Changes in the agriculture of Kincardineshire between c.1750 c.1880 were fundamental and produced great variety in the rural landscape. A few famous Improvers introduced new crops and agricultural techniques in the 1750s and 1760s, but general adoption was not possible until the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when a more highly developed transport and marketing system allowed smaller landowners and tenant-farmers to accumulate capital. Several important introductions of crops, crop rotations and types of livestock did not take place until the early nineteenth century. Following a brief lull during the post-Napoleonic War economic depression, rapid development began again in the in the 1820s and 1830s, culminating in a boom period after the coming of the railway in 1850, involving cattle fattening, artificial fertilizers and draining. Many of the early changes in landscapes were mainly restricted to the environmentally favoured south of the country. It was here that wasteland reclamation was taking place towards the end of the eighteenth century, so that by the early nineteenth century the arable area had reached its greatest extent. At the same time the impermanent pre-improvement farm buildings began to be adapted and extended, and were eventually replaced by durable stone steadings. Only in enclosure did the south lag behind the north of the country. Re-formation of the landscape in the north, particularly in western Deeside, did not advance rapidly until the second phase of activity beginning in the 1820s and 1830s. Most of the dry-stone wall building occurred in the half century to 1880, as did the development of the farm steadings. The arable area expanded very rapidly during the nineteenth century. Changes in agriculture and landscapes in Kincardineshire c.1750 to c.1880 exhibit both revolutionary and evolutionary characteristics.

This thesis investigates the motivations, strategies and experiences of a movement that saw thousands of young and youngish people permanently relocate to the Canadian countryside during the 1970s. It focuses on two contrasting coasts, Denman, Hornby and Lasqueti Islands in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, and three small communities near Baddeck, Cape Breton. This is a work of oral history, based on interviews with over ninety people, all of whom had lived in their communities for more than thirty years. It asks what induced so many young people to abandon their expected life course and take on a completely new rural way of life at a time when large numbers were leaving the countryside in search of work in the cities. It then explores how location and the communities already established affected the initial process of settlement. Although almost all back-to-the-landers were critical of the modern urban and industrial project; they discovered that they could not escape modern capitalist society. However, they were determined to control their relationship to the modern economic system with strategies for building with found materials, adopting older ways and technologies for their homes and working off-property as little as possible. Living in a resource based economy, building a homestead, and cutting firewood favoured masculine strength. The thesis addresses the gendered implications of this way of life, particularly for women. At one extreme, they embraced and came to terms with the traditional roles expected of them; at the other they insisted on conquering both the masculine and feminine roles. Through the study of a newsletter for Denman Island and eye-witness accounts for Cape Breton, we get a glimpse of the fierce commitment back-to-the-landers felt for their new communities and of their willingness to defend their collective rights to clean air, water and soil. The study concludes that geography, demography and culture were instrumental in shaping the eventual integration of the immigrant and pre-existing communities. Everywhere this influx of young and enthusiastic migrants enriched their communities and provided a deeply satisfying way of life for those who succeeded in their newly adopted rural landscape.

This thesis examines the experiences and impact of wartime mobilization in the county of Devon. It argues that a crucial role was played by the county’s elites who became the self-appointed intermediaries of the war experience on a local level and who took an explicitly exhortative role, attempting to educate Devonians in the codes of ideal conduct in wartime. These armchair patriots, defined by the local commentator Stephen Reynolds as ‘provincial patriots’, superintended the patriotism of Devon’s population, evaluating that patriotism against the strength of their own. Through a critical exploration of Reynolds’ definition of Devon’s elite as the police-men and women of patriotism, this thesis reveals the ambiguities, constraints and complexities surrounding mobilization and remobilization in Devon. The evidence from Devon reveals the autonomy of Devon’s citizens as they attempted to navigate the different challenges of the war while they weighed-up individual and local interests against the competing requests that the ‘provincial patriots’ prescribed for them. In many cases, their responses to the appeals and prescriptions from Devon’s elite were informed by what they considered to be an appropriate contribution to the war effort. Therefore, the choice to participate in the measures introduced in the name of war effort in Devon was not a binary one. A tension between individual survival and national survival in the county was apparent in the encounters between Devon’s elite as agents of mobilization and the county’s populace during the war. Through various campaigns of superintendence in order to police the patriotism of Devon’s people, the ‘provincial patriots’ attempted to navigate through the terrain of these competing priorities and resolve this tension. In their endeavours to mobilize Devon’s populace, the authority of Devon’s elite was criticised and they faced constant negotiation between individual priorities and those of the nation. This analysis of the complexity of the Devonian experience of the First World War is sceptical about the ‘total’ nature of the First World War because the war to some Devonians was not the pre-eminent issue and did not absorb all of the county’s efforts. Rather, a significant part of Devon’s population was primarily concerned with individual priorities and that of the county throughout the war years.

Esta tese tem como objeto central o universo de pequenos produtores e trabalhadores rurais de Uruguaiana – fronteira do Brasil meridional com a província argentina de Corrientes e o norte uruguaio - no período pós-escravidão (1884-1920). A questão principal que procuramos responder é como, neste contexto de transformação, buscavam estes sujeitos readequar-se na economia local, considerando-se as possibilidades de manutenção de suas margens de autonomia. Especialmente a partir da análise de processos-crime, procuramos identificá-los na dinâmica da Campanha riograndense, estabelecendo seu perfil sociodemográfico, comparativamente a outros sujeitos, e de que maneira se inseriram nas relações sociais locais, mediadas por vínculos de dependência. Dentro deste universo, enfocamos os jornaleiros e agregados, buscando compreendê-los sob a perspectiva da lógica familiar camponesa. O fim da escravidão não provocou o desaparecimento de relações de dependência na região, mas sua readequação, e a ressignificação das condições de “proprietário” e “dependente” no espectro dos níveis de autonomia. O cerceamento de formas mais precárias de acesso à terra – generalizadas na Campanha até meados do século XIX – foi um aspecto central nesse processo, sobre o qual incidiram, na virada para o XX, a intensa circulação de pessoas, especialmente trabalhadores, através da fronteira, bem como a atuação das autoridades a partir da regulação normativa das condutas sociais. Os sujeitos expropriados por este processo procuravam agir diante de tal cenário cambiante, e suas possibilidades de resistência davam-se dentro dos marcos da mobilização de práticas costumeiras e das relações de dependência em seu favor. / The core purpose of this thesis is to investigate the universe of small producers and rural workers of Uruguaiana – Southern Brazil border with the Argentinian province of Corrientes and the northern Uruguay – in the post-slavery era (1884-1920). The main question we intend to answer is how, in this changing context, these agents seek to fit in the local economy regarding the possibilities of keeping their margins of autonomy. Mainly through the analysis of criminal cases, we intend to identify these small producers and rural workers in the dynamics of the Campanha rio-grandense, by setting their sociodemographic profile in comparison with other agents. Also, we intend to understand how they put themselves in the local social relations mediated by bonds of dependency. Within this universe of analysis, we focused on jornaleiros (day-laborers) and agregados (landless producers), which are understood under the perspective of the peasant logic. The end of slavery did not produce the disappearing of relations of dependency in the region, but its rearrangement and the resignification of conditions such as “proprietary” and “dependent” in the range of autonomy levels. The retrenchment of the most precarious modes of access to land – which were disseminated in the Campanha until the midterms of the nineteenth century – was a core factor in this process, on which incurred, in the turn of the twentieth century, the intense circulation of people through the border, especially workers, as well as the acting of local authorities through the normative regulation of social conducts. The agents expropriated by this process seek to act towards this changing context, and their chances of resistance took place within the boundaries of the handling of customary practices and the relations of dependency in their favor.

During the 1930s a large number of cultural artifacts presented rural Iowa to national audiences as an ideal place where the "real" America still flourished despite the harsh realities of the Great Depression. Artist Grant Wood's lush landscapes, novelist Phil Stong's trustworthy farmers, and cartoonist "Ding" Darling's pragmatic Iowans, are among the creations that comforted Americans from 1930-1936. These texts gained attention from audiences not only because they invoked peaceful pastoral imagery, but also because they frequently presented a monolithic patriarchal society without ethnic and racial diversity or social class distinctions. This presentation of Caucasian normativity was a tonic for many Americans who felt unnerved by the floundering economy and still recognized the deep divisions of the previous decade, which had resulted in race riots, immigration restrictions, and labor unrest. These splits were still present in the 1930s, even though that decade has come to be remembered primarily for the economic crisis and dust storms which spawned famous representations of Dust Bowl migrants. Those conditions were real, but the cultural importance of productive, honest (white) Iowa farmers during the first half of the Depression has, by comparison, been largely forgotten. In four chapters which respectively analyze journalism, art and literature, films, and political speeches from the period, I seek to rectify this historical oversight and offer a glimpse into how Americans, when faced with an ongoing crisis, may be encouraged to embrace a "simpler" way of life belonging to an imagined past.

This thesis is an analysis of the rural ideal as it resonates through exhibition at local county museums in southern Ontario. This study brings attention to the potential for museums to perpetuate the rural ideal through the manner in which they frame artifacts and create historical displays. Through a combination of a through historiography which features public history, museums, and rural history, this thesis argues that museums work in a similar manner as text or images to identify with an ideology. Utilizing the Wellington County Museum and Archives as a case study, exhibits of the institution are deconstructed to demonstrate their association with the ideal and the potential influence this may possess on audiences.

Esta tese tem como objeto central o universo de pequenos produtores e trabalhadores rurais de Uruguaiana – fronteira do Brasil meridional com a província argentina de Corrientes e o norte uruguaio - no período pós-escravidão (1884-1920). A questão principal que procuramos responder é como, neste contexto de transformação, buscavam estes sujeitos readequar-se na economia local, considerando-se as possibilidades de manutenção de suas margens de autonomia. Especialmente a partir da análise de processos-crime, procuramos identificá-los na dinâmica da Campanha riograndense, estabelecendo seu perfil sociodemográfico, comparativamente a outros sujeitos, e de que maneira se inseriram nas relações sociais locais, mediadas por vínculos de dependência. Dentro deste universo, enfocamos os jornaleiros e agregados, buscando compreendê-los sob a perspectiva da lógica familiar camponesa. O fim da escravidão não provocou o desaparecimento de relações de dependência na região, mas sua readequação, e a ressignificação das condições de “proprietário” e “dependente” no espectro dos níveis de autonomia. O cerceamento de formas mais precárias de acesso à terra – generalizadas na Campanha até meados do século XIX – foi um aspecto central nesse processo, sobre o qual incidiram, na virada para o XX, a intensa circulação de pessoas, especialmente trabalhadores, através da fronteira, bem como a atuação das autoridades a partir da regulação normativa das condutas sociais. Os sujeitos expropriados por este processo procuravam agir diante de tal cenário cambiante, e suas possibilidades de resistência davam-se dentro dos marcos da mobilização de práticas costumeiras e das relações de dependência em seu favor. / The core purpose of this thesis is to investigate the universe of small producers and rural workers of Uruguaiana – Southern Brazil border with the Argentinian province of Corrientes and the northern Uruguay – in the post-slavery era (1884-1920). The main question we intend to answer is how, in this changing context, these agents seek to fit in the local economy regarding the possibilities of keeping their margins of autonomy. Mainly through the analysis of criminal cases, we intend to identify these small producers and rural workers in the dynamics of the Campanha rio-grandense, by setting their sociodemographic profile in comparison with other agents. Also, we intend to understand how they put themselves in the local social relations mediated by bonds of dependency. Within this universe of analysis, we focused on jornaleiros (day-laborers) and agregados (landless producers), which are understood under the perspective of the peasant logic. The end of slavery did not produce the disappearing of relations of dependency in the region, but its rearrangement and the resignification of conditions such as “proprietary” and “dependent” in the range of autonomy levels. The retrenchment of the most precarious modes of access to land – which were disseminated in the Campanha until the midterms of the nineteenth century – was a core factor in this process, on which incurred, in the turn of the twentieth century, the intense circulation of people through the border, especially workers, as well as the acting of local authorities through the normative regulation of social conducts. The agents expropriated by this process seek to act towards this changing context, and their chances of resistance took place within the boundaries of the handling of customary practices and the relations of dependency in their favor.

Esta tese tem como objeto central o universo de pequenos produtores e trabalhadores rurais de Uruguaiana – fronteira do Brasil meridional com a província argentina de Corrientes e o norte uruguaio - no período pós-escravidão (1884-1920). A questão principal que procuramos responder é como, neste contexto de transformação, buscavam estes sujeitos readequar-se na economia local, considerando-se as possibilidades de manutenção de suas margens de autonomia. Especialmente a partir da análise de processos-crime, procuramos identificá-los na dinâmica da Campanha riograndense, estabelecendo seu perfil sociodemográfico, comparativamente a outros sujeitos, e de que maneira se inseriram nas relações sociais locais, mediadas por vínculos de dependência. Dentro deste universo, enfocamos os jornaleiros e agregados, buscando compreendê-los sob a perspectiva da lógica familiar camponesa. O fim da escravidão não provocou o desaparecimento de relações de dependência na região, mas sua readequação, e a ressignificação das condições de “proprietário” e “dependente” no espectro dos níveis de autonomia. O cerceamento de formas mais precárias de acesso à terra – generalizadas na Campanha até meados do século XIX – foi um aspecto central nesse processo, sobre o qual incidiram, na virada para o XX, a intensa circulação de pessoas, especialmente trabalhadores, através da fronteira, bem como a atuação das autoridades a partir da regulação normativa das condutas sociais. Os sujeitos expropriados por este processo procuravam agir diante de tal cenário cambiante, e suas possibilidades de resistência davam-se dentro dos marcos da mobilização de práticas costumeiras e das relações de dependência em seu favor. / The core purpose of this thesis is to investigate the universe of small producers and rural workers of Uruguaiana – Southern Brazil border with the Argentinian province of Corrientes and the northern Uruguay – in the post-slavery era (1884-1920). The main question we intend to answer is how, in this changing context, these agents seek to fit in the local economy regarding the possibilities of keeping their margins of autonomy. Mainly through the analysis of criminal cases, we intend to identify these small producers and rural workers in the dynamics of the Campanha rio-grandense, by setting their sociodemographic profile in comparison with other agents. Also, we intend to understand how they put themselves in the local social relations mediated by bonds of dependency. Within this universe of analysis, we focused on jornaleiros (day-laborers) and agregados (landless producers), which are understood under the perspective of the peasant logic. The end of slavery did not produce the disappearing of relations of dependency in the region, but its rearrangement and the resignification of conditions such as “proprietary” and “dependent” in the range of autonomy levels. The retrenchment of the most precarious modes of access to land – which were disseminated in the Campanha until the midterms of the nineteenth century – was a core factor in this process, on which incurred, in the turn of the twentieth century, the intense circulation of people through the border, especially workers, as well as the acting of local authorities through the normative regulation of social conducts. The agents expropriated by this process seek to act towards this changing context, and their chances of resistance took place within the boundaries of the handling of customary practices and the relations of dependency in their favor.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica_de_Lima_da_Silva.pdf: 2796337 bytes, checksum: 39cb5b8c4ab92799692e588a7e8c829a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / This research intends, through the use of oral sources, to analyse the identities in construction of the Manoel Ciríaco dos Santos' family, in the period between the family arrival in the 1960's until today, especially since they were recognized as quilombolas in 2006. The object is to comprehend in what way these identities have been constructed and what are the meanings attributed to the family trajectory. The family actually claims the status of a quilombola community, with a black past to be repaired by public politics. It's also an objective of this work to perceive how this identity construction has influenced in the relation with the other land owners of the region, once that the land collective ownership has been claimed by quilombolas. Thus, besides the oral sources, we used newspapers and legal documents, such as denounces from the Federal Public Ministry / Essa pesquisa pretende, através do uso de fontes orais, analisar as identidades em construção da família Manoel Ciríaco dos Santos, no período compreendido entre a chegada da família à Guaíra, nos anos 60, até os dias atuais, especialmente desde seu reconhecimento como quilombola em 2006. O objetivo é compreender de que forma essas identidades tem sido construídas, quais os sentidos atribuídos à trajetória familiar. A família reivindica atualmente o status de comunidade quilombola, com um passado negro a ser reparado pelas políticas públicas. Também é objetivo desse trabalho perceber como essa construção de identidades tem influenciado na relação que se estabelece com os demais proprietários de terra da região, uma vez que a posse coletiva de terra tem sido reivindicada pelos quilombolas. Para tanto, além das fontes orais, utilizamos jornais e documentos jurídicos, como denúncias do Ministério Público Federal

La grande propriété étend sa domination de la montagne tarnaise au Gaillacois, englobant Castrais et Vaurais. Au cœur de la relation notables / paysans, les modes de faire-valoir suscitent des débats passionnés. Le métayage, mode dominant, partage idéal capital / travail pour ses partisans, est rejeté par les propriétaires soucieux de modernisation comme incompatible avec le progrès, que le maître-valetage, faire-valoir direct caractérisé par la présence d'un maître-valet fournisseur de main-d'œuvre, peut seul favoriser. Cependant, il ne s'impose pas et disparait, tandis que le métayage, qui repose sur le partage de la production, à mi-fruits ou au tiers en faveur du propriétaire, se maintient jusque dans les années 1960. Une porosité existe : fermage et métayage partagent les caractères les plus archaïques, corvées, redevances et les mêmes interdits. On accorde au maître-valet un pourcentage de certaines productions, afin de lutter contre son « indolence ». La stagnation de la production semble conforter l'incompatibilité métayage / progrès. Mais les résultats obtenus par certains propriétaires qui s'appuient sur les droits qu'il donne, contrôle des cultures et assolements, utilisation des corvées pour la bonification des terres, s'opposent à cette interprétation. L'investissement personnel semble essentiel. La présence des notables de la terre influence la vie politique : par le biais des comices, ils tentent, en récompensant travail, sobriété et maintien de nombreux enfants dans l'agriculture, d'immobiliser une société rurale traditionnelle. Au plan électoral, leur influence, indéniable, est contrebalancée par la structure de la population paysanne. / The great estate area spread his domination from the Tarnese mountains to the Gaillac region, including the Castres and Lavaur ones. The different farming modes inspire passionate debates and are at the heart of the relationships between the worthies and the peasants. The main-mode-sharecropping -an ideal share capital / work for his supporters is rejected by owners concerned with modernization as conflicting with progress, whereas the farm-servant system appears the best one direct farming, characterized by the presence of a farm-servant master who is to provide labour. However, it does not last long and vanishes when the criticized sharecropping system, based on the fifty-fifty share or the one-third one of the production for the owner, last until the 1960's. A porosity exists: tenant farming and sharecropping share most archaic characters, chores, fees and even bans. A percentage on some crops is granted to the servants' masters so as to fight his « indolence ». The stagnation of production seems to comfort the incompatibility sharecropping / progress. But the results that some owners get thanks to the given by sharecropping, crops control, land cleaning, the use of chores for improvement of the soil, are opposed at this interpretation. Personal investment appears as essential. The presence of land worthies influence the political life : through agricultural organizations, they tries to reward work, sobriety and maintenance of numerous children in agriculture, to bring the traditional rural to standstill. On the polling plan, their undeniable influence is counterbalanced by the structure of peasant population.