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This research calls for a reconsideration of the notion of rubbish; one that does not consider disposal as the final act of the production-consumption cycle but, instead, appreciates the practices enacted around rubbish as constitutive of value creation. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's Production of Space (1991) and Rhythmanalysis (2004) this thesis traces the social life of rubbish to understand the social, cultural, political, and economic practices implicated in the organisation of waste. In particular, I employed a sensory ethnographic approach comprising of participant observations, self-reflexive observations, formal and informal interviews. I undertook a six months fieldwork, where I explored and documented the practices enacted by six sets of stakeholder who are involved in the organisation of rubbish in Lagos, Nigeria. Without overlooking the representational aspects (i.e. interviews, visuals) of practices, this thesis contributes to consumer research and the wider marketing discipline by tackling the more-than-representational elements of practices. The research exposes the spatial dynamics, embodied and multisensory experiences and power relations that are negotiated and co-produced when everyday practices are performed around rubbish. In so doing, I question and challenge the notion of disposal as being limited to environmentalism, green consumption and sustainability. I pushed these boundaries by investigating how rubbish acts as the lifeblood that fuels socio-spatial as well as economic relations in both formal and informal economies. This ethnographic study reveals the coping tactics and spaces of resistance that are utilised by marginalised informal operators to 'make-do' and sometimes subvert the strategies imposed by the formal authorities when they attempt to abolish these practices. The findings unmask the processual quality of practices and the recursive nature of objects in terms of their transformation from a state of 'rubbish' into valuable categories. It also makes visible the manner in which the practices enacted around rubbish (de)synchronises with natural rhythms such as seasons. The thesis alerts policymakers to the contributions of the informal waste economy to the socioeconomic development of the formal economy. It also suggests that the urge to engage in sustainable consumption practices - recycling and less consumption - can have detrimental effects on stakeholders that rely on the surplus or detritus that emerge post consumption to sustain their socioeconomic livelihoods in developing economies across the world such as Lagos, Nigeria.

The main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the range of small finds and other materials often found deposited in the fills and stone settings above later Iron Age graves in the Mälar region of central Sweden. This study investigates how this material, especially potsherds, burnt clay, burnt and unburnt bones and teeth, flint, ice crampons, nails, rivets and knives, were distributed in eight different grave fields in the Mälar valley. The results shows that most of this material was indeed deliberately placed on or in the graves, with different object types added to particular areas of burial monuments.

A presença do lixo como parte integrante e inevitável na vida do homem, o qualifica como um importante agente de interação nos mais diversos setores de atividade. A partir de uma visão holística, os resíduos sólidos relacionam-se com questões como energia, educação, saúde e saneamento, recursos naturais, geração de renda e de empregos, turismo e recreação, direito e cidadania, meio ambiente etc. (Andrade, 2001), através de várias áreas de conhecimento como Antropologia, Engenharia, Física, Química, Biologia, Geofísica, Economia, Geografia, Sociologia, Direito, entre tantas outras, inclusive ARQUEOLOGIA, principal objeto de interface deste trabalho. Neste sentido, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia que, através das técnicas de escavação, interpretação e análises arqueológicas, favoreça uma compreensão maior sobre as questões históricas, sociais, culturais, econômicas e ambientais relacionadas aos resíduos sólidos (lixo), visando encontrar informações que norteiem a gestão dos mesmos através de procedimentos que atendam às particularidades de uma fonte geradora específica. O projeto foi fundamentado em um estudo de caso, através da investigação do depósito de resíduos sólidos de Volta Fria na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, localizada na região metropolitana de São Paulo. / The presence of solid wastes as an integrant and inevitable part in the life of the human being, characterizes it as an important agent of interaction in the most diverse sectors of activity. From a holistic vision, we relate the wastes to issues such as education, citizenship, health, sanitation, energy and environment, through knowledge areas as anthropology, engineering, chemistry, biology, economy, sociology and also archaeology. The purpose of this work is to show how techniques of archaeological intervention and interpretation can assist in the understanding on historical, social, cultural, economic and environmental questions related to the municipal solid wastes, aiming at to find information that guide its management in a specific generating source. Supporting our analysis the methodology of archaeological inquiry applied for the study of case in the Volta Fria landfill of the city of Mogi das Cruzes in Sao Paulo state, will be presented.

Waste and its management is a dynamic subject that has far reaching implications. These extend beyond basic practical issues of producer responsibility and consumer behaviour, and encompass pollution and environmental problems in a global context. Economic concerns, such as scarcity of resources and the emergence of environmental issues such as sustainability, have influenced the need for a waste management strategy that will increase material re-use and recycling, and energy recovery. Increasing quantities of waste and changes in its composition have placed an ever increasing pressure on traditional disposal routes, namely landfill, giving impetus to the development of alternative management options. The emphasis on management through a waste hierarchy has resulted in a trend throughout Europe of striving towards numerical targets to induce movement away from landfill. In 1990 the UK government set a target of recycling 25% of household waste by the year 2000. The Dutch have set a general waste target to separate 65% of waste for recycling, by the year 2000. Currently, achievement of the UK target is unlikely. Explanations for this do not stem from the target being too high, as it has been illustrated in Europe and more specifically in the Netherlands, that more stringent targets are already being attained. Therefore this research is of importance in developing a greater understanding of the barriers and alternative policy incentives that exist in achieving materials reclamation and energy recovery, and aims to contribute to the development of suitable policies and strategic options. Previous research has focused on specific aspects or singular concepts within the field of waste management. Although this has proved useful in specific contexts, the results and applications have been limited. This research extends such experience further in developing a model that can link the barriers that exist with regard to the 'successful' implementation of waste management strategies. This model focuses on evaluating data gained from the case study, having identified causal relationships and underlying pressures. It introduces a way of relating national data with local data, and it is at this interface that the 'success' of a waste management strategy can be determined, or barriers to its application can be identified and policies developed to overcome such barriers. The research design has been developed within the framework of a comparative embedded case study. The methodology enables a fuller understanding of the current situation at national, regional and local level, incorporating a number of different data collection techniques. The selection of Sheffield and Amsterdam allows a greater focus on crosscultural issues with specific reference to environmental awareness, recycling behaviour and implementation strategies within each local political framework. These results can then be placed within the context of the model to identify the feasibility of policy targets, and propose modifications to the policy or strategic options available.

The main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the range of small finds and other materials often found deposited in the fills and stone settings above later Iron Age graves in the Mälar region of central Sweden. This study investigates how this material, especially potsherds, burnt clay, burnt and unburnt bones and teeth, flint, ice crampons, nails, rivets and knives, were distributed in eight different grave fields in the Mälar valley. The results shows that most of this material was indeed deliberately placed on or in the graves, with different object types added to particular areas of burial monuments.

A presença do lixo como parte integrante e inevitável na vida do homem, o qualifica como um importante agente de interação nos mais diversos setores de atividade. A partir de uma visão holística, os resíduos sólidos relacionam-se com questões como energia, educação, saúde e saneamento, recursos naturais, geração de renda e de empregos, turismo e recreação, direito e cidadania, meio ambiente etc. (Andrade, 2001), através de várias áreas de conhecimento como Antropologia, Engenharia, Física, Química, Biologia, Geofísica, Economia, Geografia, Sociologia, Direito, entre tantas outras, inclusive ARQUEOLOGIA, principal objeto de interface deste trabalho. Neste sentido, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia que, através das técnicas de escavação, interpretação e análises arqueológicas, favoreça uma compreensão maior sobre as questões históricas, sociais, culturais, econômicas e ambientais relacionadas aos resíduos sólidos (lixo), visando encontrar informações que norteiem a gestão dos mesmos através de procedimentos que atendam às particularidades de uma fonte geradora específica. O projeto foi fundamentado em um estudo de caso, através da investigação do depósito de resíduos sólidos de Volta Fria na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, localizada na região metropolitana de São Paulo. / The presence of solid wastes as an integrant and inevitable part in the life of the human being, characterizes it as an important agent of interaction in the most diverse sectors of activity. From a holistic vision, we relate the wastes to issues such as education, citizenship, health, sanitation, energy and environment, through knowledge areas as anthropology, engineering, chemistry, biology, economy, sociology and also archaeology. The purpose of this work is to show how techniques of archaeological intervention and interpretation can assist in the understanding on historical, social, cultural, economic and environmental questions related to the municipal solid wastes, aiming at to find information that guide its management in a specific generating source. Supporting our analysis the methodology of archaeological inquiry applied for the study of case in the Volta Fria landfill of the city of Mogi das Cruzes in Sao Paulo state, will be presented.

Die Animation entstand während der Künstlerresidenz Pilotenküche in Leipzig. Die monumentale Statue, die mit meinem Gemälde bedeckt ist, wurde auf der Grundlage von echtem Abfall geschaffen, den ich auf einer Müllhalde gefunden habe. Der Maßstabswechsel und drei unterschiedliche Schauplätze sollen die Tore der Vorstellungskraft öffnen und dem Rezipienten ohne unnötige Erzählung eine Frage stellen: Ist das, was ich sehe, Müll oder Schatz, bin ich niemand oder alles?

O crescente processo de industrialização e urbanização mundial acelerou a geração de resíduos. Sua disposição e tratamento adequados é hoje um grande problema de contaminação ambiental. Alguns países adotam medidas para o controle e gerenciamento das áreas de disposição de resíduos, consideradas de antemão como contaminadas. No Brasil, não existe legislação específica nem levantamento de tais áreas, com exceção da região metropolitana de São Paulo que identificou e cadastrou essas áreas através de convênio entre a CETESB e o governo da Alemanha, por intermédio da Sociedade de Cooperação Técnica GTZ. Deste convênio surgiu o manual de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas, publicação destinada a orientar as ações de gerenciamento de áreas suspeitas ou contaminadas; este manual balizou a caracterização ambiental do lixão de Morro Agudo, objeto deste estudo, comprovando a contaminação da área e alertando para a necessidade de medidas, visando a proteção dos principais bens a proteger. / The increasing process of worldwide industrialization and urbanization accelerated the generation of residues. Nowadays its adequate disposal and treatment are a great problem of environmental contamination. Some countries adopt measures for the control and management of the residue disposal areas, considered beforehand as contaminated. In Brazil, it does not exist specific legislation nor survey of such areas, with exception of Sao Paulo metropolitan area, which identified and registered these areas through an agreement between CETESB and the government of Germany, mediated by Sociedade de Cooperação Técnica GTZ. From this agreement appeared the management manual of contaminated areas, publication destined to guide the actions of management of suspicious or contaminated areas; this manual determined the environmental characterization of Morro Agudo rubbish dump, subject of this study, proving the area contamination and alerting to the necessity of measures, aiming the protection of the main goods to be protected.

Ce travail s’intéresse à l’esthétique des objets et des choses dans l’oeuvre poétique de Derek Mahon. On constate en effet une véritable prolifération des objets dans ses poèmes, dont l’importance est telle qu’ils monopolisent la parole poétique au point de voler la parole au poète lui-même, et de devenir les sujets lyriques du poème, comme dans « The Apotheosis of Tins » ou « The Drawing Board ». Les objets deviennent la synecdoque du Je poétique, et reflètent les ambiguïtés de leur créateur, notamment vis-à-vis de l’Histoire et du conflit nord-irlandais, conflit qui selon les termes de Mahon lui-même, a eu pour conséquence de provoquer, dans son oeuvre, ce qu’il nomme une « aphasie coloniale ».Les objets seraient-ils alors pour le poète un moyen détourné d’exprimer une parole poétique qu’il se refuse à assumer ? Le recours à la parole des objets aurait alors une vertu thérapeutique, et permettrait au poète de surmonter le traumatisme du conflit nord-irlandais qu’incarnent les Troubles, ainsi que de se libérer de l’emprise de son milieu protestant nord-irlandais, afin d’élaborer une poétique des objets qui lui serait propre. En nous appuyant sur des ouvrages des material culture studies, nous verrons comment Mahon tente de s’extraire d’objets qui lui semblent trop « étiquettés ». Nous étudierons notamment le rapport de Mahon aux déchets ou disjecta, qui représentent la pierre angulaire de sa nouvelle classification poétique des objets. Il faut également distinguer chez Mahon les objets des choses, auxquelles il attribue une valeur différente. Nous tentons d’établir, à travers une perspective à la fois philosophique, esthétique et économique, comment Mahon choisit de ne pas faire coïncider la valeur économique et la valeur esthétique d’un objet, par un double procédé de réévaluation puis de recyclage poétique de l’objet en chose.C’est le statut problématique de l’objet et de la nouvelle dimension que Mahon lui attribue dans son oeuvre poétique que nous nous proposons d’étudier. / This thesis explores the aesthetics of objects and things in the poetic works of Derek Mahon. We cannot but be struck by the impressive array of objects in his poems, where they seem to literally monopolize the poetic voice, and almost steal the poet’s firmly established position. Objects in Mahon’s poetry become the true lyrical “I” of the poem, as in “The Apotheosis of Tins” or “The Drawing Board”. Objects are considered as the mouthpiece for the poet’s own preoccupations and ambiguities, especially apropos his attitude towards History and the Troubles in Northern Ireland (this conflict has even provoked on Mahon’s part what he calls a “colonial aphasia” syndrome).We might then assume that objects represent a disguised opportunity for the poet to express his own thoughts about the conflict, but also about other issues as well, economic as well as environmental. Speaking through objects might then enable the poet to overcome his trauma due to the conflict, as well as liberate himself from his own Protestant Northern Irish milieu, in order to conceive his own aesthetics of objects, and even an Aesthetics of Trash, as Hugh Haughton has called it. Thanks to some recent writings in the field of material culture studies, we will endeavour to study how Mahon is actually trying to escape in his poetry from “(Northern) Irish objects”, and how he finds in beckettian disjecta or rubbish the possibility of freedom, as well as the possibility of a new, post-human world. We will also seek to distinguish between objects and things, which Mahon values differently. We shall try to demonstrate, by using a philosophical, but also an economic and aesthetical perspective, how Mahon chooses to differentiate between the economic and the aesthetical value of an object, by reevaluating it before recycling it, opening the possibility of the transformation of the object into the thing.It is the problematical status of the object and the new dimension that Mahon allows it to take that we intend to study in this thesis.