4 pp. / Many growers in Arizona are switching from surface to drip irrigation. This change requires many changes in water management. One of the changes that growers are having the most difficulty with is the concept of applying gallons of water instead of inches. This paper helps growers make this conversion from inches to gallons and then back again. An accompanying EXCEL program, available on the web, will help growers determine run times and application amounts.

Revised; Originally Published: 2007 / 4 pp.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento morfológico e produtivo da linhagem de algodão 96/319 sob espaçamentos ultra-adensado, adensado e convencional entre fileiras e número de plantas por metro linear. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em área experimental pertencente ao Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, município de Campinas e, em área agrícola no município de Leme, ambos no Estado de São Paulo, nos anos agrícolas de 1999/00 e 2000/01. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial, com 6 repetições, sendo três espaçamentos entre linhas (0,30, 0,60 e 0,90 m) e duas densidades de plantas por metro linear (7 e 10). Em cada parcela experimental foram marcadas quatro plantas ao acaso e analisados os seguintes parâmetros: altura média final das plantas, altura de inserção do 1º ramo frutífero, número de ramos vegetativos e reprodutivos e número de capulhos por planta. Na área útil de cada parcela foi determinada a produção de algodão em caroço e, em amostras de 20 capulhos por parcela, foram realizadas as análises dos caracteres agronômicos de laboratório (massa média de um capulho, massa de 100 sementes e porcentagem de fibra) e das características tecnológicas da fibra (comprimento, uniformidade de comprimento, tenacidade e micronaire e maturidade). De acordo com os dados experimentais obtidos, pôde-se concluir que: no espaçamento ultra-adensado, a produção de algodão em caroço foi, em média, 16% superior em relação ao espaçamento convencional; quanto à interação espaçamento entre linhas e densidade de plantas na linha, maior população de plantas resultam em menor número de capulhos por plantas e maior a produção de algodão em caroço por unidade de área; quanto menor o espaçamento entre linhas, maior a altura média final das plantas e o número de ramos vegetativos e, menor o número de ramos frutíferos e o número de capulhos por planta; quanto maior a densidade de plantas na linha, maior a altura de inserção do primeiro ramo frutífero e o número de ramos vegetativos; quanto menor o espaçamento entre linhas, menor a massa de um capulho, a massa de 100 sementes e a porcentagem de fibra; e, quanto maior a densidade de plantas na linha, menor a massa de um capulho; dentre as características tecnológicas da fibra, quanto menor o espaçamento, menor o índice micronaire e a maturidade da fibra. / The main objective of the present work was to study the morphological and productive behavior of cotton line 96/319 under ultra-narrow row, narrow row and conventional row and plants per linear meter. The experiments were carried out in an experimental area belonging to the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas city and in commercial agricultural area in Leme city, both in São Paulo state, during the 1999/00 and 2000/01 season. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with six replications, three rows (0,30, 0,60 and 0,90 m between lines) and two densities (7 and 10 plants per linear meter). Four plants per plot were labeled and analyzed for the average plant height, insertion height of the first fruit branch, number of vegetative and fruit branches and open bolls per plant. The cotton yield was determinated in the useful area of each plot and samples of 20 open bolls randomized chosen per plot were analyzed for agronomical lab characteristics (average open boll mass, mass of 100 seeds and fiber percentage) and fiber technological characteristics (length, length uniformity, strength, micronaire and maturity). According to the experimental data obtained it was possible to conclude: cotton yield for the ultra-narrow was average 16% higher than the yields for the conventional row; for row and plant density interaction, higher plant population resulted smaller number of open bolls per plant and higher cotton yield per unit area; smaller row resulted higher average plant height and number of vegetative branches, and smaller number of fruit branches and open bolls per plant; higher plant density resulted higher insertion height of the first fruit branch and number of vegetative branches; smaller row resulted smaller average open boll mass, mass of 100 seeds and fiber percentage; and higher plant density resulted smaller average open boll mass; among fiber technological characteristics, smaller row resulted smaller micronaire and fiber maturity.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Drehmer.pdf: 1462702 bytes, checksum: 7907dd5e2b6ced42d2e8deb5d0c94bd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / The bean crop yield can be substantially affected by row spacing and sowing density. Aiming to evaluate the effect of different plant populations and row spacing in the yield components and bean crop yield, there were four experiments, differing by cultivars type and sowing time in the city of Ponta Grossa, PR, in the years 2013 and 2014. The experimental design in both sowing time (water and dry) and two cultivars (IPR-Uirapuru and IPR-Tangara) was a randomized block in a factorial scheme (2 x 5), two spacing (22 and 45 cm between rows) with five densities (5, 8, 11, 14, 17 plants per row meter). It was evaluated the components of yield and yield of crop. In the first sowing time in both cultivars it was observed that the reduction of row spacing resulted in reducing the number of pods per plant and number of grains per pod, while the thousand grain weight was little affected by variations in arrangements population. In both cultivars yield differences were observed between seeding rates, however, only the cultivar IPR-Uirapuru had difference between the spacings. The yield was lower in the spacing of 45 cm between rows only in 5 plants per meter density. In the second sowing time the yield components and crop yield were affected by plant spacing, and this influence was less about the weight of a thousand grains. In the second sowing time was not observed yield differences for cultivars depending on the row spacing. At this time, only the IPR-Tangara showed yield differences between the plant densities. For both cultivars, in the first and the second sowing time, 11-14 plants per meter, which is the recommendation for culture, obtained the best yields, while reducing the spacing between rows did not offer benefits because it did not increase cultivars yields and require greater investment in seeds and possible machine adaptations for reduced spacing. The spacing and density of recommendations can be used in both sowing time. / A produtividade da cultura do feijão pode ser substancialmente afetada pelo espaçamento entre fileiras e a densidade de semeadura. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes densidades de semeadura e espaçamentos entre fileiras nos componentes de produção e na produtividade da cultura do feijão, realizaram-se quatro experimentos, diferindo pela cultivar e época de semeadura, no município de Ponta Grossa, PR, nos anos de 2013 e 2014. O delineamento experimental utilizado nas duas épocas (águas e secas) e nas duas cultivares (IPR-Uirapuru e IPR-Tangará) foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (2 X 5),espaçamentos de 22,0 e 45,0 cm entre fileiras com densidades de 5, 8, 11, 14 e 17 plantas por metro de fileira. Foram avaliados os componentes da produção e a produtividade de grãos da cultura. Na primeira época de semeadura, em ambas as cultivares observou-se que a diminuição do espaçamento entre fileiras resultou na redução do número de vagens por planta e número de grãos por vagem, enquanto que a massa de mil grãos foi pouco afetada pelas variações de arranjos populacionais. Nas duas cultivares foram observadas diferenças de produtividade entre as densidades de semeadura, entretanto, somente na cultivar IPRUirapuru ocorreu diferença entre os espaçamentos, em que, a produtividade foi menor no espaçamento de 45 cm entre fileiras somente na densidade de cinco plantas por metro linear. Na segunda época de semeadura os componentes da produção e a produtividade foram afetados pelo arranjo de plantas, sendo que esta influência foi menor sobre a massa de mil grãos. Na segunda época de semeadura não foram observadas diferenças de produtividade para as cultivares em função do espaçamento entre fileiras. Nesta época, somente a cultivar IPR-Tangará apresentou diferença de produtividade entre as densidades de semeadura. Para as duas cultivares semeadas tanto na primeira quanto na segunda época, densidades de 11 a 14 plantas por metro linear, que é a recomendação para a cultura obtiveram as melhores produtividades, enquanto que a redução do espaçamento entre fileiras não ofereceu benefícios, pois não aumentou a produtividade das cultivares e exigiria um maior investimento em sementes e possíveis adaptações de máquinas para o espaçamento reduzido. As recomendações de espaçamento e densidade podem ser utilizadas tanto na primeira como na segunda época de cultivo.

Osteoporosis is a common bone disease that increases risk of low-trauma fractures associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and financial costs. Clinically, osteoporosis is defined by low bone mineral density (BMD). BMD explains approximately 60-70% of the variance in bone strength. The remainder is due to the cumulative and synergistic effects of other factors, including trabecular and cortical bone micro-architecture. In vivo quantitative characterization of trabecular bone (TB) micro-architecture with high accuracy, reproducibility, and sensitivity to bone strength will improve our understanding of bone loss mechanisms and etiologies benefitting osteoporotic diagnostics and treatment monitoring processes. The overall aim of the Ph.D. research is to design, develop and evaluate new 3-D imaging processing algorithms to characterize the quality of TB micro-architectural in terms of topology, orientation, thickness and spacing, and to move the new technology from investigational research into the clinical arena. Two algorithms regarding to this purpose were developed and validated in detail - (1) star-line-based TB thickness and marrow spacing computation algorithm, and (2) tensor scale (t-scale) based TB topology and orientation computation algorithm. The TB thickness and marrow spacing algorithm utilizes a star-line tracing technique that effectively accounts for partial voluming effects of in vivo imaging with voxel size comparable to TB thickness and also avoids the problem of digitization associated with conventional algorithms. Accuracy of the method was examined on computer-generated phantom images while the robustness of the method was evaluated on human ankle specimens in terms of stability across a wide range of resolutions, repeat scan reproducibility under in vivo condition, and correlation between thickness values computed at ex vivo and in vivo resolutions. Also, the sensitivity of the method was examined by its ability to predict bone strength of cadaveric specimens. Finally, the method was evaluated in an in vivo human study involving forty healthy young-adult volunteers and ten athletes. The t-scale based TB topology and orientation computation algorithm provides measures characterizing individual trabeculae on the continuum between perfect plate and perfect rod as well as individual trabecular orientation. Similar to the TB thickness and marrow spacing computation algorithm, accuracy was examined on computer-generated phantoms while robustness of the algorithm across ex vivo and in vivo resolution, repeat scan reproducibility, and the sensitivity to experimental mechanical bone strength were evaluated in a cadaveric ankle study. And the application of the algorithm was evaluated in a human study involving forty healthy young-adult volunteers and ten patients with SSRI treatment. Beside these two algorithms, an image thresholding algorithm based on the class uncertainty theory is developed to segment TB structure in CT images. Although the algorithm was developed for this specific application, it also works effectively for general 2-D and 3-D images. Moreover, the class uncertainty theory can be utilized as adaptive information in more sophisticated image processing algorithms such as Snakes, ASMs and graph search.

The finite element method (FEM) has been widely applied to various medical imaging applications over the past two decades. The remarkable progress in high-resolution imaging techniques has allowed FEM to draw great research interests in computing trabecular bone (TB) stiffness from three-dimensional volumetric imaging. However, only a few results are available in literature on applying FEM to multi-row detector CT (MDCT) imaging due to the challenges posed by limited spatial resolution. The research presented here develops new methods to preserve TB structure connectivity and to generate high-quality mesh representation for FEM from relatively low resolution images available at MDCT imaging. Specifically, it introduced a space-variant hysteresis algorithm to threshold local trabecular structure that preserves structure connectivity. Also, mesh generation algorithms was applied to represent TB micro-architecture and mesh quality was compared with that generated by traditional methods. TB stiffness was computed using FEM simulation on micro-CT (µ-CT) and MDCT images of twenty two cadaveric specimens of distal tibia. Actual stiffness of those specimens were experimentally determined by mechanical testing and its correlation with computed stiffness was analyzed. The observed values of linear correlation (r2) between actual bone stiffness and computed stiffness from µ-CT and MDCT imaging were 0.95 and 0.88, respectively. Also, reproducibility of the FEM-based computed bone stiffness was determined from repeat MDCT scans of cadaveric specimens and the observed intra-class correlation coefficient was a high value of 0.98. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of application of FEM with high sensitivity and reproducibility on MDCT imaging of TB at distal tibia under in vivo condition.

Herbicides applications could possibly be reduced if targeted. Targeting the applications requires prior identification and quantification of the weed population. This task could possibly be done by a weed scout robot. The ability to position a camera over the inter-row space of densely seeded crops will help to simplify the task of automatically quantifying weed infestations. As part of the development of an autonomous weed scout, a vision-based local positioning system for weed detection has been developed and tested in a laboratory setting. Four Line-detection algorithms have been tested and a robotic positioning device, or XYZtheta-table, was developed and tested. <p> The Line-detection algorithms were based respectively on a stripe analysis, a blob analysis, a linear regression and the Hough Transform. The last two also included an edge-detection step. Images of parallel line patterns representing crop rows were collected at different angles, with and without weed-simulating noise. The images were processed by the four programs. The ability of the programs to determine the angle of the rows and the location of an inter-row space centreline was evaluated in a laboratory setting. All algorithms behaved approximately the same when determining the rows angle in the noise-free images, with a mean error of 0.5°. In the same situation, all algorithms could find the centreline of an inter-row space within 2.7 mm. Generally, the mean errors increased when noise was added to the images, up to 1.1° and 8.5 mm for the Linear Regression algorithm. Specific dispersions of the weeds were identified as possible causes of increase of the error in noisy images. Because of its insensitivity to noise, the Stripe Analysis algorithm was considered the best overall. The fastest program was the Blob Analysis algorithm with a mean processing time of 0.35 s per image. Future work involves evaluation of the Line-detection algorithms with field images. <p>The XYZtheta-table consisted of rails allowing movement of a camera in the 3 orthogonal directions and of a rotational table that could rotate the camera about a vertical axis. The ability of the XYZtheta-table to accurately move the camera within the XY-space and rotate it at a desired angle was evaluated in a laboratory setting. The XYZtheta-table was able to move the camera within 7 mm of a target and to rotate it with a mean error of 0.07°. The positioning accuracy could be improved by simple mechanical modifications on the XYZtheta-table.

Leksiniai sinonimai – skirtingai skambantys, tos pačios ar artimos reikšmės žodžiai, kurie skiriasi semantinėmis, emocinėmis, stilistinėmis ypatybėmis. Darybiniais sinonimais laikomi skirtingų darybos afiksų bendrašakniai dariniai, turintys tapačią arba artimą leksinę ir darybinę reikšmę. Į leksinių sinonimų eiles dažnai įeina ir darybinių sinonimų eilės. Antano Lyberio Sinonimų žodyne (2002) pateiktose leksinių sinonimų eilėse rastas 4471 daiktavardžių, būdvardžių, veiksmažodžių darinys, iš kurių sudarytos 1836 darybinių sinonimų eilės. Bendrašakniai dariniai, kaip ir leksiniai sinonimai, gali sutapti ar skirtis stilistinėmis ypatybėmis. Daugumas sinonimiškai santykiaujančių darinių yra artimos semantikos žodžiai. Analizuojant darybinius sinonimus leksinių sinonimų eilėse pastebėta, kad ne visi žodžiai, esantys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne ir Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, yra įtraukti į A. Lyberio Sinonimų žodyną. Remiantis šių žodynų medžiaga, į Sinonimų žodyną siūloma įtraukti 800 žodžių ir pratęsti 82 leksinių sinonimų eiles. Iš į Sinonimų žodyną neįtrauktų darinių sudarytos 123 naujos darybinių sinonimų eilės: į 94 eilių sudėtį įeina Sinonimų žodyne fiksuotas darinys, 29 darybinių sinonimų eilės sudarytos vien iš naujų darinių. Sinonimų žodyne rasta žodžių, kurie nefiksuojami nei Lietuvių kalbos žodyne, nei Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, todėl nėra aišku, kokiu kriterijumi remiantis jie buvo įtraukti į žodyną. / Lexical synonyms are differently sounding words of the same or close meaning that are different by semantic, emotional or stylistic features. Derivative synonyms are structures of different affix with identical or close lexical and derivation meaning. Lexical synonyms rows often included derivative synonyms rows. Dictionary of Synonyms (Sinonimų žodynas, 2002) by Antanas Lyberis submitted lexical synonyms rows were found 4471 noun, adjective and verb derivatives, which were made 1836 derivative synonyms rows. Conjugate structures, as well as lexical synonyms, may be the same or vary by stylistic features. Most of the derivatives, having synonymous relationships, are close semantic words. Analysis of derivative synonyms in lexical synonym rows noted that not all the words in Lithuanian Language Dictionary (Lietuvių kalbos žodynas), Current Lithuanian Dictionary (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) are included in Dictionary of Synonyms by Antanas Lyberis. According to these dictionaries material, it is proposed to include 800 words extend 82 lexical synonym rows in Dictionary of Synonyms. Were made 123 new derivative synonym rows from the words that were not included into Dictionary of Synonyms: 94 rows containing fixed derivatives of Dictionary of Synonyms, 29 derivative synonym rows consisting entirely of new structures. In Dictionary of Synonyms were found words not included into Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Current Lithuanian Dictionary, so it is not clear by which... [to full text]

The Workers' Row House is a three-unit row house, circa 1850, that the Greater Corktown Development Corporation acquired for use as a community museum in 2002. This document provides a starting point and a framework for the rehabilitation and programmatic work that will occur. This plan strives to answer the following questions: (1) What is the site about? (2) Who is the interpretation for? (3) How will the museum go about communicating what the site is about while meeting the needs of the audiences? Using Detroit city directories beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, Detroit Sanborn fire insurance maps, and both primary and secondary sources, the past tenants of this house and their historic contexts were compiled to reveal this site's story. Themes and a storyline were developed, and interpretive objectives were extracted. The plan recommends a guided tour through two restored units, and self-guided, interactive exhibits in the third unit. It is understood that any interpretive plan evolves as the research continues. / Department of Architecture

With recent and continuing advances in bioinformatics, the volume of sequence data has increased tremendously. Along with this increase, there is a growing need to develop efficient algorithms to process such data in order to make useful and important discoveries. Careful analysis of genomic data will benefit science and society in numerous ways, including the understanding of protein sequence functions, early detection of diseases, and finding evolutionary relationships that exist among various organisms. Most sequence analysis problems arising from computational genomics and evolutionary biology fall into the class of NP-complete problems. Advances in exact and approximate algorithms to address these problems are critical. In this thesis, we investigate a novel graph theoretical model that deals with fundamental evolutionary problems. The model allows incorporation of the evolutionary operations ``insertion', ``deletion', and ``substitution', and various parameters such as relative distances and weights. By varying appropriate parameters and weights within the model, several important combinatorial problems can be represented, including the weighted supersequence, weighted superstring, and weighted longest common sequence problems. Consequently, our model provides a general computational framework for solving a wide variety of important and difficult biological sequencing problems, including the multiple sequence alignment problem, and the problem of finding an evolutionary ancestor of multiple sequences. In this thesis, we develop large scale combinatorial optimization techniques to solve our graph theoretical model. In particular, we formulate the problem as two distinct but related models: constrained network flow problem and weighted node packing problem. The integer programming models are solved in a branch and bound setting using simultaneous column and row generation. The methodology developed will also be useful to solve large scale integer programming problems arising in other areas such as transportation and logistics.