development of the life story script. Added to these more informal character interviews, 47 shipments were made to perform participant observation, 11 for hunting, fishing 16, 19 for agriculture and only one for timber harvesting. The game data used in Chapter 3 are part of a long-term game monitoring system called SMUF (Monitoring System of the Wildlife Use), conducted between 2002 and 2014. To identify the variation in the level of rivers cause effect on the local hunting activity was used streamflow data from the same period. Discriminated to all animals slaughtered their scientific identification, individual weight, place and date of slaughter, the number of hunters involved and the hunting time. To answer the central question of Chapter 3 used the Pearson correlation test to compare the animal biomass collected and effort deployed by hunters vary according to the local seasonality. Seeking to establish whether the seasonality influence differently in the slaughter of some species, the same analyzes were performed separately with the five animals most hunted. The Chapter 2 Data provided extremely important information to understand the way of life of the residents of the Community Boa Esperança. Despite the game have the ability to generate large impacts on wildlife, our data gave birth to environmental, cultural and socio-economic factors that are able to modify the way the animals are hunted locally. The chapter 3 data showed that the relationship between collected biomass, effort expended and seasonality vary according to the hunted species. In general, this may be associated with several factors: 1) heterogeneity of habitats, floristic diversity and connectivity of hunting areas with areas of igapó and floodplains; 2) seasonal variations in productivity and food availability between areas; 3) differences in foraging species; 4) affiliative behavior of some species; 5) effects of overhunting and agricultural expansion. Another factor that may be associated correlations between biomass, effort and seasonality is food preference. Given that the other communities that make up the RDS Amanã may have different socioeconomic backgrounds, environmental and life issues such as migration flocks, seasonal variation of slaughter, food preference, commercial demand for bushmeat and inclusion of alternative sources of income they deserve to be studied in greater depth so that you can have a real understanding of the dynamics of hunting in communities. These studies will be fundamental to the development of a management plan grounded in the different local realities

Reservoirs are generally created by damming rivers. The upper reaches of any reservoir is generally narrow and winding like the parent river. This is the riverine zone of the reservoir. The reservoir is deepest and widest near the dam. Here, lake-like conditions exist and the water is quiescent. This is the lacustrine zone. The transitional zone separates the lacustrine and riverine zone. It has intermediate characteristics. There are many characteristics, both physical and chemical, that differentiate between these three zones. Based on the differences in characteristics between the three zones, a method has been developed to successfully divide any reservoir into three zones. The method developed was applied to Lake Manassas and the Occoquan Reservoir located in the Occoquan watershed in Virginia. Both are man-made impoundments. Analysis of data, based on the method developed, was successfully in dividing both reservoirs into the three zones. This method may therefore be successfully applied to obtain zonation in reservoirs. / Master of Science

Understanding patterns of dispersal, the movement of individuals or propagules, among populations of riverine species is imperative to their management and conservation. However, directly estimating dispersal can often be difficult. Therefore, estimates of gene flow, the movement of genes, are often used to infer dispersal among natural populations. In riverine species, gene flow is determined by species biology, riverine architecture and flow regime. While many studies investigate the role of species dispersive strategies by comparing patterns of genetic structure in different species across the same geographic range, few also attempt to investigate the role of the non-biotic influences on gene flow in a comparative manner. Instead, studies regarding landscape processes (river architecture and hydrology) are based upon observations in a single riverine environment and not compared to other catchments that may differ in riverine architecture or hydrology. This study attempts to investigate all three factors influencing gene flow and genetic diversity using a comparative approach. This is done by contrasting two species of freshwater fish in two riverine systems that differ in their hydrological and structural makeup. By comparing patterns of genetic structure for each fish species, the role of species biology (behavioural and physical adaptations) can be explored. Then, by comparing patterns of genetic structure for each species, between riverine systems that differ in their landscape processes, the role of hydrology and riverine architecture in determining genetic structure can be explored. This study employed three different genetic markers to elucidate patterns of genetic structure and genetic diversity. These were, direct sequencing and screening of the control region of the mitochondrial DNA genome, microsatellite loci and allozymes...