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This thesis presents a Fuzzy Consensus Building Framework (FCBF), which enables construction project parties to align their teams on their roles and responsibilities early on in their projects. The framework introduces a model that (1) incorporates consensus of construction project teams in aggregating their opinions to decide on the party responsible for every standard task of a construction project; (2) classifies the quality of experts in the decision making process by weighting their responses during aggregation, based on their attributes; and (3) resolves residual conflicts between project teams on their perceived shared tasks, using a consensus reaching process. A template of project and construction management tasks is extracted from relevant standard guidelines and interviews with industry peers. Different extents of the roles and responsibilities of the owner and contractors are described using seven linguistic terms. A modified similarity aggregation method (SAM) aggregates experts opinions in a linguistic framework, using a consensus weight factor for each expert. A fuzzy expert system (FES) determines an importance weight factor for each expert, representing expert quality; opinions are aggregated using this factor and the consensus weight factor. Based on the aggregated opinions of experts, the tasks are classified into three responsibility lists: the owners, the contractors, and the shared responsibility list. The fuzzy preference relations consensus (FPRC) approach is applied to the tasks of shared responsibility, and a linguistic consensus measure is applied to resolve potential conflicts between team members on their perceived shared tasks. Using a case study approach, the FCBF is applied to aid a project owner organization in the field of oil and gas to determine its roles and responsibilities in a customized project delivery system, called owner managing contractor (OMC). The FCBF contributes to the construction industry by solving a fundamental problem for project owners: it helps identify and reduce potential conflicts over the extent of project teams responsibilities prior to the construction stage. It also provides an improvement over previous consensus-based approaches, which rely on a subjective assessment of experts importance weights in aggregating their opinions, and it modifies the SAM to adapt it to a linguistic environment. / Construction Engineering and Management

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Focusing on relations between principals, other School Management Team (SMT) members and teachers, this study examines the potential of their active collaboration around instructional matters to enhance the quality of teaching and student achievement. The analysis is grounded in the theory of instructional leadership- and the conceptual framework locates instructional leadership within the context of the instructional core and the role of the school principal and SMT exercise in the learning context. The main question that drove this research was: How does the work of the school principal influence classroom practice of teachers? My study investigated the following three sub questions: i)Does leadership contribute to the ultimate success of schools?; ii) What are the three successful schools doing? and iii)How do the principals of these schools recognise, implement and bring about change that contributes to their success? The main aims were to examine how the primary school principal leads and influences classroom practice to encourage improved academic performance and how the principal and other senior management team members work together to communicate with, monitor and evaluate teachers. In addition, it investigated how teachers perceive and interpret the actions of the school leadership around their own classroom practice. It looked into the particular behaviours, relationships and interactions between the principals and SMT members and educators that influenced or hampered the delivery of quality education in the classroom. The sample comprised of three case studies of primary schools in Gauteng, South Africa. The methodology used was structured interviews of the principals and senior management members, focus group interviews with teachers, observations and documentary evidence. Data was collected, coded and analysed under themes that emerged from examining the data and literature around instructional leadership. The research objective was to understand the role that primary school principals play in instructional leadership and how instructional leadership can lead to effective teaching and learning. My goals were to characterize “best practice” for instructional iii leadership; and to identify strategies used by the school principals that show how their work influences classroom practice. The study found that effective instructional leadership is central to enhancing teaching and learning in a primary school to improve student academic outcomes and that the instructional leadership behaviours of school principals were significantly related to teacher's commitment, professional involvement and innovativeness and to the overall improvement of student results. This study demonstrated that instructional leadership success is not based on a one size fit all model for instructional enactment of success.

This research study aims to investigate how cooperating teachers (CTs) in Partnership Schools working with pre-service teachers (PTs) from Universities in Ankara and Bursa reflect on challenges they face according to their own perceived roles and responsibilities in the process of implementing their complicated and demanding work to contribute to pre-service teacher training in schools. The present study specifically focuses on cooperating teachers&amp / #8217 / perceived challenges in relation to the feedback process and their cooperation with pre-service teachers to fulfill their roles and responsibilities to understand the nature of cooperating teachers&amp / #8217 / work, and how such recognition and understanding could empower all the parties involved- cooperating teachers and pre-service teachers with the aim of making the school experience more beneficial for pre-service teachers. The results of data collection show that CTs need further training in almost all aspects of their work directly related to the teaching learning environment in schools. Areas of their work that need improvement are also introduced, and recommendations to cope with challenges are presented.

The beginning of the 20th century was an epoch when new industries were established, migration to the cities were increasing, the service sector was growing, and with an increased middle class. Many of the new developments were endeavors, which we today would call projects. The purpose of this thesis is to extend our knowledge about projects during the 1920s, particularly how they were managed and how different persons took on roles and responsibilities to accomplish something they believed in. One such project was Stockholm Concert Hall (1923–1926). The project was managed by the architect Ivar Tengbom, who was the project manager. There have not been any previous studies of the concert hall as a project. Previous research of projects in the past are few and then mostly from the 1940s and 50s. The thesis covers the management of the project and the different roles and associated responsibilities. The main theories are Bourdieu’s Theory of Fields and current project management theories. One of the findings is that just four men with economic, social, and cultural capital dominated the total project process. The project is considered a success; the concert hall is still appreciated.

A significant percentage of undocumented immigrants who come to the United States include women suffering from trauma and abuse. In Southwest Texas, many immigrant women begin their stay in the United States, as residents of an immigration Residential Detainment Center (RDC). Social workers in RDCs are challenged to understand their roles and responsibilities in treating the mental health need of these women. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of social workers, in RDCs, regarding their roles and responsibilities in meeting the mental health needs of immigrant women with a history of personal trauma. Using action research methodology, 3 focus group discussions were conducted with 4 licensed clinical social workers (LCSW) who had experience working with immigrant women with histories of trauma and abuse, living in RDCs. The theoretical concept of ecosystems undergirded the analysis of the data collected from focus groups and explored the themes related to roles and responsibilities, types of trauma, aftercare, services, and social, political, and structural barriers. The outcomes of this research study suggested LCSW social workers recognized a need to expand service provisions beyond the walls of the RDC by helping immigrant women connect with community resources that will aid in their settlement in the United States, if granted asylum. When considering positive social change, the social workers considered how their intervention could affect access to goods and services, as well as the utilization of community mental health resources for the immigrant women, with histories of trauma and abuse, and their families.

Yes / The Management NVQs were (according to their proponents) designed to provide a new mechanism for certifying workplace competence. Centred on descriptions of practice in the workplace they offered a qualifications route that could be accessed by all. This article draws on an in-depth study of the implementation of NVQs in three private sector organisations. It argues that, in practice, this competence-based format is highly problematic. Candidates are required to work towards criteria that may not match their roles and responsibilities, developmental work is systemically discouraged and work is routinised. The article concludes by arguing that these flaws are structural ones which may be expected to continue as long as NVQs continue to attempt to distil the essence of occupations into `standards¿.

<p>Sedan IT-bubblan sprack 2002 har marknaden nu börjat återhämta sig. Allt fler mindre organisationer investerar i IT igen. Detta gör att IT-konsulterna blir mer eftertraktade på marknaden. I takt med att IT-konsulternas ökade arbete och ökningen av de mindre företagens investeringar, ökar vikten av IT-konsulternas råd angående kommunikation, ansvarsfördelning och samordning som förmedlas till de små och medelstora företagen under investerings processen.</p><p>Samtidigt presenterar dagens litteratur en mix av olika rekommendationer för hur organisationer bör hantera olika roller och dess ansvarsfördelning. Dessa teoretiska rekommendationer är både tydligt –och otydligt uttryckta av diverse författare. På grund av denna teoretiska kunskap, de små –och medelstora företagens (SME) ökade entreprenad av IT och vikten av en klar ansvarsfördelning vid IT-investeringar, har syftet med denna studie varit att undersöka vilka råd dagens IT-konsulter ger till SME i relation till de teoretiska riktlinjerna. Studien har sedan genomförts ur ett konsultperspektiv.</p><p>Genom detta syfte har metoden för att samla in data varit personliga semistandardiserade intervjuer med 12 olika IT-konsulter i Jönköpings län riktade mot SME. För att vi skulle kunna utvinna en djup förståelse för dessa konsulters syn på roller och ansvarsfördelning har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ metod. Dessutom har vi haft en utforskande och jämförande ansats genom vår granskning av studie området och vår jämförelse av roller och ansvarsfördelning som först mellan alla IT-konsulter och sedan mellan IT-konsulternas kategoriserade synsätt och de identifierare teoretiska synsätten.</p><p>En faktor som påverkar studiens tillvägagångssätt är den teoretiska studie som gjorts kring ämnet roller och ansvar vid IT-investeringar av Granehäll et al. (2005). Dessa författare presenterar tre olika teoretiska synsätt av roller och ansvarsfördelning vid applikationsinvesteringar. Vi fann dessa synsätt vara i behov av att kompletteras för att bli fullständiga och anpassade för små –och medelstora företag. Detta utgav grunden för den teoretiska del i denna studie och påverkat strukturen och presentationen av de teoretiska data som här presenteras.</p><p>Efter en presentation av ytterligare teori om roller och ansvar och en utökning av de tidigare fastställda teoretiska synsätten, kunde vi i denna studie identifiera tre nya teoretiska synsätt fokuserade på roller och ansvar vid applikationsinvesteringar</p><p>Den empirisk data som vi fått fram under studien av de olika medverkade IT-konsulterna presenteras var för sig. Detta har gjorts för att ökad förståelse och underlättad läsning.</p><p>Under studien av roller och ansvar i applikationsinvesteringar och IT-konsulternas synsätt på roller och ansvar i SME applikationsinvesteringar har vi kommit fram till att teorins rekommendationer riktar sig mot företag i allmänhet, då oftast mot större företag, vilket gör att teorins rekommendationer till viss del skiljer sig från IT-konsulternas syn på roller och ansvarsfördelning. Vi såg även att IT-konsulterna presenterar olika råd angående roller och ansvar. Vi har därför haft möjlighet att kategorisera dessa olika råd till tre synsätt med olika fokus.</p> / <p>As the market now has begun to recover from the IT-crash in 2002, many smaller organisations are now starting to invest in IT again. This makes the IT-consultants more wanted on the market. In proportion to the increasing work of the IT-consultants and the increasing SME investments, the IT-consultants advices becomes more important regarding communication, responsibilities and collaboration, given to the Small and Medium sized Enter-prises (SME) in the time of their investment process.</p><p>At the same time the theory presents a mix of recommendations for how roles and responsibility should be managed within the general organisation. These recommendations are clearly and vague expressed by different authors. Given this theoretical knowledge, the SME’s increasing outsourcing of IT-management and the importance of a clear structure of responsibilities in IT-investments, has the purpose of this study been to investigate in the advices the IT-consultants are communicating to SME in relation to the theoretical rec-ommendations. The study has then been accomplished through a consultant’s perspective.</p><p>Due to the purpose this study has been accomplished by face-to-face semi-standardised interviews with 12 IT-consultants within the County of Jönköping directed towards SME in application investments. Given that we wanted to gain a deep understanding of these IT-consultants recommendations on roles and responsibilities we therefore used a qualitative method. Furthermore, we also used an explorative effort due to our purpose to scrutinise the research area and a comparative effort when comparing the IT-consultants views with each other and then comparing the categorised IT-consultants views to the theoretical views identified in this study.</p><p>One factor influencing the mode of procedure is the theoretical study of roles and responsibilities made by Granehäll, Karlström and Uyanik (2005). These authors present three different views of roles and responsibilities in application investments. We found these views necessary to be further developed. This became the foundation of the theoretical data of roles and responsibilities in this study, setting the structure of the presentation of theoreti-cal data.</p><p>After presenting the additional theory and adding it to the all ready known views, we were in this study able to identify three new theoretical views on roles and responsibilities fo-cused on different roles.</p><p>The empirical data, established during this study, expressed by each participative IT-consultant is presented separately. This has been done to increase understanding and to facilitate the reading.</p><p>During this study on roles and responsibilities in application investments and the IT-consultants view on roles and responsibilities in SME application investments we found that the theory is directed to organisations in general, with an undertone that specifies the direction towards larger organisations, causing the theory to recommend different roles of responsibilities than the IT-consultants actually are practising. The IT-consultants we found to present different advice regarding roles and responsibilities. We have therefore been able to categorise these different advices into three different views with different focus.</p>

The aim of this research project is to investigate the roles and responsibilities of foundation phase heads of departments (HoDs) in the Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. A quantitative research approach was used to assess the perceptions of the foundation phase HoDs. Questionnaires were distributed to 274 foundation phase HoDs in Mpumalanga and SPSS 20 was used to analyse the data. The findings show that HoDs perceive that they are overworked, whereas in reality, the amount of time they spend in school is not as expected in the Personnel Administrative Measures (PAM) document. It emerged that most educators leave school earlier than normal and thus experience a lack of time for supervision and administration, which then becomes a stress factor in the completion of their roles and responsibilities. Twenty two percent of the respondents indicated that they are not familiar with the HoD duties as outlined in the PAM document. Furthermore, the study uncovered issues such as lack of support and training for HoDs, the role of parents as motivators in terms of learner achievement, and the importance of evaluating and developing teachers to provide quality education in the 21st century. This research project utilises instructional leadership as a conceptual framework and maps out the roles and responsibilities of the HoD as outlined in the PAM document. Due to the low Annual National Assessment (ANA) results in literacy and numeracy, the research focuses on the challenges that HoDs in the foundation phase face regarding fulfilling their roles and responsibilities towards ensuring a quality education. On Tuesday 28 June 2011, the Minister of Basic Education, Angie Motshekga, revealed the results of the February 2011 ANA. In excess of 6.5 million learners from Grades 2 to 7 and a sample of G10s wrote tests in literacy/language and numeracy/mathematics. According to the statistics released by the Department of Basic Education (DBE), the average mark for literacy for G3 learners was a mere 35%. Grade 3 learners scored an average of 28% in numeracy. Amongst the Grade 3 learners, the Western Cape performed the best in both literacy and numeracy with 43% for literacy and 36% for numeracy. In Mpumalanga, Grade 3 learners scored 27% in literacy and only managed to score 19% for numeracy (DBE Report 40). If learners can’t read, write, spell and calculate at Grade 3 level, surely there is something wrong. Where are the foundation phase managers and how do they spend their time? Internationally, teachers responsible for supervising Grade R-3 are called middle managers. In South Africa, middle managers are called heads of departments (HoDs). The duties and roles of middle managers (or HoDs) in the foundation phase might be the cause of poor performance of learners in numeracy and literacy, due to insufficient support being provided to educators and learners. The role of HoDs in schools is not widely understood (Turner, 1996; Blandford, 1997; McLendon&Crowther, 1998). As a consequence, the literature relating to their role and functions is sparse. What is apparent, however, is the dual role that HoDs play, namely an administrative role within the school, as well as a teaching responsibility. A great deal of the work in managing the teaching-learning process operates at the middle management level in schools. However, management development often occurs at the senior management level, and HoDs remain the forgotten tier in schools. HoDs co-ordinate all educational activities between the top management of the school and the educators. Gold (1998:1) describes the role of HoDs as the most exciting and probably the most influential position in a well-organised school. Given the dual roles of HoDs, it is evident that they are exposed to a dilemma in executing duties carrying competing demands namely managing a department and being a class teacher at the same time (Blandford, 1997:13). This dual role becomes a particular challenge in the foundation phase, depending on the type of school, e.g. private school, former model C school, township or rural schools (which normally fall under Quintile 1-3), and lastly farm schools. It is challenging, especially in township and farm schools, to manage teaching, supervise educators, ensure learners cooperate positively in a class, and to be responsible for all the classes in a phase, including the own HOD’s class. Educators are experiencing overcrowding in their classrooms and schools are under staffed. A thorough study needed to be conducted to ensure that HoDs in the foundation phase are operating as effectively as those in the intermediate, senior and FET phases. It is critical to formulate strategies to ensure that learners progress positively in the foundation phase, especially in terms of their literacy and numeracy. HoDs must be able to perform their roles and responsibilities to ensure that learners can read and write at Grade 3 level. The PAM document clearly spells out the roles and responsibilities of the HoD; however when an HoD has 90% of their time allocated for teaching, one wonders if it is fair to expect them to carry out their administrative role in the remaining 10% of their time. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted