<p>This study focuses on romantic friendship between women in three Swedish novels written between 1836 and 1857: Sophie von Knorring’s (1797–1848) Illusionerna (1836), Fredrika Bremer’s (1801–1865) En dagbok (1843) and Marie Sophie Schwartz’ (1819–1894) En fåfäng mans hustru (1857). Also, the connection between women and passion as well as the interesting occurrence of step- and foster mothers is looked upon in the study.</p><p>The romantic friendship is freely expressed in these novels; love between women is neither presented as unnatural or unchaste. It both challenges the heterosexual matrix’ claim on intelligibility and its rules for how desire should be expressed. With the room of one’s own as a figure the romantic friendship upholds a special place in the text and can be presented both as an alternative to other relations and as an utopian reality to long for.</p><p>The relationships between women and men in the novels are on the other hand presented as problematic and therefore, again, in conflict with the heterosexual matrix’ claim on naturalness. Passion in this form is potentially dangerous and must be controlled. Instead of the traditional view on the sexes an alternative model consisting of rational women and emotional men takes place. Love based on reason and friendship makes important components in the efforts made to solve the heterosexual problem. The equality these women long for in their relationships with men is despite these solutions not possible to combine with an artistic career. When the heterosexual couples unite the women must solely devote their life to husband and children.</p><p>On the contrary of the image of the wicked stepmother these novels introduce the step- and foster mother as a heroine, capable of loving altruism. Relationships between women form strong networks in the text which defy the socially organized sexuality. Through these alliances and formations of alternative kinship systems the women initiate an escape from the patriarchal oppression and challenge the heterosexual norm which rules society.</p>

This study focuses on romantic friendship between women in three Swedish novels written between 1836 and 1857: Sophie von Knorring’s (1797–1848) Illusionerna (1836), Fredrika Bremer’s (1801–1865) En dagbok (1843) and Marie Sophie Schwartz’ (1819–1894) En fåfäng mans hustru (1857). Also, the connection between women and passion as well as the interesting occurrence of step- and foster mothers is looked upon in the study. The romantic friendship is freely expressed in these novels; love between women is neither presented as unnatural or unchaste. It both challenges the heterosexual matrix’ claim on intelligibility and its rules for how desire should be expressed. With the room of one’s own as a figure the romantic friendship upholds a special place in the text and can be presented both as an alternative to other relations and as an utopian reality to long for. The relationships between women and men in the novels are on the other hand presented as problematic and therefore, again, in conflict with the heterosexual matrix’ claim on naturalness. Passion in this form is potentially dangerous and must be controlled. Instead of the traditional view on the sexes an alternative model consisting of rational women and emotional men takes place. Love based on reason and friendship makes important components in the efforts made to solve the heterosexual problem. The equality these women long for in their relationships with men is despite these solutions not possible to combine with an artistic career. When the heterosexual couples unite the women must solely devote their life to husband and children. On the contrary of the image of the wicked stepmother these novels introduce the step- and foster mother as a heroine, capable of loving altruism. Relationships between women form strong networks in the text which defy the socially organized sexuality. Through these alliances and formations of alternative kinship systems the women initiate an escape from the patriarchal oppression and challenge the heterosexual norm which rules society.

Denna studie har som avsikt att ur ett historiesociologiskt perspektiv försöka förstå den kvinnliga romantiska vänskapen, vad den bestod av, hur den kunde överleva över tid och om den också innehöll maktaspekter. Fenomenet med romantisk vänskap uppstod under romantiken, under 1700- och 1800-talet, och praktiserades av både män och kvinnor. Den romantiska vänskapen var en intim homosocial vänskap som var tämligen accepterad i samhället. Under andra hälften av 1800-talet, när medelklasskvinnorna i Sverige så smått började få medborgerliga rättigheter, var det flera kvinnor som började utbilda sig och yrkesarbeta. Om de gifte sig stod de under förmyndarskap av sin make och fick sluta arbeta, för att istället ägna sig åt hem och familj. Det var under denna tid som ett frirum uppstod, ett frirum för medelklasskvinnor som ville vara självständiga och leva i tvåsamhet med andra kvinnor. Där var de fredade från andras tyckanden, eftersom man inte trodde att kvinnan besvärades av erotiska begär, på samma sätt mannen gjorde. Studiens empiriska material består av två brevsamlingar, skrivna från 1894 till 1939, det vill säga under den tidsepok då den kvinnliga tvåsamhetens frirum existerade. Breven är författade av den svenska författaren och nobelpristagaren Selma Lagerlöf. Brevens mottagare var Lagerlöfs väninnor Sophie Elkan och Valborg Olander. Studien tar också hänsyn till kvinnorörelsen som bland annat tog avstamp i liberalfeminismens tankar och studier avseende social växelverkan mellan människor, vad avser en-, två- och tresamhet. Resultatet av studien visar att den kvinnliga romantiska vänskapen, studerad i mikrosociologiskt perspektiv utifrån Lagerlöfs brevkorrespondens med sina väninnor, bygger på tre viktiga beståndsdelar: förälskelse, kärlek och vänskap.