The research in this dissertation was undertaken because of a need for a more accurate, reliable and relatively simple method for determining the combined loading (i.e., axial, flexure and shear) along rock bolts. This combined load determination and understanding also resulted in a relatively simple and reliable new rock bolt design methodology. The new design method was based on a clearer understanding of the actual loading along a grouted rock bolt. To accomplish these research goals, double shear tests were conducted in the lab with reinforced concrete specimens, and field trials were conducted in room and pillar coal mines, with the aim to measure in-situ rock shear. Strain measurements were obtained using rock bolts instrumented with optical fibers that possessed high spatial resolution (≈ 1.25 – 2.5 mm). Corroboration with a past database of rock bolt measurements in shale aided in the deduction of the final support design method. The scientific contributions from this research include the conceptualization of a ground reaction curve that considers time effects such as rock relaxation, long term weakening effects, and lateral rock movement. A new explanation as to why rock bolts creep in practice (i.e., dislocation creep) is described based upon field measurements, which also indicated that the process of in-situ rock shear involves slow episodic movements. Specifically, there are localized compression (i.e., rock pinch) and tensile zones (i.e., dilatation) prior to the occurrence of plastic relief (i.e., rock slip). Finally, the design method is developed using simple factors (i.e., strain and shape factors) and loading conditions (e.g., installed load, rock slip) that occurred throughout the rock bolt’s design life. This approach results in a methodology that considers effects on reinforcement with time and combined loadings. The method is then extended by producing survival and hazard functions for rock bolts to ultimately reduce risk associated with design.

[pt] A década de 1960 é lembrada a partir das mobilizações juvenis ao redor do mundo. Mobilizações essas bastante heterogêneas, indo de extremos como lutas armadas contra ditaduras militares a pregações de paz, amor e fim do moralismo retrógrado que permeava sobre as sociedades capitalistas ocidentais. Operando com a noção de contracultura, esse último grupo buscou criticar questões políticas, sociais e, sobretudo, culturais se afastando das imposições do establishment e formando novas premissas culturais. O rock estava ali, influenciando e conscientizando a juventude e, sobretudo, provocando mudanças em sua maneira de viver e se comportar. Este trabalho consiste nas análises e apontamentos das influências do rock psicodélico norte-americano e inglês na contracultura nacional. Para tal, fez-se uso de alguns periódicos que retratavam e veiculavam a ebulição psicodélica da época e, desta forma, entender as assimilações dessas proposições e por quais filtros elas se deram pela sociedade. / [en] The 1960s is remembered from youth mobilizations around the world. But these mobilizations were very heterogeneous, ranging from extremes like armed struggles against military dictatorships to preaching peace, love and the end of morality that pervaded retrograde on the western capitalist societies. Working on the idea of counterculture, this last group sought criticizing political, social, and especially cultural impositions moving away from the establishment and forming new cultural assumptions. The rock music was there, raising awareness and influencing youth and, especially, causing changes in their way of living and behaving. The intentions of this work consist of noting and analyzing the influences of American and English psychedelic rock on national counterculture. In this manner, some journals that portrayed and conveyed the 60s psychedelic culture increase was used to, thus, understand the assimilation of those propositions by society.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Boring of shafts and tunnels in hard rock mines is more prevalent in recent years in South Africa. This normally takes place under substantial stress conditions, where fracturing of rock occurs around the boundaries and ahead of advancing faces of excavations. Fracturing can have a significant impact on boring activities, in some instances causing sidewall spalling which can be extensive, with machine grippers unable to reach the sidewalls. In brittle rock, these fractures are commonly extensional in nature. This research has been undertaken to predict the initiation of extension fractures and their orientations ahead of machine driven tunnels. Furthermore, it will help to assess the stability of the excavations, by evaluating the potential for slab/plate failures. This was based on the typical in situ stress fields for underground deep level mines. The numerical analyses involved the generation of different plots:  Principal stress contour plots, depicting stress distributions around and ahead of tunnel excavation, using cutting planes;  Isosurfaces, showing zones of extension or potential extents of fracturing, applying the extension strain criterion; and  Trajectory ribbons, to demonstrate the orientations of fractures. Based on the results of the stress analyses, potential slab or plate formation was determined. It was noted that the fracture zone is a function of a tunnel size. For instance, a four-metre diameter tunnel is less likely to give boring problems than an eight-metre diameter tunnel. The failure of the tunnels was predicted by employing slab analysis methods. An eight-metre diameter tunnel had slenderness ratio as low as 22.3 as compared with a four-metre diameter tunnel with a slenderness ratio of 27. Looking at buckling stress versus slenderness ratio, this translates to buckling stress values of above 100 MPa for an eight-metre tunnel and to values just below 50 MPa for a four-metre tunnel. The outcome of the research gives a clear indication that boring activities could be undertaken under severe conditions. This could be detrimental to the cutter head, since large slabs and blocks could be encountered during boring. The results of this research can be beneficial in the evaluation of boring conditions prior to and during boring activities. / MT2018

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of the Master of Science / Drilled specimens from four types of rocks, namely Quartzite, Norite, Sandstone and Coal encountered in the South African mining environment were tested to determine their fracture toughness coefficients, using International Society for Rock Mechanics (I...) standards. The tests were conducted using a MTS servo-controlled testing machine in displacement control mode. (Abbreviation abstract) / Andrew Chakane 2018

如果將崔健的專輯《新長征路上的搖滾》視為中國搖滾樂的正式開端，中國搖滾樂儼然已有近三十年的歷史。作為一種西方另類文化產品的追隨者，中國搖滾樂並沒有簡單複製西方搖滾樂史；作為一種流行次文化現象，中國搖滾樂生動地反映和再現着中國社會的面貌及其歷史變遷，而這一在中國文化語境下的反映和再現則正是中國搖滾樂作為一種風格的原創性所在。本文試圖探討中國搖滾樂中的「中國元素」。為了能夠縱觀這三十年的歷史，筆者特意挑選崔健、唐朝樂隊、二手玫瑰樂隊作為三個「十年」的突出代表來進行考察。 / 作為中國搖滾樂的先驅者，在崔健的音樂作品中保留著一種「紅色情結」，一些革命年代的印記依舊會在他的歌曲中顯現；另外，崔健的一句「一無所有」喊出了那一代青年人的心聲，這種直白地表達在當時不自覺地帶有了一種比較嚴肅的政治含意，也因此使中國搖滾樂的命運同西方搖滾樂一樣，最先以一種反叛的不安分子形象示人；唐朝樂隊是中國搖滾樂「黃金時代」的代表，對中國古代輝煌歷史時期的追憶，加之重金屬音樂風格的衝擊力，使其再造了一個理想的中國陽剛之氣──「文武雙全」；創新性地將搖滾和東北二人轉風格元素相結合使二手玫瑰樂隊成為近期中國搖滾樂的一朵奇葩， 他們既娛樂又嚴肅的反諷風格豐富了中國搖滾樂的語匯。通過對這三例的並置對比，本文意在論證三十年間中國搖滾樂中的「中國性」在體現方式上的微妙變化以及其風格演變的過程。 / Having a history of nearly thirty years, Chinese rock is not only a term that indicates a regional genre, but also a specific music style. Its originality lies in its intimate relation with the particular social and economic conditions of China. This thesis focuses on “Chineseness“ in Chinese rock, which covers musical characteristics, political identity, traditional and ancient culture and regional performing arts. In order to demonstrate its historical development, I choose and discuss three musical acts from each decade in Chinese rock history. They are Cui Jian in the 1980s, Tang Dynasty in the 1990s and Second Hand Rose after 2000. / Widely regarded as the forerunner of Chinese rock, Cui Jian’s music has a “red“ ideology; meanwhile, his brave expression of the inner youth voice of that generation also give Chinese rock a rebellious image from the very beginning. Tang Dynasty represents Chinese rock’s “golden age“. Through invoking a glorious period in China’s ancient history, they build an ideal Chinese masculinity in their style of heavy metal. Second Hand Rose innovatively absorbs elements from secular performing art in their music, criticizing new societal conditions in an ironic way. This thesis concludes with the view that the expression of “Chineseness in Chinese rock has been continually transforming throughout the decades, and those Chinese rock musicians’ attitudes toward an “ideal“ conceptualization of China have likewise also gradually changed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ren, Shaoren. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references and discographies. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.v / Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction --- p.1 / Initial Research and Methodology --- p.2 / Chinese Rock in Historical Context --- p.5 / The “Chinese in Chinese Rock --- p.6 / Literature Review --- p.9 / Limits of This Study --- p.16 / Thesis Outline --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter II --- Cui Jian and Chinese Rock’s First On the New Long March --- p.19 / Alternative Military Song on the New Long March --- p.20 / “On a Stretch of Exhausted Earth, We Harvest Meager Hopes“ --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter III --- Tang Dynasty and Chinese Masculinity --- p.39 / China Calling for Heavy Metal --- p.40 / Tang Dynasty and Chinese Masculinity --- p.43 / Patriotism and Idealism --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter IV --- Second Hand Rose and Ironic Aesthetic --- p.62 / Spring Festival Gala and Twirling Duet --- p.64 / Twirling Duet Rock --- p.68 / “Big Bro, You’re Playing Rock, But What the Heck For?“ --- p.72 / Chapter Chapter V --- Conclusion --- p.83 / Maintaining Chineseness --- p.83 / Shifting Styles of Chineseness and Understanding “Ideals“ --- p.86 / Bibliography --- p.89

Osteossarcoma (OS) é uma neoplasia que acomete principalmente as metáfises de ossos longos, sendo o tumor ósseo pediátrico mais comum. O tratamento consiste em ressecção cirúrgica, tratamento quimioterápico multimodal neo-adjuvante e adjuvante. No entanto, apesar dos tratamentos, cerca de 80% dos pacientes que apresentam metástase tem uma sobrevida curta. Deste modo, torna-se necessário um melhor entendimento do processo metastático, assim como da busca por novos alvos terapêuticos. Uma das principais vias relacionada à invasão e migração das células neoplásicas é a das GTPases Rho, cujas principais moléculas efetoras são as quinases ROCK1 e 2, responsáveis por mediar a migração através do controle do citoesqueleto. Tais quinases têm sido relatadas hiperexpressas em diversas neoplasias e associadas ao pior prognóstico. Recentemente, pesquisas também têm apontado a desregulação de miRNAs na tumorigênese, sendo que a hipoexpressão de alguns microRNAs estão relacionados à hiperexpressão das ROCKs e, portanto, envolvidos no processo metastático. No presente trabalho, estudou-se a expressão tanto das ROCKs quanto de miRNAs associados a elas em amostras tumorais de OS por meio de PCR em tempo real. Encontramos uma hipoexpressão de ROCK1 nas amostras OS quando comparadas ao osso não neoplásico controle, enquanto que ROCK2 não apresentou diferença. O miR-138 foi encontrado hiperexpresso e obteve correlação com ROCK2, além de associação com a sobrevida. Os miR-139 e miR-708 demonstraram-se hipoexpressos nas amostras tumorais. Já os miR-196b e miR-584 não apresentaram diferenças. Após as análises de expressão, optou-se pelo estudo do miR-708 em linhagens de OS, desta forma, sua expressão foi induzida em três linhagens celulares, através de um vetor lentiviral, e foram realizados ensaios funcionais com o objetivo de estabelecer o papel deste miRNA. Não foi observada diferença nas taxas de proliferação ou capacidade clonogênica quando a expressão do miR-708 foi indizida. No ensaio de migração wound healing o miR-708 reduziu a migração da linhagem SAOS-2, enquanto que no ensaio de invasão induziu a invasão da linhagem MG-63 em matrigel, mas reduziu esse potencial nas linhagens HOS e SAOS-2 na matriz de gelatina. Uma análise in silico dos alvos deste miRNA apontou sua associação às vias WNT, MAPK e de Junções Aderentes. Desta forma, sugere-se que o miR-708 pode estar envolvido no controle processos que levam ao desenvolvimento de metástase, principalmente na interação com a matriz extracelular. / Osteosarcoma (OS) is a neoplasia that mainly occurs at the metaphyses of long bones, being the most common pediatric bone tumor. The treatment is based on surgical resection and the multimodal chemoterapy adjuvant and neoadjuvant. However, despite the treatment, around 80% of patients who evolve to metastais present a poor survival. Therefore, understanding the metastatic process is essencial, as well as the search for new therapy targets. The mainly pathway related to invasion and migration in neoplasic cells is regulated by the Rho GTPases, and their main effectors are the kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2, which are responsible for cytoskeleton control. The hyperexpression of these kinases has been described in different cancers and it has been associated to poor prognostic. In parallel, several studies have extensively demonstrated miRNA deregulation in tumorigenesis, and the hipoexpression of some miRNA are related to ROCK upregulation, consequently, involved with metastasis. Herein, we studied the expression profiles of ROCK1 and 2 and associated miRNAs in OS tumor samples by means of qRT-PCR. We found downregulation of ROCK1 in OS samples when compared to normal bone (control), while ROCK2 did not show differences. MiR-138 showed hiperexpression and was correlated with ROCK2, and an association with survival rates. MiR-139 and miR-708 were found downregulated in tumor samples, though miR- 196b and miR-584 did not show differences in expression. Afterwards, miR-708 expression was induced in three OS cell lines, aiming establish miR-708 role. Proliferation and clonogenic essays did not present any effects when miR-708 was induced. In the wound healing essay, miR-708 reduced the migration of SAOS-2 cells, and in invasion essay, miR-708 induced invasion of MG-63 cells in a matrigel matrix, while reduced the invasive potential of HOS and SAOS-2 cell lines in a gelatin matrix. An in silico analysis of miR-708 targets highlighted its association with WNT, MAPK and Adherent Junction pathways. Therefore, we suggest that miR-708 can be involved in process that leads to metastasis, mainly related to extracellular matrix interation.

The main aim of this Thesis is to examine how the rock mass and intact rock properties influence the excavatability of rock in surface mine. One of the most important decisions in the design of surface mine is the selection of mine equipment and plant. Now that increasing effort is being invested in the design and manufacture of continuous surface miners it is appropriate to examine how their performance can be related to the physical properties of the rock mass and intact rock.Over the years many attempts have been made to develop a means of assessing the excavatability of rock. Most of them are based on an empirical rating system whilst some authorities still propose the use of seismic velocity as a direct predictor of the rippability of a rock mass. On the other hand there are a number of classical models which have been developed to define the cutting force required at the pick or tooth of continuous miners.Whilst these methods have been applied with various degrees of success to the design of excavation systems there is no generally acceptable method of defining the excavatability or cuttability of a rock mass in terms of the machine power required to generate a particular rate of production.An attempt is made to overcome this deficiency by recording the intact and rock mass properties at Limestone quarry in Retznei, Austria; Openpit Gold Mines in Meekatharra and Mt Gibson of Western Australia and Openpit Coal Mine in Air Laya, Indonesia, where VASM-2D and Bucket Wheel Excavator O&K SchRs(800/1.2)15 or O&K S630 were in use in the first mine sites and Air Laya respectively to use this data to examine the relationships between the relevant dimensionless groups developed from a dimensional analysis of the problem.The dimensionless groups are obtained by examining the factors which influence the productivity of a surface miner. These include intact rock and rock ++ / mass properties, and machine power required for a particular rate of production and lead to the development of dimensionless groups namely, Rock Cuttability Index (RCI), Rock Mass Factor (RMF), Brittleness Index (BI), Rock Excavatability Index. The monitoring of machine power was carried out at Mt. Gibson and Air Laya mines.As a part of this study, field seismic tests were carried out at Mt. Gibson and Air Laya with the intention of seeking the most appropriate method of this type of test and analysis for excavation purposes. The test results indicate that borehole tests are the most promising and the output of seismic velocity obtained from a built-in program seismograph needs further thorough examination.The analysis of field data at all the sites proved that the most appropriate measure of discontinuities in the rock mass is the mean distance between discontinuities in a direction parallel to the cutting direction of the machine.Since the lateritic rock mass is different to other ordinary rock masses, a modified RMR is proposed. This is done by adjusting classification criteria on spacing and condition of discontinuity. The results proved that the discontinuity spacing obtained from the proposed method warrants wide application of the power cutting model developed.The RMR, Q-System and Excavatability Index are used to assess the performance of the continuous surface miners investigated. The results indicated that the Excavatability Index is the most acceptable criterion for the excavatability assessment.The outcome of this research has confirmed the significance of the RCI as a predictor of cutting performance of mechanical machines. The relationship between the RCI and REI can be used to good effect in analysing the performance of operating machines. A good example of this is given in the analysis of the performance of the BWE at the Mae Moh mine in Thailand.

Recently, since music festivals and ¡§live house¡¨ performances have become popular in Taiwan, the number of independent bands have been increased gradually. Bands nowadays have more advantages than previously, but they also face more challenges, such as commercial factors, keen competitions among other bands, the impact of new music style, including electronic music and Hip Hop, and so on. Above all, the most challenging one is the source of incomes. Therefore, rock musicians always face the difficulty of career change. This study attempts to explore the career development of Taiwanese rock musicians. The questions are listed as follows. First, what are their motivations to be rock musicians? How can they earn their living as rock musicians? Second, what is their career planning and career development? Third, why do some of the rock musicians decide to look for other jobs? What are the processes they have to go through while transferring to other jobs? Can they adjust to new jobs well? The based theories of the study are career development and career planning. The methods of data collection include observation, documental analysis and interview. The study uses triangulation to increase credibility and reliability. The objects are six rock musicians who live in Taipei and Kaohsiung. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The most remarkable motivations to influence the rock musicians in Taiwan are the learning experiences, the career conditions, social environment, and musicians¡¦ personality. (2) According to the result, the career-decision process and career development task correspond to the theories of Ginzberg and Super. (3) Economic problem is the significant motivation that prompts the rock musicians to change to other jobs. Remarkably, they anticipate making the decisions on schedule, not accidentally. Besides, most of the interviewers transfer to other jobs during the five transferring periods which Levinson proposed in his theory. (4) Western rock music influences Taiwanese rock musicians both on music style and outer appearance. (5) Taiwanese rock music style is different in every place associated with the ¡§urban characteristic.¡¨ (6) Famous and mainstream rock bands and musicians can have more economic power to earn their living as rock musicians. (7) Taiwanese rock music workers have to make more improvement as western ones, especially on creative work. (8) Rock musicians of different ages have distinct expectations on their own career life and future. (9) Female rock musicians have more advantages than males on outer appearance, while they are more limited by marriage and family on the other hand. (10) Married or some rock musicians with heavy economic burden may be influenced on their career development. Finally, Few suggestions are generated from this study: First, when one decides to ento this career, he must cultivate his musical ability well. Second, he must take his own responsibility and understand his works¡¦ position in the music market.

Thesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005. / Includes bibliography (p. 448-471).