Emission of odorous and gaseous compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from livestock facilities can be a major impediment to its daily operations and potential expansion. Occupational and environmental concerns require the control of H2S emissions. A treatment approach used in the oil industry in which nitrite and/or molybdate are used as metabolic inhibitors to control the production of H2S in oil reservoirs was shown to be effective in controlling H2S emissions from swine manure.<p> The addition of nitrite and molybdate to swine manure was investigated in closed laboratory scale systems and then evaluated in semi-pilot scale open systems and in specifically designed chambers aiming to simulate an actual swine barn. The effect of manure age (extent of storage) on H2S emissions and the levels of nitrite and molybdate required for effective control of these emissions were assessed. Laboratory scale tests showed that emission of H2S was dependent on manure age. Fresh manure emitted the highest level of H2S and the level of emission decreased as manure age (1-6 months) increased. With fresh 1, 3, and 6-month old manures average H2S concentration in the headspace gas of the closed systems were 4856b460, 3431b208, 1037b98 ppm, and non-detectable (<0.4 ppm), respectively. This translated to lower levels of nitrite or molybdate required to control H2S emission with increase in manure age. When compared to molybdate, the addition of nitrite initially led to lower levels of H2S but its effect was only temporary and not as persistent as molybdate. In the semi-pilot and room scale tests H2S levels emitted from untreated fresh manure (831¡Ó26 ppm and 88.4 ppm, respectively), were significantly lower than those observed in the laboratory system (4856¡Ó460 ppm). Moreover, the levels of molybdate required to control the emission of H2S were much lower in both the semi-pilot system and in the room scale chamber than in the closed system (0.1-0.25 mM as opposed to 2 mM).<p> Small scale land application of manure treated with 0.1 mM molybdate did not raise the level of molybdenum in the soil that could cause potential toxicity to plants and animals. No major differences in the nutrient properties of the soils exposed to the treated and untreated manure were observed. Finally, a preliminary feasibility study of this treatment approach showed that the cost associated with this control approach was less than 1% of the total production cost.

Bakgrund: Vårdmiljön har stor betydelse för hur patienter upplever sin hälsa och sitt välbefinnande. En del trivs med att vårdas i flerbäddsrum medan andra inte gör det. Som sjuksköterska bör denne vara lyhörd för den enskilde individens behov.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa patientens upplevelser av att vårdas i ett flerbäddsrum på en vårdavdelning.Metod: En litteraturöversikt valdes och materialet analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultat: Studiens resultat visade att patienterna upplevde såväl fördelar som nackdelar med att vårdas i flerbäddsrum. Fördelarna var att de upplevde stöd och sällskap samt att de kunde dela erfarenheter med andra patienter. Nackdelarna var upplevelser av störande ljud samt bristande sekretess och integritet.Konklusion: Att vårdas i ett flerbäddsrum påverkar patienten både positivt och negativt och detta beror på att upplevelser är subjektiva och är individberoende. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan har kunskap om detta för att främja en positiv vårdupplevelse för patienten. / Background: Health care environment has significant impact on how patients perceive their health and wellbeing. Some like to be cared in a multi-bed room while others do not. As a nurse you should be sensitive to the individual's needs.Aim: The purpose of this study was to illuminate patient's experience of being cared for in a multi-bed room in a ward.Method: A literature review was selected and data was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis.Result: The result of the study showed that patients experienced both advantages and disadvantages to being cared for in a multi-bed room. The advantages were that they experienced support and companionship, and that they could share experiences with other patients. The disadvantages were experiences of disturbing audio and lack of privacy. Conclusion: Caring in a multi-bed room affects the patient both positively and negatively and this is because the experiences is subjective and is individual dependent. It is important that the nurse has knowledge about this to promote a positive care experience for patients.

Den här studien undersöker vad det finns för samband mellan akademikers identitet i stockholmsområdet och deras vardagsrum. Fyra intervjuer har gjorts hemma hos akademiker för att undersöka hur deras förhållande till vardagsrummet speglar synen på den egna identiteten. Fokus i uppsatsen ligger på att analysera hur vardagsrummen hjälper informanterna att visa upp sin identitet och hur de själva pratar om rummet. I uppsatsen tar jag också upp informanternas förhållande till tv och hur det hänger samman med deras identitet. Slutsatsen i min uppsats är i korthet att mina informanter verkar ha en uppfattning om vad deras egen identitet innebär och att försöker inreda sina vardagsrum så att de ska spegla denna bild både för andra och sig själva. Det kan dock ibland råda dissonans mellan hur informanten talar om rummet och hur rummet verkar användas. / This study examines what the connection is between academics identity in the Stockholm area and their living rooms. Four interviews were conducted at the home of scholars to examine how their relationship to the living room reflects their perception of one's identity. The focus of this paper is to analyze how the living rooms help informants to show off their identity and how they talk about the rooms. In the essay, I also examine the informants' relationship to television and how it relates to their identity. The conclusion of my essay is briefly that my informants appear to have an idea of what their own identity means and that they are trying to decorate their living room, so that they reflect that image both to others and themselves. However, it can sometimes be a dissonance between the way the informant are talking about the room and how the rooms are being used.

With the ever-increasing availability of high performance computing facilities, numerical simulation through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is increasingly used to predict the room air distribution. CFD is becoming an important design and analytical tool for investigating ventilation inside the system and thus to increase thermal comfort and improve indoor air quality. The room air supply diffuser flow rates can be reduced for less loading with the help of a variable air volume unit. The reduction in supply flow rate reduces the energy consumption for the unoccupied and reduced load conditions. The present research is to study the comfort consequences for reduced diffuser flow rates and loading and to identify the hot and cold spots inside a room. A small office room with ceiling based room air distribution method is considered for CFD analysis. The CFD results are validated with experimental measured data for the designed diffuser flow rate. A parametric study on different turbulence models, namely, low Reynolds number modification of standard k-epsilon model, re-normalization group k-epsilon model, transition k-kl-w model and Reynolds stress model is carried out, and simulation results in terms of velocity and temperature profiles are compared against the measured data. Other important parameters such as diffuser jet inlet angle and radiation effect are also considered on the benchmark case to validate the results and to recommend the best fit parameters for room air simulations. Analysis has been carried out for a range of flow rates and heat loads. The jet momentum, draft and temperature distribution inside the room are studied for the impact of reduced flow rates and loading. The thermal comfort is quantified in terms of vertical temperature distribution and percentage dissatisfied index. From the research it is found that, for the studied room setup and air distribution method, the diffuser flow rate can be reduced up to 30 percent of the design flow rate, without experiencing a considerable effect on the room air temperature distribution. Also, based on thermal comfort and room air temperature distribution, several recommendations for occupant spacing in a room are suggested for reduced diffuser flow rates.

A novel room temperature bonding method is used to package the micro-component. The bonding method utilizes metal microcap to package the micro-component under room temperature status, which not only can provide micro-component mechanical support also can prevent micro-component from contamination. The bonding condition under room temperature is the most conventional method can not achieve, which characteristic is the most significant effect factor to drive the wafer-level packaging process to improve in today. Utilizing ASTM standard, which was used as a macroscopic standard to evaluate and analyze the bonding shear strength relationship between the ASTM standard specimen and the metal microcap. The carrier wafer has been oxidized before photolithography process; the diameter of cavity and the contact area between the metal microcap and glass substrate were controlled by the photomask design and the accuracy of the photoresist exposure. The passivation treatment was developed to separate the microcap from the carrier wafer more easily. In this thesis, the metal microcap was fabricated by using electroforming process, which can control the thickness of metal microcap. The advantages of microcap are superior to the thin film poly-silicon made by the surface micromachining technique on the quality and mechanical properties. A glass is used as substrate of the metal microcap, and its transparent characteristic is a feature how we perform UV curing process. The adhesive can be cured under room temperature and the results exhibit the adhesive has excellent bonding strength. SEM is used to analyze the passivation result, the increasing rate of electroforming thickness. The shear stress-strain relationship between the metal microcap and the ASTM standard specimen is also discussed and analyzed in this thesis.

Focusing on Rachel Seiffert¡¦s The Dark Room, this thesis discusses three German protagonists¡¦ fictional representations in three different times and space, all coming from different family backgrounds and with different social understandings in relation to the Holocaust in the World War II. In my discussions on this trilogy, moreover, The Dark Room is believed to have demonstrated the notion of ¡§humanity¡¨ in the sense that vulnerability, perseverance, egoism, ignorance, guilt, sorrow, goodwill, evilness, light and darkness are all intertwined and coexisting as some kind of symbiosis, one blended into another. Meanwhile, The Dark Room offers a significant debate over guilt and punishment, especially with the incredibly heavy historical inheritance on those who are descendents of the perpetrators in World War II living in the contemporary times. What is at stake thus is an interpretation and reading of the Holocaust that allows more of a new and multi-dimensional perspective on this traumatic event in the 20th century. This call for fresh ideas and contemporary understandings of the Holocaust can be seen as answered in The Dark Room as this book has successfully provided a glimpse of an atypical account from the perpetrator side of the story. This fact validates The Dark Room as one of the important literary works in the contemporary times.

If ¡§People¡¨ are the most important source of an enterprise, undoubtedly, the most important asset of hotel industry is its working staffs. The measurement of asset requires a perfect internal management system to operate it normally, in which an important management tool is to apply the system of performance management, which could introduce the operation of performance appraisal correctly and effectively, and to develop HR asset of hotel industry higher and have more competition value. This research starts from the discussion of literature theory and the expert interview of hotel industry, and then uses Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to design questionnaire and makes questionnaire survey. It is expected to extract the important perspectives of performance appraisal of room attendant in hotel from the investigated statistic data, and then develop standards for performance appraisal. Finally is to collect performance appraisal indicator of hotel room attendant and the weight of each indicator, and propose to hotel industry as reference. This research established the framework and weight of performance appraisal indicator of room attendant in hotel industry, and discovered that the priorities of the second hierarchy level indicator of the performance appraisal of room attendant in hotel industry in turns are work result, behavior feature and personal feature; in which the work result almost made up half of the total weight. Therefore, it could be seen that work result is the most important one in the performance appraisal of room attendant in hotel industry; in particular, for the service oriented hotel industry, the work result presented by staffs is the critical factor to evaluate whether the working staffs offer the service quality comply with the requirements of the company or not.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類:博士(医療技術学) (課程) 学位授与年月日:平成20年3月25日

Objective Healthcare system now, with global budget payment, is facing an increasing challenge mainly due to patient oriented environment, more demand for service quality and organizational re-arrangement. Also due to the high cost of personalle and equipments in the operation room , it is quite important to maintain the high efficiency of management to encompass high volume of surgeries. Staffing and scheduling is the most important issue in the management of the operating room and has direct impact on the operational efficiency, cost and revenue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of staffing and scheduling of the operating room on its efficiency. How we control the sum of the patients requiring operation under present circumstances lies on whether or not we have efficient management of the operation room. The most important part among it depends on the ability of schedule arrangement, which directly influence the performance audit and cost. Materials and Methods:The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of schedule arrangement on cost in the operation room of one medical center. Retro spective descriptive design. Those first operations performed from July 1st, 2003 to June 30th, 2004 were collected into the controlled group while those performed from July 1st, 2004 to June 30th, 2005 were gathered into the experimental group. Indicators of the effect including the sum of the patients receiving operation, the utilization rate of the operation room, the cancellation rate of scheduled operation, the number of overtime nursing staff and overtime payment, the delayed rate and time of the first operation. We use ANOVA, x2 test, multiple logistic regression and t test to analyze these data. We will discuss issues as the followings to smooth our operation schedule: the arrangement of the fist operation by program manager, setting up a flow chart for nursing staff while admitting the patients, establishing a check-in flow chart for patients of out-patient department and deployment of pageboys. Results: The data showed that the incidence of delaying surgery were decreased by 8.4% in the experiment group as compared to the control group. The operation room occupation rate increased to 84.3% in control group, as compared to 78.25% in experiment group. There is 0.76% decrease in the rate of canceling operation schedule . The number of nursing staff who worked overtime and the overtime payment decreased significantly. The time needed from patients entering operation room to the operation began also decreased significantly. The rate of delaying the first scheduled operation decreased from 52.8% to 12.3%. Conclusion: Operation room managers, leader in department of surgery, and hospital managers could take our results as reference in improving efficiency and decreasing cost.

Emergency Departments (ED) are highly dynamic environments comprising complex multi-dimensional patient-care processes. In recent decades, there has been increased pressure to improve ED services, while taking into account various aspects such as clinical quality, operational efficiency, and cost performance. Overcrowding has become a major barrier to receiving a proper and timely emergency care in many acute hospitals throughout the world. Patients often face long waiting times to be seen and treated. Those who require admission may even wait longer. The scope of this research is to focus on ED factors that lead to overcrowding and their management. Technology is being cited as one of the management tools, specifically the utilization of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for tracking patients as their journey progresses through an ED. Like any technology, RFID has potential and pitfalls. The author chose to use Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) as a tool to explore the possible failures of RFID technology as it is utilized in one of the ED in Riyadh Military Hospital (RMH). This particular ED has been used as a case study to explore those failures and, with the use of FMEA, propose a set of recommendations to address those failures and improve the design and implementation of RFID. The experience of RMH-ED was explored through interviews and a survey in which 100 participants took part. The survey touched upon various aspects of this experience. This was due to the various roles of the surveyed staff who were involved with this technology. These roles ranged from front line clinical staff to administrative staff, management staff and technical support staff. Data analysis showed convincing evidence of the positive impact RFID had on managing ED overcrowding. However, and as expected, there are some pitfalls and failures that FMEA helped identifying and suggested potential solutions to them. RFID is a small link in the chain of other technological innovations and solutions. It is by no means capable of solving the problems associated with ED overcrowding by itself. Most of the search carried out by the author identified large variation in approaches to dealing with the issue of ED overcrowding. Those ranged from applying more human resources to altering the pathways of managing patients journey through healthcare system to applying more intermediate layers of management to ease the pressure of the Emergency departments. Other approaches included some aspects of technology such as development of early warning systems that have not been widely adopted and remained as isolated efforts.