The purpose of this research is the development of guiding principles and rules for the design of running systems for aluminium castings, employing both the "virtual" experiment, a computational modelling package, and the "physical" experiment, the real-time X-ray radiography study. "Diverging-Bend" geometry has an essential feature in which the flow rate of the system could achieve the maximum and the velocity of advancing flow could reduce without developing surface turbulence. In liquid aluminium, the surface tension becomes more significant compared to water during the flow transformation from supercritical to subcritical velocities. To describe the phenomenon of hydraulic jump for liquid aluminium it is necessary to include the surface tension, giving the relation pV 2 = (pxgxH) + (4T/H) where p: density, V: average velocity, g: gravitational acceleration, H: the height of the hydraulic jump, and T: surface tension. Guidelines for the designing of L-junctions are developed. Five geometries of L-junctions can be applied and assembled in the design of runners and multiple-gate system. Progressive filling along the L-junction geometry can be achieved by reducing the area of the "dead zone". In a multiple-gate system uniform distribution of flow rate through each gate into the mould cavity is achieved. Quantification of a running system is established by the measurement of coefficient of discharge Cd. The loss coefficient K for individual component of runners is also estimated.

Inaug.-Diss.--Erlangen. / Lebenslauf.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-145). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Resumo: A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar o efeito da redução do espaçamento entrelinhas sobre os períodos de interferência e a produtividade do amendoim rasteiro (Arachis hypogaea cv. Runner IAC 886). O experimento foi instalado no município de Jaboticabal, SP, em um Latossolo Vermelho de textura média. Os tratamentos constaram de dois espaçamentos entrelinhas de semeadura (80 e 90 cm), divididos em dois grupos. No primeiro as plantas daninhas foram controladas desde a emergência até os 0 (inteiramente no mato), 30, 45, 60, 82, 97 e 112 dias. Após estes períodos, as plantas daninhas que germinaram foram deixadas crescer livremente. No segundo, as plantas daninhas conviveram com a cultura pelos mesmos períodos do grupo anterior, sendo que após cada período foram removidas das parcelas. O delineamento experimental foi o de parcelas subdivididas, nas quais se constituíram por parcelas os diferentes espaçamentos e por subparcelas os períodos, totalizando 28 tratamentos em quatro repetições. As principais plantas daninhas presentes na área foram Digitaria sp., Xanthium strumarium, Acanthospermum hispidum e Cenchrus echinatus. Para uma perda tolerável de 5% de produtividade, o período crítico de prevenção da interferência foi dos 27 aos 76 e dos 35 aos 96 dias após a emergência para os espaçamentos de 80 e 90 cm, respectivamente, sendo que a queda de produtividade das parcelas mantidas no mato em relação às no limpo foi de mais de 80%, independentemente do espaçamento. / Abstract: The research was conducted to evaluate the effect of reduced row spacing on the extension of interfeence periods on peanut yield (Arachis hypogaea cv. IAC Runner 886). The experiment was conducterd in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, on a Red- Latosol of medium texture. The treatments consisted of two row spacing (80 and 90 cm), divided in two groups. At the first one, the weeds were controlled since the emergence until 0 (kept with the weeds), 30, 45, 60, 82, 97 and 112 days after the peanut emergence. After those periods, the weed emerged and grew without control. At the second group, the weed grew since the peanut emergence during the same periods from the first group, however, at each period the weeds were removed from the plots. The experimental design was the split-plot scheme, being the main plots constituted by different row spacing and subplots constituted by periods of weedy or weed control, in a whole of 28 treatments with four replicates. The main weed at the area where: Digitaria sp., Xanthium strumarium, Acanthospermum hispidum and Cenchrus echinatus. To an acceptable yield loss of 5%, the critical period of interference control was from 27 to 76 and from 35 to 96 days after the emergence at the spacing rows of 80 and 90 cm, respectively, but the yield reduction at the non-controlled weed plots related to the plots free from interference was more than 90%, independent of the row spacing. / Orientador: Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves / Coorientador: Maria do Carmo Morelli Damasceno Pavani / Banca: Robinson Antonio Pitelli / Banca: Ricardo Victoria Filho / Mestre

<p>Muscle fatigue has always been of vital importance in most sports. A few possible factors have been reported to be the cause of muscular fatigue during high intensity exercise; depletion of glycogen, oxidative stress, disruption of contractile mechanisms and accumulation of metabolites. One of the theories of the cause of muscular fatigue, both in endurance and intermittent sports, is decreased pH levels due to increased concentration of H+ ions dissociated from lactic acid in muscle. Carnosine, a fairly unnoticed ergogenic aid, taken in the form of β-alanine has shown to potentially delay the onset of fatigue. Supplementation of β-alanine, would increase carnosine levels in muscle and may counteract the decrease in pH since carnosine functions as a H+ buffer. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks supplementation of β-alanine in distance runners and Swedish division four soccer players on aerobic capacity, intermittent recovery and muscular fatigue. The runners (n = 15) were tested in lactate profiling tests and the soccer players (n = 22) were tested in the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test pre and post the 8-week test-period. The yo-yo test did not result in significant difference between the soccer players’ β-group and control-group (p = 0,29). Neither did the lactate test result in significant differences between the distance runners’ β-group and control-group in any of the five variables measured. However, a trend in difference was seen between groups in both velocity at lactate threshold (VLT) (p = 0,11) and recovery blood lactate (RBL) (p = 0,14) where the β-group had increased slightly from 16,8 ± 1,6 km/h to 17,0 ± 1,2 km/h in VLT and decreased from 4,5 ± 1,6 mmol∙L-1 to 3,1 ± 1,0 mmol∙L-1 in RBL. The results suggested that β-alanine may delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance in endurance sports such as running by increasing the removal of lactate acid from muscle.</p>

Muscle fatigue has always been of vital importance in most sports. A few possible factors have been reported to be the cause of muscular fatigue during high intensity exercise; depletion of glycogen, oxidative stress, disruption of contractile mechanisms and accumulation of metabolites. One of the theories of the cause of muscular fatigue, both in endurance and intermittent sports, is decreased pH levels due to increased concentration of H+ ions dissociated from lactic acid in muscle. Carnosine, a fairly unnoticed ergogenic aid, taken in the form of β-alanine has shown to potentially delay the onset of fatigue. Supplementation of β-alanine, would increase carnosine levels in muscle and may counteract the decrease in pH since carnosine functions as a H+ buffer. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks supplementation of β-alanine in distance runners and Swedish division four soccer players on aerobic capacity, intermittent recovery and muscular fatigue. The runners (n = 15) were tested in lactate profiling tests and the soccer players (n = 22) were tested in the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test pre and post the 8-week test-period. The yo-yo test did not result in significant difference between the soccer players’ β-group and control-group (p = 0,29). Neither did the lactate test result in significant differences between the distance runners’ β-group and control-group in any of the five variables measured. However, a trend in difference was seen between groups in both velocity at lactate threshold (VLT) (p = 0,11) and recovery blood lactate (RBL) (p = 0,14) where the β-group had increased slightly from 16,8 ± 1,6 km/h to 17,0 ± 1,2 km/h in VLT and decreased from 4,5 ± 1,6 mmol∙L-1 to 3,1 ± 1,0 mmol∙L-1 in RBL. The results suggested that β-alanine may delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance in endurance sports such as running by increasing the removal of lactate acid from muscle.

Esta pesquisa busca determinar se a película cinematográfica Blade Runner pode ser entendida como mito segundo a concepção de Joseph Campbell, bem como procura desvendar qual o significado do filme enquanto mito. Para o primeiro tópico, foi usado o método de análise textual, amparado no paradigma indiciário. Para o segundo tópico, foi feita uma comparação do Teste de Turing e do programa de conversação ELIZA, de Joseph Weizenbaum com Blade Runner. Nossa conclusão final remete à idéia da máquina como espelho simbólico do ser humano.

Esta pesquisa busca determinar se a película cinematográfica Blade Runner pode ser entendida como mito segundo a concepção de Joseph Campbell, bem como procura desvendar qual o significado do filme enquanto mito. Para o primeiro tópico, foi usado o método de análise textual, amparado no paradigma indiciário. Para o segundo tópico, foi feita uma comparação do Teste de Turing e do programa de conversação ELIZA, de Joseph Weizenbaum com Blade Runner. Nossa conclusão final remete à idéia da máquina como espelho simbólico do ser humano.

Esta pesquisa busca determinar se a película cinematográfica Blade Runner pode ser entendida como mito segundo a concepção de Joseph Campbell, bem como procura desvendar qual o significado do filme enquanto mito. Para o primeiro tópico, foi usado o método de análise textual, amparado no paradigma indiciário. Para o segundo tópico, foi feita uma comparação do Teste de Turing e do programa de conversação ELIZA, de Joseph Weizenbaum com Blade Runner. Nossa conclusão final remete à idéia da máquina como espelho simbólico do ser humano.