The study investigates the extent of distributional impacts of labour-intensive road projects using a geographical approach. The aim is to evaluate infrastructural effectiveness. The central premise is that the interface between road investment and economic development has broad implications that are beyond transportation’s basic purpose of providing access and mobility. Communities are motivated by the outcomes and impacts of road infrastructure development in improving the productiveness of the economy, in line with socio-economic development and other multiplying effects. The objective was to describe the nature and delivery mechanisms of labourintensive road projects, evaluate the impact thereof on the project participants and their communities and explore the constraints and challenges experienced by these initiatives. The impact of the Gundo Lashu programme was measured, based on an assessment of programme outputs, outcomes and impacts, to determine whether the project had the desired effects on individual participants and their households. A matched control case study design, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. The study found that the Gundo Lashu programme had achieved the expected outputs in terms of the total number of jobs created, total road length constructed and maintained. However, the communities’ socioeconomic outcomes and the impacts of the programme on poverty and sustainable livelihoods were mixed. These conclusions re-affirm the notion that the development of rural road infrastructure alone by labour-intensive construction methods, is not sufficient in tackling poverty. While government is focusing on addressing unemployment and skills development through labourintensive road construction programmes, there is a need to ensure proper integration of government services to make a significant impact. Huge deficiencies exist in the inter-linkages between the programme planning process and the municipal planning system and that there are a number of management and planning, structural and functional, human resources and funding barriers to proper planning, implementation and monitoring of projects within the Gundo Lashu programme. Various challenges and barriers emanates from lack of coordination, political interferences and lack of strategic direction. Key recommendations include comprehensive road planning, better project targeting mechanisms, development of guidelines for future maintenance, skills training and capacity development, and resultsbased monitoring. / Geography / D. Phil. (Geography)

This study set out to develop a framework within which the use of Geographical Information Technologies (GITs) can be enhanced in Road Infrastructure Maintenance (RIM) in Uganda. Specifically it was guided by 3 objectives; 1. To assess the gaps in the use of GITs for RIM in Uganda and the limitations to accessing these technologies, 2. To develop a methodological framework to enhance the use of GITs in RIM and 3. To develop a Geographical Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) data model based on the road maintenance data requirements. A participatory approach through a series of interviews, focus group discussions, workshop & conferences, document reviews, field observations & measurements and GIS analysis were employed. Based on the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) concept and the principle of Causality, the gaps and limitations were established to mainly be concerned with data and organisational constraints as opposed to technical issues. They were classified to include; inadequate involvement of GITs in organisational activities, inappropriate institutional arrangements, absence of data sharing frameworks, budget constraints, insufficient geospatial capacity, digital divide in the perception, adoption & affordability of GITs among the stakeholders and the absence of a road maintenance Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). A methodological framework, comprising of 6 strategic components was developed to enhance the use of GITs in RIM. This included enactment of relevant policy components to guide GIT use, continuous capacity building, establishment of a road maintenance SDI, fostering collaboration and spatial data sharing frameworks, budgetary allocation based on defined activities inclusive of GIT initiatives, and adoption of a dynamic segmentation data model. Conceptual and logical data models were developed and proposed for the Sector. The conceptual model, presented using an entity relationship diagram, relates the road network to the point and line events occurring on it. The logical object relational model developed using the ESRI provided template represents the road and the point and line events in a total of 19 object classes. The Study concludes that in order to ground GIT benefits in the sector; technical, data and organisational concerns involved in GIT undertakings should be accorded equal emphasis. Institutionalisation and diffusion of GITs as aspects of the component strategies are regarded capacity building mechanisms earmarked to boost success in GIT initiatives. Further research on diffusion and funding models for GIT initiatives is recommended. It is suggested that aspects of the proposed model be considered when establishing GIT standards for the sector. The RIM sector is encouraged to embrace Science and Technology and to participate in Research and Development and particularly to adopt the culture of innovation considering the ready availability of off the shelf equipment, freeware and open source software that can foster informed decision making.

The study investigates the extent of distributional impacts of labour-intensive road projects using a geographical approach. The aim is to evaluate infrastructural effectiveness. The central premise is that the interface between road investment and economic development has broad implications that are beyond transportation’s basic purpose of providing access and mobility. Communities are motivated by the outcomes and impacts of road infrastructure development in improving the productiveness of the economy, in line with socio-economic development and other multiplying effects. The objective was to describe the nature and delivery mechanisms of labourintensive road projects, evaluate the impact thereof on the project participants and their communities and explore the constraints and challenges experienced by these initiatives. The impact of the Gundo Lashu programme was measured, based on an assessment of programme outputs, outcomes and impacts, to determine whether the project had the desired effects on individual participants and their households. A matched control case study design, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. The study found that the Gundo Lashu programme had achieved the expected outputs in terms of the total number of jobs created, total road length constructed and maintained. However, the communities’ socioeconomic outcomes and the impacts of the programme on poverty and sustainable livelihoods were mixed. These conclusions re-affirm the notion that the development of rural road infrastructure alone by labour-intensive construction methods, is not sufficient in tackling poverty. While government is focusing on addressing unemployment and skills development through labourintensive road construction programmes, there is a need to ensure proper integration of government services to make a significant impact. Huge deficiencies exist in the inter-linkages between the programme planning process and the municipal planning system and that there are a number of management and planning, structural and functional, human resources and funding barriers to proper planning, implementation and monitoring of projects within the Gundo Lashu programme. Various challenges and barriers emanates from lack of coordination, political interferences and lack of strategic direction. Key recommendations include comprehensive road planning, better project targeting mechanisms, development of guidelines for future maintenance, skills training and capacity development, and resultsbased monitoring. / Geography / D. Phil. (Geography)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar os efeitos dos investimentos em infraestrutura rodoviária para o comércio exterior com os BRICS, bem como seus efeitos sobre o crescimento per capita dos estados brasileiros. Para tanto, constrói-se um modelo multissetorial de crescimento conduzido pelas exportações que será utilizado como referência na análise empírica, que avança em termos matemáticos com a inclusão dos investimentos em infraestrutura impactando o comércio entre os países. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho é a de dados em painel e o período de análise compreende os anos de 2008 a 2013, em função da disponibilidade de dados. Os resultados são categóricos, no sentido de demonstrar que o comércio dos estados brasileiros foram afetados pelos investimentos rodoviários do PAC. As estimações foram realizadas em três recortes: todos os estados; estados do Sul e Sudeste; e com os estados do Nordeste, Norte e Centro-Oeste. Pode-se afirmar, ainda, que as economias dos estados do Sul e Sudeste, que possuem uma melhor infraestrutura, tiveram um impacto positivo dos investimentos do PAC concluídos, enquanto que nas regiões de pior infraestrutura, Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, os investimentos do PAC tiveram um impacto negativo na renda; regiões com uma infraestrutura deficitária devem sofrer um impacto positivo na renda quando a infraestrutura atingir um nível mínimo de competitividade. Com isso, pode-se destacar que os investimentos do PAC devem ser concluídos e estimulados nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, para melhorar o desempenho econômico dessas regiões. / This dissertation aims to analyze the effects of investments in road infrastructure for foreign trade with the BRICS, as well as their effects on the per capita growth of the Brazilian states. For this, a multisectoral model of export-led growth is constructed, which will be used as a reference in the empirical analysis, which advances in mathematical terms with the inclusion of infrastructure investments impacting trade between countries. The methodology employed in this work is that of panel data and the period of analysis comprises the years 2008 to 2013, due to the availability of data. The results are categorical, in order to demonstrate that the trade of the Brazilian states was affected by the PAC's road investments. The estimates were made in three cuts: all states; Southern and Southeastern states; And with the states of the Northeast, North and Central West. It is also possible to affirm that the economies of the South and Southeast states, which have a better infrastructure, had a positive impact on the investments of the PAC, while in the worst infrastructure regions, North, Northeast and Central West, investments Of the PAC had a negative impact on income; regions with a deficit infrastructure should have a positive impact on income when the infrastructure reaches a minimum level of competitiveness. Thus, it should be noted that PAC investments must be completed and stimulated in the North, Northeast and Central West regions to improve the economic performance of these regions. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

A infraestrutura viária desempenha um papel importante na eficiência do transporte urbano. O sistema de transporte é um desafio para os gestores públicos. Em Uberlândia (MG), as autoridades municipais discutem propostas na busca de sua melhoria para a mobilidade urbana. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a rede de infraestrutura urbana de um eixo viário na região Sudeste de Uberlândia, considerando o fluxo veicular, os projetos implantados e as condições de circulação dos veículos, comparando a capacidade viária existente e ampliada. Foram discutidos diferentes elementos da via e suas consequências para a malha viária do eixo. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir da contagem volumétrica classificada veicular em 8 postos de pesquisa com maior fluxo veicular nos períodos de 6:15h às 8:15h e de 17:30h às 19:30h, e o local com maior volume de tráfego encontrou-se na interseção da Avenida Jaime de Barros com a Rua Pascoal Bruno, em direção ao Terminal Santa Luzia. Na maioria dos postos pesquisados ocorreram medidas paliativas que adiaram a concretização dos projetos previstos nos Planos Diretores e foram encontrados problemas envolvendo sinalizações horizontal e vertical. Foi possível verificar que os projetos viários, embora presentes em diferentes gestões públicas, nem sempre foram viabilizados, sendo um dos entraves encontrados à dificuldade nas indenizações pelas desapropriações de lotes. O eixo estudado é uma mistura de obras finalizadas e outras não conclusas. Dos acidentes de trânsito em 2014 com vítimas, 77,78% envolveu resgate de motociclistas, com maior incidência nos bairros São Jorge e Santa Luzia. O volume veicular nas vias arteriais foi menor do que o estabelecido por Vasconcellos (2005), onde conclui-se que os motoristas utilizam vias fora do eixo como outras opções viáveis para os deslocamentos na região, alterando a dinâmica urbana no eixo estudado. / Road infrastructure plays an important role in urban transport system efficiency. The transportation plan is a challenge for public managers. In Uberlândia (MG), the city authorities are searching for alternatives in the urban mobility. The objective of this study is to analyze the urban road infrastructure network of an axis road in the southeast region of Uberlândia, considering the traffic flow, implemented roadworks and the vehicle circulation conditions, comparing the current and future road capacity. The discussion includes different road components and the consequences for the axis road routes. Vehicle volume counts were carried out at 8 different research points with the volume counts showed more intense traffic during 2 (two) periods - from 6:15 to 8:15am and from 17:30 to 19:30pm. The most intense traffic volume occurred in the intersection of Jaime de Barros Avenue and Pascoal Bruno Street, in direction of the Santa Luzia Terminal. The major research points received only palliative measures that caused a delay in the implementation of projects included in the main Transportation Plan and problems related to horizontal and vertical traffic signs. Some of the roadworks were not completed although they were included in different public administrations. One of the main obstacles was the difficulty related to properties compensation in the area. The analyzed axis road is a mixture of finished and unfinished roadworks. Of traffic accidents in 2014 with victims, 77.78% involved rescue of motorcyclists, with greater incidence in the São Jorge and Santa Luzia neighborhoods. The vehicular flow counted on the main roads are lower than established by Vasconcellos (2005), for the results that drivers use off-axis routes as other viable options for the displacements in the region, changing the urban dynamic in the analysed axis road. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Infraestructura Vial; Gasto Público; Eficiencia Técnica; Análisis de Eficiencia; SFA. Road Infrastructure; Public spending; Technical Efficiency; Efficiency Analysis; SFA / La literatura menciona que la brecha en infraestructura vial puede representar una limitante al crecimiento económico, en especial, a nivel regional. El presente documento se centra en el análisis de la eficiencia técnica de la infraestructura vial en las regiones de Perú, durante el periodo comprendido entre 2007 y 2018. La metodología se compone por dos etapas. La primera tiene por objetivo determinar un índice que recoja la eficiencia del gasto público en infraestructura vial, sobre la base del análisis de eficiencia estocástica. Mediante el cual se encuentra que, un mayor gasto a nivel regional no necesariamente se refleja en una mejora en la infraestructura vial. Así, existen regiones con un menor monto destinado al gasto en carreteras, pero que cuentan con un mejor desempeño en la ejecución. En la segunda etapa, se busca asociar este indicador de eficiencia con el crecimiento de las actividades económicas a nivel regional, mediante la aplicación de Método Generalizado de Momentos. Los resultados muestran que el índice de eficiencia explica en gran parte el crecimiento de las actividades económicas. / The literature shows that the gap in road infrastructure can represent a limitation to economic growth, especially at the regional level. This article analyzes the technical efficiency of the road infrastructure in the 24 regions of Peru for the period between 2007-2018. The methodology consists of two stages. The first one aims to determine an index that collects the efficiency of public spending on road infrastructure, based on the Stochastic Efficiency Analysis. For the construction of the efficiency index, the following are identified as outputs: (i) Total National Length, (ii) Total Departmental Length and (iii) Total District Length. The main input used was spending on regional road infrastructure. The results suggest that higher spending at the regional level does not imply an improvement of the roads. There are regions with a lower amount earmarked for public spending on road infrastructure, but that have a better performance in execution. In the second stage, we seek to associate this efficiency indicator with the growth of economic activities at the regional level, through the application of Generalized Least Squares. The dependent variable was the domestic product and the explanatory variables are made up of variables such as the efficiency index, electricity consumption, hectares worked, educated EAP, mobile service lines, among others. The results confirm that the efficiency index largely explains the growth of economic activities. / Trabajo de investigación

This diploma thesis deals with a cost-benefit analysis of investments in road infrastructure. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part includes a description of the cost-benefit analysis procedure and a deeper description of evaluating investments in road and highway constructions. The practical part deals with the specific investment for the construction of highway. This involves applying information from the theoretical part to this specific investment and evaluating the economic efficiency, including risk analysis. The main indicator of the economic efficiency is the net present value.

The thesis is dealing with the financial and economic analysis of the road infrastructure project. The theoretical part focusses on the explanation of basic terms from the field of public investments. Next it is describing assessment methods of the public investment projects and then it is analysing projects in the transport infrastructure in detail. The practical part is dealing with the assessment of the public project concerning the reconstruction of the road II/422 Podivín-Lednice based on price normatives which set the basic price including real costs for the realization of the buildings of the project given. Next this price is set higher according to building risks presumed. The second part of the thesis is dealing with financial and economic assessment of the project based on the analysis of costs and benefits realized in the electronic system MS2014+, which is used for filling and submitting electronic applications to support projects from structural funds of the European Community and from National resources between the years of 2014 and 2020.

La siguiente investigación tiene como fin colocar al Perú en una posición competitiva a nivel internacional mediante la mejora de su infraestructura vial, esto se plantea al proponer un sistema constructivo eficiente de la base de pavimentos flexibles en suelos blandos saturados de manera que estos no sufran grandes deformaciones permanentes y se reduzca el número y costo de mantenimientos que se aplican al pavimento. La necesidad de un mejor sistema de vías se ve reflejada en la brecha de acceso básico a la infraestructura a corto plazo en el sector Transporte. Debido a esto, se seleccionó una vía – caso de estudio que presenta serias patologías. Se pretende demostrar que la propuesta presentada en esta investigación reduce de manera considerable las deformaciones permanentes en la estructura del pavimento mediante el uso combinado de la Base Macadam y Geotextiles No Tejidos. El uso de ambos fue simulado en tramos de prueba sobre los cuales se realizaron ensayos de Deflectometría, un tramo reforzado con Geotextiles No tejidos y otro tramo sin reforzar. Se evidenciará una disminución en los asentamientos en el tramo reforzado y se elaborará un adecuado proceso constructivo basado en la construcción de las muestras usadas en los ensayos / The following research aims to place Peru in a competitive position at the international level by improving its road infrastructure, this is proposed by proposing an efficient construction system of the base of flexible pavements in saturated soft soils so that they do not suffer large permanent deformations and reduce the number and cost of maintenance applied to the pavement. The need for a better road system is reflected in the short-term basic access gap to infrastructure in the Transportation sector. Due to this, an avenue with serious pathologies in the pavement was selected. It is intended to demonstrate that the proposal presented in this investigation considerably reduces permanent deformations in the pavement structure through the combined use of Macadam base and Non-Woven Geotextiles. The use of both was simulated in test sections on which deflectometry tests were carried out, a section reinforced with Nonwoven Geotextiles and another section without reinforcement. There will be evidence of a decrease in settlements in the reinforced section and an adequate construction process based in the construction of the trials will be developed for the proposal. / Tesis

The aim of this study is to explore ways to maximise the economic returns of road infrastructure investment. In order to achieve this objective, the study was divided into five parts involving the following: analysing the nature of road infrastructure, determining the relationship between road infrastructure investment and economic development, considering aspects of economic modelling, developing a formula of road investment, and refocusing road investment practices. In the first part the characteristics of road infrastructure are examined and the demand and supply approaches to road investment outlined. The focus is on the balanced approach versus the unbalanced approach to infrastructure investment. The second part analyses the causal relationship between road investment and economic development. Four components are highlighted, namely the investment component, the network-performance component, the transport economic component and the economic development component. The third part analyses the applicability of modelling techniques. In the fifth part, the formula of road investment and economic development is focused on four markets. Finally, it is argued that road infrastructure investment must be refocused. The following was found: Road infrastructure investment must be demand led. This is because of the characteristics of roads, namely their indivisibility, long gestation period, lumpiness and high cost. Road infrastructure investment can only realise economic development if the four causality components are complied with simultaneously. Input-output modelling is preferred in South Africa. The modelling strategy developed in this study is recommended for transport economic studies. The probability of economic returns of road infrastructure investment is a function of the real estate market, the land development market, the urban economic market and the infrastructure market. An agenda for reform in the road investment industry was also proposed. The study clearly identifies the relationship between road infrastructure investment and economic development, and the proposed formula is an appropriate tool for a first-order priority system. / Transport Economics, Logistics and Tourism / D. Com. (Transport Economics)