<p> The thesis is concerned with the design and construction of an instrumentation system for a machine set in a power laboratory. As the system was designed primarily to replace conventional analog metering its operation is very easy to master given minimal instruction. The system is capable of measuring rotor speed, rotor angle and reactive torque. From these values mechanical power and slip are calculated. While acting as a measuring instrument the system can also simultaneously provide speed setting of a dc machine by means of a controlled rectifier. As this system is constructed around a microcomputer it is possible to expand some of the functions as well as interconnect to other digital devices for enhanced performance.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Thermal analysis is an important topic that can affect the electrical machine performance, reliability, lifetime and efficiency. In order to predict the electrical machine thermal performance accurately, thermal analysis of electrical machines must include fluid flow modelling. One of the technologies which may be used to estimate the flow distribution and pressure losses in throughflow ventilated machines is flow network analysis, but suitable correlations that can be used to estimate the pressure losses in rotor ducts due to fluid shock is not available. The aim of this work is to investigate how the rotation affects the pressure losses in rotor ducts by performing a dimensional analysis. Apart from the additional friction loss due to the effects of rotation, other rotational pressure losses that appear in a rotor-stator system are: duct entrance loss due to fluid shock and combining flow loss at the exit of the rotor-stator gap. These losses are analysed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The CFD simulations use the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) approach. An experimental test rig is built to validate the CFD findings. The investigation showed that the CFD results are consistent with the experimental results and the rotational pressure losses correlate well with the rotation ratio (a dimensionless parameter). It shows that the rotational pressure loss generally increases with the increase in the rotation ratio. At certain operating conditions, the rotational pressure loss can contribute over 50 % of the total system loss. The investigation leads to an original set of correlations for the pressure losses in air ducts in the rotor due to fluid shock which are more suitable to be applied to fluid flow modelling of throughflow ventilated machines. Such correlations provide a significant contribution to the field of thermal modelling of electrical machines. They are incorporated into the air flow modelling tool that has been programmed in Portunus by the present author. The modelling tool can be integrated with the existing thermal modelling method, lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) to form a complete analytical thermal-fluid modelling method.

No description available.

Dans une machine à induction, le diagnostic de défauts par analyse du signal du courant électrique nécessite la connaissance du comportement dynamique de la machine. En plus des sources externes d'excitation, le comportement du moteur est gouverné par un ensemble de phénomènes périodiques liés sa géométrie angulairement périodique et couplés par leur caractère multiphysique. En présence d’un défaut de roulement, les grandeurs mesurables présenteront des composantes à sa fréquence caractéristique combinée aux fréquences caractéristiques du moteur. La compréhension des interactions, en particulier de modulation, passe par la mise en place de modèles numériques qui représentent les manifestations des phénomènes couplés. Ce travail de thèse propose donc un modèle électro-magnéto-mécanique d'une machine à induction à cage d'écureuil couplé à un modèle de palier à roulement à billes dans un cadre original d'écriture appelé "Approches Angulaires". En conservant dans la modélisation la relation "Angle-Temps" il est possible d'étendre aisèment la modélisation aux conditions de fonctionnement non-stationnaires et d'introduire un couplage fort entre les modèles mécanique et électromagnétique. Ainsi, on montre que la vitesse angulaire instantanée est la grandeur qui assure la transmission du défaut mécanique localisé aux grandeurs électriques. Le modèle proposé offre ainsi un décryptage des phénomènes de modulation présents sur la voie de transfert et décrits par les couplages de comportements dynamiques cycliques (réseau de perméances, chargement des éléments roulants,...) et/ou périodiques (résonances de structure, résonance électriques, ...). Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à une meilleure compréhension du comportement couplé multiphysique d'une machine électrique pour mieux spécifier les outils de surveillance à mettre en œuvre. Les futurs développements peuvent maintenant s'orienter ver une complexification des modèles ou l'exploitation de comportements dynamiques fins en régime non-stationnaire. / In an induction machine, the diagnosis of defects by analysis of the electrical current signal requires knowledge of the dynamic behavior of the machine. In addition to external excitation sources, the behavior of the motor is governed by a set of periodic phenomena related to its angularly periodic geometry and coupled by their multiphysical character. In the presence of a bearing defect, measurable quantities will have components at its characteristic frequency combined with the characteristic frequencies of the engine. The understanding of interactions, in particular modulation, requires the implementation of numerical models that represent the manifestations of coupled phenomena. This thesis work proposes an electro-magneto-mechanical model of a squirrel-cage induction machine coupled to a rolling bearing model in an original writing frame called "Angular Approaches". By keeping the "Angle-Time" relation in modeling, it is possible to easily extend the modeling to non-stationary operating conditions and to introduce a strong coupling between the mechanical and electromagnetic models. Thus, it is shown that the instantaneous angular speed is the quantity which ensures the transmission of the localized mechanical defect to the electrical quantities. The proposed model thus offers a decryption of the modulation phenomena present on the transfer path and described by the couplings of cyclic dynamic behaviors (permeance network, loading of the rolling elements, etc.) and / or periodic (structural resonances, electrical resonance, etc.). This work opens the way for a better understanding of the multiphysical coupled behaviors of an electrical machine to better specify the monitoring tools to be used. Further developments can now be directed to a complexity of models or to the exploitation of fine dynamic behaviors in a non-steady operating conditions.

High voltage testing of the stator winding insulation is one of the most recognized methods used to determine the state of degradation in the insulation. HV tests performed at 0.1 Hz do have potential advantages compared to more traditional 50 Hz tests. This thesis therefore aims to perform and compare tan delta, capacitance and partial discharge measurements on stator windings when using a 0.1 Hz voltage source and a more traditional 50 Hz voltage supply. Several associated test parameters with considerable influence on the test results were varied during the tests. An associated data analysis followed that was focused on the differences and similarities of the analyzed parameters and the results due to the differences in frequency. The results show that there are substantial levels of noise present in the partial discharge measurements when utilizing the VLF voltage source. There are also more numerous partial discharges for VLF measurements than for regular power frequency measurements if the same amount of voltage cycles is considered. The generated patterns show similarities with those generated at 50 Hz, but a larger sample base is probably needed for more thorough conclusions. The tan delta/capacitance part of the test do indicate potential advantages compared to power frequency measurements regarding the sensitivity in the measurements.

Les machines tournantes sont présentes dans bien de domaines de nos industries et de nos sociétés et jouent un rôle primordial dans le transport et l'énergie. Le contexte actuel d'épuisement de ressources fossiles et la demande continuellement en augmentation d'énergie, font du domaine de la production de l'énergie (qu'elle soit électrique, thermique, éolienne, hydraulique ou nucléaire) un secteur qui concentre une part importante de l'innovation et de l'investissement des institutions et des industriels. Les tendances actuelles concernent l'augmentation du rendement et de la fiabilité, la diminution des dimensions, des coûts d'exploitation et des impacts environnementaux. Les machines doivent donc opérer dans des conditions respectant les normes de sécurité, de sûreté, de confort et d'environnement. La maîtrise et l'optimisation de ces conditions ont constitué le fil conducteur des recherches menées. L'ensemble de cette recherche concerne le suivi du comportement, l'équilibrage et le contrôle actif des machines tournantes. Trois thèmes qui ont un point commun la définition et l'identification d'un modèle de la machine ensuite, connaissant les réponses identifier les perturbations et les forces extérieures. Ces recherches constituent la base vers le développement de machines avec une capacité de réagir, sans interventions extérieures, en présence d'une défaillance ou lors de passage des zones de vitesses critiques ou des zones d'instabilités, de modifier ses caractéristiques afin d'avoir toujours un comportement respectant les normes de sécurité, de sûreté, de confort et d'environnement. La base vers un développement d'une Eco machine tournante réactive: une Smart machine tournante. Les premières recherches traitent du suivi de comportement et du diagnostic des boites de transmission de puissance par engrenages. L'objectif est la mise en place d'une approche de maintenance préventive de machines tournantes en présence de défauts combinés d'engrenages et de roulements. L'approche scientifique est à la fois numérique et expérimentale. Dans les deux approches, les défauts critiques étudiés ont été choisis suite à une étude AMDEC (Analyse de Modes de Défaillance, de leurs Effets et leurs Criticités). Les approches pour réduire les nuisances et d'assurer la sécurité de fonctionnement se déclinent, selon les possibilités et les moyens d'intervention, en deux solutions; équilibrage et contrôle actif. En équilibrage les recherches permettront d'une part le développement de méthodes basées sur des modèles identifiés expérimentalement prenant en compte des non linéarités dues à la très grande flexibilité des structures étudiées ou à la dépendance de certaines caractéristiques aux fréquences; elles permettront d'autre part l'optimisation de la répartition des masses de correction à la fois en position et en valeur en considérant des perturbations stochastiques des mesures. Le thème contrôle actif des machines tournantes porte sur le développement et la mise en place de stratégies de contrôle permettant la modification du comportement dynamique des rotors en flexion, en régime transitoire, par l'utilisation d'actionneurs. Le contrôleur peut être dans le domaine physique ou modal avec une commande floue ou neuro-floue. Concernant la technologie d'actionneurs, des travaux ont déjà été réalisés en utilisant des actionneurs piézoélectriques. Le contrôle est efficace et robuste, le seul inconvénient concerne la liaison entre l'actionneur et la machine. Nos recherches actuelles portent sur la conception et le dimensionnement d'actionneurs électromagnétiques qui présentent l'avantage d'être sans contact et offrent la possibilité de contrôler à la fois l'arbre du rotor et un de ces composants (paliers hydrodynamiques). Les activités et thèmes de recherches sont présentés en trois chapitres sans prendre en compte l'aspect chronologique. Chaque chapitre présente la recherche déjà réalisée, celle en cours puis future. Un chapitre est consacré au projet de recherche concernant les études initiées dans un souci d'appliquer et d'adapter les acquis dans des contextes particuliers de complexité des nouvelles machines ou tout simplement la volonté de considérer les besoins environnementaux et le développement d'Eco- Machines Tournantes.

Orientador: Katia Lucchesi Cavalca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T21:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Escobar_RobertoLuiz_M.pdf: 2961640 bytes, checksum: 516985920427d6083c04c1c5a22d6470 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os sistemas mecânicos são projetados para desempenhar funções específicas, e por essa razão as suas funções devem ser medidas para garantir seu desempenho dentro de uma certa precisão ou tolerância. A grande complexidade em se projetar e analisar novos projetos é a inserção de novas tecnologias, que envolvem aspectos multidisciplinares. Assim, o desenvolvimento e melhoria de projetos e produtos colocam o engenheiro projetista frente às diversas fontes de variabilidade, como por exemplo, as propriedades dos materiais, condições operacionais e ambientais e incertezas nas suposições feitas sobre seu funcionamento. Em termos de modelagem matemática, as aproximações inerentes e hipóteses feitas durante a concepção do sistema, conduzem normalmente a diferentes respostas obtidas através de simulações e/ou medidas experimentais. Dessa forma, em uma fase anterior à modelagem matemática,durante a concepção do sistema ou produto, as aplicações de ferramentas estatísticas e métodos de otimização podem fornecer estimativas sobre faixas de valores ou valores ótimos para parâmetros significativos de projeto, dentro do espaço experimental estudado. Esse tipo de abordagem estatística teve sua fundamentação teórica durante as décadas de 20 e 30 por Fisher, com a aplicação da teoria estatística sob diversos aspectos, como por exemplo: testes de hipóteses, estimativa de parâmetros, seleção de modelos, planejamento experimental e, mais tarde, no controle e melhoria de processos e produtos. Assim, este trabalho propõe um procedimento de estudo e otimização, integrando a teoria de planejamento experimental, a metodologia da superfície de resposta e otimização multi-objetivos através de algoritmos genéticos, para se obter a otimização dos parâmetros de projeto de componentes mecânicos. Em específico, foram utilizados dados de um sistema rotor-mancal e o estudo implica em minimizar as amplitudes no domínio da freqüência. Outro objetivo deste trabalho, foi desenvolver um programa para otimização multi-objetivos através de algoritmos genéticos / Abstract: The mechanical systems are designed to be applied to any specific situations, and in this waytheir features should be measured to guarantee confidence to the systems. Their development and analysis expose the designer to a series of unknown parameters from several sources such as material properties, environmental and operational conditions. In terms of mathematical modeling, the inherent approximation and hypotheses made during system conception lead to different responses obtained by simulations and/or experimental measurements. So, in a previous phase of mathematical modeling, during the design analysis, the application of statistical tools and optimization methods is possible to estimate the values and/or ranges of the critical design parameters inside an experimental space. The connection between optimization and statistical data back at least to the early part of the 20th century and encompasses many aspects of applied and theoretical statistics, including hypothesis testing, parameter estimation, model selection, design of experiments and process and product control. So, this work proposes a link between theory of design of experiments, response surface methodology and multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms, in order to optimize parameters for mechanical components. This study makes possible to verify the application of multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms in design parameters and optimize them. A rotor-bearing system was used and amplitude in frequency domain was minimized. An experimental software for multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithm was developed. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The healthy condition of a rotating machine leads to safe and cheap operation of almost all industrial facilities and mechanical systems. To achieve such a goal, vibration-based condition monitoring has proved to be a well-accepted technique that detects incipient fault symptoms. The conventional way of On-Bearing Vibration Measurement (OBVM) captures symptoms of different faults, however, it requires a relatively expensive setup, an additional space for the auxiliary devices and cabling in addition to an experienced analyst. On-Shaft Vibration Measurement (OSVM) is an emerging method proposed to offer more reliable Faults Diagnosis (FD) tools with less number of sensors, minimal processing time and lower system and maintenance costs. The advancement in sensor and wireless communications technologies enables attaching a MEMS accelerometer with a miniaturised wireless data acquisition unit directly to the rotor without altering the machine dynamics. In this study, OSVM is analysed during constant speed and run-up operations of a test rig. The observations showed response modulation, hence, a Finite Element (FE) analysis has been carried out to help interpret the experimental observations. The FE analysis confirmed that the modulation is due to the rotary motion of the on-shaft sensor. A demodulation method has been developed to solve this problem. The FD capability of OSVM has been compared to that of OBVM using conventional analysis where the former provided more efficient diagnosis with less number of sensors. To incorporate more features, a method has been developed to diagnose faults based on Principal Component Analysis and Nearest Neighbour classifier. Furthermore, the method is enhanced using Linear Discriminant Analysis to do the diagnosis without the need for a classifier. Another faults diagnosis method has been developed that ensures the generalisation of extracted faults features from OSVM data of a specific machine to similar machines mounted on different foundations.

Elevados níveis de vibração podem levar um equipamento à fadiga, e consequente quebra, podendo causar perdas de produção, problemas de fornecimento de material ou de serviço. Este trabalho desenvolveu um sistema para acionamento, aquisição e análise de uma bancada de ensaio de vibração em máquinas rotativas. O sistema proposto é composto por uma bancada com um motor fixo a uma plataforma, cujo eixo está acoplado a um rotor que pode sofrer desbalanceamento, através de inserção de massas. A rotação do eixo do motor é mensurada por um sensor indutivo, a vibração no mancal é monitorada por um acelerômetro. Para controle de acionamento e aquisição de dados foi utilizado o software LabVIEW. Esta bancada foi desenvolvida com a finalidade de estudar o comportamento dinâmico do rotor que está apoiado em mancais de rolamento. A estrutura montada permite simulação de falhas. Neste trabalho foi proposto o desbalanceamento de massa em um único plano, que é classificado como desbalanceamento estático. Este tipo de simulação foi escolhido também, visto que o rotor só possui um plano para desbalanceamento. Foram realizados experimentos que possibilitaram a detecção das falhas através do nível de vibração medido pelo acelerômetro e através da frequência do sinal de vibração foi comprovado que a amplitude significativa do espectro ocorre na frequência de rotação do equipamento, quando se trata de desbalanceamento. A bancada foi desenvolvida para ser utilizada no Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas da Universidade de Taubaté, porém as técnicas desenvolvidas podem ter aplicabilidade no ramo industrial, principalmente em manutenção preditiva. / High levels of vibration equipment can lead to fatigue and consequent breakage, may cause production losses, problems of supply of equipment or service. This study developed a system for triggering, acquisition and analysis of a bench test vibration in rotating machines. The proposed system consists of a bench with a motor fixed to a platform whose shaft is coupled to a rotor imbalance can suffer through insertion of mass. The rotation of the motor shaft is measured by an inductive sensor, vibration in the bearing is monitored by an accelerometer. To drive control and data acquisition software was used LabVIEW. This bench was developed in order to study the dynamic behavior of the rotor that is supported by ball bearings. The assembled structure allows fault simulation. This work proposes the unbalance mass in a single plane, which is classified as static unbalance. Such simulation was also chosen since the rotor has only one plan for unbalance. Experiments were performed which allowed the detection of faults through the vibration level measured by the accelerometer and by the frequency of the vibration signal has been proven that the amplitude of the spectrum of significant vibration occurs in the rotation frequency of the machine when it comes to unbalance. The bench has been developed for use in Mechanical Vibration Laboratory at the University of Taubate, but the techniques developed may have applicability in the industrial sector, especially in predictive maintenance.

The most main wall insulations of rotating electrical high voltage machines consists of several layers of wound mica tape impregnated with epoxy resins. Methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride and Hexahydrophthalic anhydride are the state-of-the-art curing agents in epoxy insulations and are therefore essential components of the insulation system. Both anhydrides were proposed to the candidate list of Substances of Very High Concern and are therefore part of the European REACH authorization process. The prohibition or restricted use of both anhydrides in Europe in the future is possible and puts high pressure on the European manufacturers of electrical devices. Possible substitutes are available, but have to be qualified e.g. with respect to their dielectric properties. Hence, this paper compares several insulating resin systems with and without anhydride curing agents regarding their dielectric loss behavior. The results reveal that the curing agent has a measurable effect on the dielectric losses. Furthermore, the investigated anhydride-free insulation systems are a viable substitute at least with regard to their dielectric losses.