This thesis explores techniques which ultimately strive to optimize production systems in rangeland areas of southern Africa. By linking spatially significant, satellite derived data to practical measurements of vegetation structure, valuable insight has been derived on processes of ecosystem function, in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve. A broad ecosystem response mechanism has been established from a conventional Normalized Differentiation Vegetation Index (NDVI). By responding to increases in production, which are driven by disturbance, this index has allowed quantitative systems theory in savanna to be tested and refined. Methods of biomass and production estimation which are specifically designed to reduce the cost and time involved with the more conventional method of destructive harvesting have been tested in the savanna at the Sabi Sand Game Reserve. Results from these estimates relate well with data derived through destructive harvesting in structurally similar savanna. Moreover, by relating the above-ground woody production estimates to remere sensing indices, it was possible to demonstrate that the problem of extrapolation, universal to most biomass and production studies can be overcome. Since remote sensing encompasses an array of tools fundamental to rangeland inventory, monitoring and management, valuable spatially significant information pertaining to ecosystem structure and function has been provided for managers in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve.

<p>The dissertation is a study of the poetics of haikai in eighteenth-century Japan. It is more specifically concerned with the works of Yosa Buson and some of his followers. Rather than being a study of certain poems, it is an investigation of theories of aesthetics and composition, and of criticism. Most studies of haikai focus on the short haiku (or hokku) form, but the present study is more concerned with the core form of this poetry, the long chains of verses called "renku" or "haikai no renga".</p><p>One important object of this study is to challenge some of the established views of haikai found in modern scholarship. For this purpose, many standpoints of haikai theory have been found useful, since they often approach questions of interpretation from new and unexpected angles. Theoretical stances that stress convention and traditionalism are criticized and the spirit of haikai is found to be more in concord with theories of cognitive poetics.</p><p>The dissertation consists of three parts. The first is a study of general haikai theory. In this part are discussed theories of aesthetics, theories of creativity, and a few questions related to the interpretation of this kind of poetry. This discussion focuses on those questions that are central in Buson’s own writing on poetics and puts them into a broader context.</p><p>The second part deals with practical theories of renku composing. An introductory chapter gives a historical background to many concepts used in Buson’s age, and this is followed by a full translation and critical study of a renku treatise written by his disciple Takai Kitō.</p><p>The last part is an investigation of modern criticism written on Buson’s renku. All existing full-length studies of these poems are discussed in comparison. The absence of a long critical tradition concerning Buson’s renku has, in many cases, prevented the formation of established interpretations, and this is ideal for a study of this kind.</p>

The dissertation is a study of the poetics of haikai in eighteenth-century Japan. It is more specifically concerned with the works of Yosa Buson and some of his followers. Rather than being a study of certain poems, it is an investigation of theories of aesthetics and composition, and of criticism. Most studies of haikai focus on the short haiku (or hokku) form, but the present study is more concerned with the core form of this poetry, the long chains of verses called "renku" or "haikai no renga". One important object of this study is to challenge some of the established views of haikai found in modern scholarship. For this purpose, many standpoints of haikai theory have been found useful, since they often approach questions of interpretation from new and unexpected angles. Theoretical stances that stress convention and traditionalism are criticized and the spirit of haikai is found to be more in concord with theories of cognitive poetics. The dissertation consists of three parts. The first is a study of general haikai theory. In this part are discussed theories of aesthetics, theories of creativity, and a few questions related to the interpretation of this kind of poetry. This discussion focuses on those questions that are central in Buson’s own writing on poetics and puts them into a broader context. The second part deals with practical theories of renku composing. An introductory chapter gives a historical background to many concepts used in Buson’s age, and this is followed by a full translation and critical study of a renku treatise written by his disciple Takai Kitō. The last part is an investigation of modern criticism written on Buson’s renku. All existing full-length studies of these poems are discussed in comparison. The absence of a long critical tradition concerning Buson’s renku has, in many cases, prevented the formation of established interpretations, and this is ideal for a study of this kind.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Anthropology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-13T16:26:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadilson de Araujo Silva.pdf: 1354251 bytes, checksum: a051656805c0d4274e5b9a9651d266a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T16:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadilson de Araujo Silva.pdf: 1354251 bytes, checksum: a051656805c0d4274e5b9a9651d266a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 / In the Agreste of Pernambuco, Brazil, although many forage species are used in the pastures formation, such as pangola grass (Digitaria pentzi Stent.), sabi grass [Urochloa mosambicensis (Hackel) Dandy] and the capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton Doell), there are few studies on the growth and productive responses in these plants when managed under grazing. Such studies are of great importance because it represents the starting point for understanding the responses of these plants, as well as its adaptive mechanisms, the management of pasture and semiarid environment. The objective of this study was evaluate the structural characteristics and animal performance on pasture deferred formed by grass aforementioned under nitrogen fertilization (0, 80 and 100 kg / ha) and managed under intermittent grazing in semiarid Agreste of Pernambuco. The grazing cycle was 42 days, with 14 days of grazing and 28 days of rest. The animals used in the experiment were sheep with average live weight of 25 kg. The experimental design was randomized block with split plots. In the pre-grazing, the capim-de-raiz presented had higher total forage density (102.30 kg DM/cm/ha) than the sabi grass (73.86 kg DM/cm/ha). For total forage mass and leaf blades mass, the sabi grass had lower forage and leaf blades mass (4257.67 and 1572.00 kg DM/ha) than the pangola grass (6185.48 and 2371.57 kg DM/ha) and capim-de-raiz (6153.92 and 2181.50 kg DM/ha). Regarding the effect of N levels on the structural characteristics of the pre-grazing, it was found that nitrogen fertilization of 80 kg/ha/year resulted in a smaller pasture height, greater total forage and leaf blades mass, as well as higher total forage density. In the post-grazing, forage density was higher for the pangola grass (97.89 kg DM/cm/ha), while the level of 160 kg N/ha/year provided less forage density when compared to the absence of nitrogen fertilization. As for animal performance, the pangola grass provided greater weight gain per animal and per hectare, with averages of 0.19 kg LW/animal/day and 8.3 kg LW/ha/day, respectively. The pangola grass showed better structural characteristics under grazing and provided greater animal performance when compared to capim-corrente and capim-de-raiz. Nitrogen fertilization with 80 kg/ha/year provided favorable structural characteristics in grasses. Although affect the structural characteristics of grasses under grazing, nitrogen fertilization did not affect animal performance. / No Agreste de Pernambuco, apesar de muitas espécies forrageiras serem utilizadas na formação das pastagens, tais como o capim-pangolão (Digitaria pentzi Stent.), capim-corrente [Urochloa mosambicensis (Hackel) Dandy] e o capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton Doell), há carência de estudos sobre as respostas no crescimento e produtivas destas plantas quando manejadas sob pastejo. Tais estudos assumem grande importância, pois representa o ponto de partida para o entendimento das respostas destas plantas, bem como de seus mecanismos adaptativos, ao manejo da pastagem e ao ambiente semiárido. Objetivou-se avaliar características estruturais e desempenho animal em pastagens diferidas formadas pelas gramíneas citadas acima sob adubação nitrogenada (0, 80 e 100 kg/ha) e manejadas sob lotação intermitente no Agreste semiárido de Pernambuco. O ciclo de pastejo foi de 42 dias, com 14 dias de pastejo e 28 dias de descanso. Os animais utilizados no experimento foram ovinos SRD inteiros, com peso vivo médio de 25 kg. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas. No pré-pastejo, o capim-de-raiz apresentou maior densidade de forragem total (102,30 kg de MS/cm/ha) do que o capim corrente (73,86 kg de MS/cm/ha). Quanto a massa de forragem total e de lâminas foliares, o capim-corrente apresentou menor massa de forragem (4257,67 e 1572,00 kg de MS/ha) do que o capim pangolão (6185,48 e 2371,57 kg de MS/ha) e o capim de raiz (6153,92 e 2181,50 kg de MS/ha). Em relação ao efeito dos níveis de N sobre as características estruturais no pré-pastejo, foi verificado que a adubação nitrogenada de 80 kg/ha/ano proporcionou menor altura do pasto, maior massa de forragem total e de lâminas foliares, bem como maior densidade de forragem total. No pós-pastejo, a densidade de forragem total foi maior para o capim-pangolão (97,89 kg de MS/cm/ha), enquanto o nível de 160 kg de N/ha/ano proporcionou menor densidade de forragem total quando comparado à ausência de adubação. Quanto ao desempenho animal, o capim-pangolão proporcionou maior ganho de peso vivo por animal e por área, com médias de 0,19 kg de PV/animal/dia e 8,3 kg de PV/ha/dia, respectivamente. O capim-pangolão apresentou melhores características estruturais sob pastejo e proporcionou maior desempenho animal quando comparado ao capim-de-raiz e ao capim corrente. A adubação nitrogenada com 80 kg/ha/ano proporcionou características estruturais favoráveis nas gramíneas. A adubação nitrogenada, apesar de afetar as características estruturais das gramíneas sob pastejo, não influenciou o desempenho animal.

No description available.