Historically society has, at various periods in time, protected the health, safety and welfare of those most disadvantaged by using socially based collective mechanisms. Within the United Kingdom the model used to achieve this collective protection has developed from proscription, under the Factories Acts, to a more self-regulatory and risk based approach advocated by Lord Roben's under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and its relevant statutory provisions. The body tasked with providing examples of good practice and regulating the provisions of the Act, The Health and Safety Executive, advocate a management-led model using the principles of total quality management (TQM). This model is one which purports to focus on a systematic and empowered approach by involving all staff in the evaluation and reduction of systematic error within processes throughout the whole organisation. It can be argued that the contemporary disadvantaged are no longer the children of the industrial revolution but are those members of society who seek employment yet are handicapped by society through disability or impairment- the paradigm of disability. This study sought to explore this paradigm of disability and TQM within the context of two contrasting industrial sectors - the engineering and retail sectors. The study sought to break new ground by exploring whether the TQM model, which advocates system totality, reduction in variation and continuous improvement as fundamental principles, does in fact provide improved cognitive adequacy (a construct of institutional responsibility, communication and problem resolution) within the paradigm of disability. The study used a triangulation methodology to collect qualitative data at the individual and institutional level. This involved a number of phases comprising group discussions, focus groups and self-completed questionnaires (n=1135) by economically active disabled, impaired and handicapped individuals and at the organisational level case study analysis (n=8) and self-completed questionnaires (n=2181) by institutional key players. Although the construct of disability is multifaceted, the study concluded that at the individual level a number of factors were perceived to be ranked higher and as such more important to disabled employees in maintaining their health, safety and welfare. These were further classified into 'software' and 'hardware' domains of a safety management system with institutional social support being most important. Social support comprised support, communication and trust and was perceived to be low at the organisational level. At the institutional or organisational level social support can be measured using the theory of cognitive adequacy comprising responsibility, communication and problem resolution. When measured at the organisational level, via the policy domain, cognitive adequacy was once more concluded to be low or absent. These results applied equally to individuals within both the retail and engineering sectors. The study also concluded that, at the organisational level, safety systems which can be categorised as formal did not exist to meet the needs of the disabled within the organisations studied. This was particularly evident at the policy domain level where it was noted that few companies had included provisions for the allocation of specifically defined responsibility and control. However there existed many informal sub-systems which had developed through group dynamics and personal interrelations. In many cases those tasked with operational responsibility were unaware of such sub-systems. There also existed many barriers within the disability paradigm to both the duty holder and disabled employees meeting specific duties under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. In particular communication, both verbal and non-verbal, presented the highest ranked barrier to organisations achieving a high cognitive adequacy condition. Each construct was measured using contingency tables and log-linear analysis to determine any association between TQM and non-TQM organisations for the paradigm of disability. Significant differences in data acquisition, performance measurement and problem resolution existed between TQM and Non-TQM organisations. However in relation to the paradigm of disability, the study concluded that the data supported the null hypothesis that, in the context of the paradigm of disability, no significant differences were exhibited between the safety management systems (SMS) of organisations who had adopted TQM and those that had not. Holistically this study has provided a deeper understanding of the complexity of the disabled paradigm and safety provisions at work.

This research is concerned with establishing a rationale which will link safe printmaking practices with artists' individual and sustainable creative practices, by investigating the preconception that printmaking practices may be limited by adopting such an environmentally sensitive approach. This has been investigated through a practice-led approach, which implicitly involves the researchers' professional practice as a visual artist printmaker. The cross disciplinary nature of this practice-led research has established that diverse and non-text based sources be included in the literature review. The resulting contextual review established the evolutionary nature of printmaking practices, the role played by individual artists perceptions of risk, and the limited ability of available literature to adequately link evolving and didactic creative practices to emergent boundaries established by environmental and occupational health and safety legislative criteria. There was evidently no theoretical framework for linking these apparently divergent criteria. The multi-disciplinary and practice-led context i. e. the research was generated by practice and carried out through practice, determined the range of methods employed: questionnaire, quantitative tests of materials; participation in, and initiation of collaborative case studies; documenting workshop practice and visual development of printed art works; and exhibition for peer review. These multiple methods and their complex interrelationships were visualised as a system of consequential actions, in order to externalise possible alternative actions and choices made by the researcher in response to this research. Analysis of these methods revealed that: the collaborative case studies and the researcher's own visual and practical response, established that a systematic revaluation of practice could link the idiosyncratic and individual creative practices to the use and selection of nonhazardous practices, which did respond to objective occupational health and safety rationale. This revealed the extent to which a systematic re-evaluation of 'established practices' may be synthesised into the working practice of the researcher and lead to the diversification of that practice - visually and practically. This process has resulted in the generation of a body of printed art works which implicitly embodied the hypothesis developed in this research; the development of a electronic database or 'morphological framework', which initiates a sequential examination of process at a structural level, collating, comparing and promoting previously un-considered alternatives based on a heterarchical model of risk. This process has offered tangible means of visualising the generative processes involved in making prints. The 'morphological framework' has implicitly linked the researcher's printmaking to a sustainable and environmentally sensitive creative practice, which is methodologically transparent and procedurally transferable.

Im Rahmen der Begehung der Betriebsstätte am Standort B an der der Werkstattleiter teilgenommen hat, wurden verschiedene Gefahrenbereiche identifiziert. Für den Batterieladeplatz, bei dem es verfahrenstechnisch bedingt zur Bildung einer explosiven Atmosphäre kommen kann und Gefahren durch die Elektrolytflüssigkeit bestehen, soll die Gefährdungssituation beurteilt werden. In einem ersten Schritt wurde das zu untersuchende Arbeitssystem Batterieladeplatz abgegrenzt und die relevante Arbeitsumgebung hinsichtlich deren Wechselwirkung mit dem Batterieladeplatz analysiert. Unter Anwendung des Erklärungsmodells der Gefährdungsermittlung wurden für das Arbeitssystem die relevanten Gefährdungsfaktoren, Gefahrenquellen, gefahrbringende und begünstigende Bedingungen, Gefährdungen und mögliche Belastungen hinsichtlich der Gesundheit der Mitarbeiter evaluiert. Die Beurteilung erfolgte nach dem Standardverfahren für die Risikobeurteilung für Fachkräfte für Arbeitssicherheit. Die Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit und das Schadensausmaß wurden auf Grund von Erfahrungen eingeschätzt. Um die verantwortlichen Führungskräfte zu unterstützen und der Beratungsaufgabe einer Sifa gerecht zu werden, wurden Ziele formuliert und ein Maßnahmenkatalog erarbeitet.

This diploma thesis elaborated on the subject „Contemporary Health and Safety at Work Problems and their Influence on the Functioning of an Organization“ focuses on the description of contemporary state of Health and safety at work problems in work activities, where the source of risk is represented by chemical substances, from the point of view of a company. The thesis sets out a view of legislative definition for the mentioned topic and also the possible application of safety at work management programs. This part also includes a summary description of risk analysis methods. In the practical part of the thesis, there is an organizational directive for a fictive company engaged in chemical production made. This directive will identify possible occupational risks resulting from the manufacturing process, and it will also evaluate the amount of risk for particular work activities in conjunction with hazard factors. The next part of the thesis contains a proposal of measures for risk reduction, based upon the previously mentioned evaluation. In the final part of the thesis, the author contemplates the possibilities of health and safety at work system improvement.

A poluição dos recursos hídricos vem agravando-se a cada ano, em quase todos os países, inclusive no Brasil. Providências vêm sendo tomadas, principalmente nas grandes cidades, no sentido de combatê-la. Dentre os meios utilizados para a proteção da qualidade da água, destacam-se as Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos - ETE.s. Nestas ETEs trabalham diversos profissionais, dentre os quais os operadores. Estes, exercem variadas atividades, geralmente em todas as suas unidades. Com o aumento progressivo do número de Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos, a quantidade de operadores, anteriormente pouco significativa, tende a se tornar cada vez maior no Brasil, e deverá atingir um número considerável, em futuro bem próximo. Estes trabalhadores, como os de qualquer outra atividade industrial, estão expostos a riscos os mais variados, os quais são agravados ainda mais, devido à presença dos esgotos no local de trabalho. Procurou-se, neste trabalho, levantar os riscos existentes nas unidades das ETEs pesquisadas, e fazer recomendações, no sentido de minimizá-los. Aplicou-se, para tal fim, um questionário em 11 Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos, levantando-se dados relacionados com as condições sanitárias do ambiente de trabalho; hábitos higiênicos dos operadores; medidas preventivas, de caráter individual e coletivo, para evitar a ocorrência de acidentes nas ETEs; atividades do Serviço Especializado em Segurança e em Medicina do Trabalho; e Segurança Patrimonial nas ETEs. Foi feita, ainda, uma avaliação dos veis de iluminamento, à noite; ruído; explosividade; e concentração do gás sulfídrico, em algumas unidades das ETEs incluídas na pesquisa. / The pollution of water resources has become worse every year in almost every country of the world, including Brasil. Among the measures taken to correct it, installation of Sewage Treatment Plants, specially in big cities, stand out. Many professionals work at these Sewage Treatment Plants, among these are operators performing a variety of activities. With the increasing number of Sewage Treatment Plants installed, the number of operators, of little significance at the beginning, tends to become greater and greater in Brazil and it is antecipated that in the near future it will become considerable. These workers, like those in any other industrial activity, are exposed to a great variety of risks, that in this case are increased even more by the existence of sewage at their place of work. This paper intends to survey the existing risks in the Sewage Treatment Plants units studied as well as to make recommendations that may minimize them. In this sense, a questionnaire was applied at eleven Sewage Treatment Plants, collecting data regarding sanitary conditions of the work environment, higienic habits of the workers, preventive measures - individual and collective - to avoid the occurrence of accidents, activities of the Specialized Safety Service and Labour Medicine and Patrimonial Safety. At the same time an evaluation was carried out to assess the levels of night illumination, noise, explosiveness and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in some of the Sewage Treatment Plants units covered in this study

A poluição dos recursos hídricos vem agravando-se a cada ano, em quase todos os países, inclusive no Brasil. Providências vêm sendo tomadas, principalmente nas grandes cidades, no sentido de combatê-la. Dentre os meios utilizados para a proteção da qualidade da água, destacam-se as Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos - ETE.s. Nestas ETEs trabalham diversos profissionais, dentre os quais os operadores. Estes, exercem variadas atividades, geralmente em todas as suas unidades. Com o aumento progressivo do número de Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos, a quantidade de operadores, anteriormente pouco significativa, tende a se tornar cada vez maior no Brasil, e deverá atingir um número considerável, em futuro bem próximo. Estes trabalhadores, como os de qualquer outra atividade industrial, estão expostos a riscos os mais variados, os quais são agravados ainda mais, devido à presença dos esgotos no local de trabalho. Procurou-se, neste trabalho, levantar os riscos existentes nas unidades das ETEs pesquisadas, e fazer recomendações, no sentido de minimizá-los. Aplicou-se, para tal fim, um questionário em 11 Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos, levantando-se dados relacionados com as condições sanitárias do ambiente de trabalho; hábitos higiênicos dos operadores; medidas preventivas, de caráter individual e coletivo, para evitar a ocorrência de acidentes nas ETEs; atividades do Serviço Especializado em Segurança e em Medicina do Trabalho; e Segurança Patrimonial nas ETEs. Foi feita, ainda, uma avaliação dos veis de iluminamento, à noite; ruído; explosividade; e concentração do gás sulfídrico, em algumas unidades das ETEs incluídas na pesquisa. / The pollution of water resources has become worse every year in almost every country of the world, including Brasil. Among the measures taken to correct it, installation of Sewage Treatment Plants, specially in big cities, stand out. Many professionals work at these Sewage Treatment Plants, among these are operators performing a variety of activities. With the increasing number of Sewage Treatment Plants installed, the number of operators, of little significance at the beginning, tends to become greater and greater in Brazil and it is antecipated that in the near future it will become considerable. These workers, like those in any other industrial activity, are exposed to a great variety of risks, that in this case are increased even more by the existence of sewage at their place of work. This paper intends to survey the existing risks in the Sewage Treatment Plants units studied as well as to make recommendations that may minimize them. In this sense, a questionnaire was applied at eleven Sewage Treatment Plants, collecting data regarding sanitary conditions of the work environment, higienic habits of the workers, preventive measures - individual and collective - to avoid the occurrence of accidents, activities of the Specialized Safety Service and Labour Medicine and Patrimonial Safety. At the same time an evaluation was carried out to assess the levels of night illumination, noise, explosiveness and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in some of the Sewage Treatment Plants units covered in this study

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Im Rahmen der Begehung der Betriebsstätte am Standort B an der der Werkstattleiter teilgenommen hat, wurden verschiedene Gefahrenbereiche identifiziert. Für den Batterieladeplatz, bei dem es verfahrenstechnisch bedingt zur Bildung einer explosiven Atmosphäre kommen kann und Gefahren durch die Elektrolytflüssigkeit bestehen, soll die Gefährdungssituation beurteilt werden. In einem ersten Schritt wurde das zu untersuchende Arbeitssystem Batterieladeplatz abgegrenzt und die relevante Arbeitsumgebung hinsichtlich deren Wechselwirkung mit dem Batterieladeplatz analysiert. Unter Anwendung des Erklärungsmodells der Gefährdungsermittlung wurden für das Arbeitssystem die relevanten Gefährdungsfaktoren, Gefahrenquellen, gefahrbringende und begünstigende Bedingungen, Gefährdungen und mögliche Belastungen hinsichtlich der Gesundheit der Mitarbeiter evaluiert. Die Beurteilung erfolgte nach dem Standardverfahren für die Risikobeurteilung für Fachkräfte für Arbeitssicherheit. Die Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit und das Schadensausmaß wurden auf Grund von Erfahrungen eingeschätzt. Um die verantwortlichen Führungskräfte zu unterstützen und der Beratungsaufgabe einer Sifa gerecht zu werden, wurden Ziele formuliert und ein Maßnahmenkatalog erarbeitet.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzreferat I Inhaltsverzeichnis II Abbildungsverzeichnis III Tabellenverzeichnis III Verzeichnis von Kurzzeichen und Begriffen bzw. Definitionen IV 1 Einleitung 6 1.1 Ziel und Vorgehensweise 6 1.2 Firmenporträt 6 2 Analyse und Beurteilung der Arbeitsplätze 8 2.1 Analyse und Abgrenzung des Arbeitssystems Batterieladeplatz 9 2.2 Objektorientierte Gefährdungsbeurteilung und Risikobewertung des Arbeitssystems Batterieladeplatz 10 2.2.1 Gefährdungsfaktor: Brände, Explosionen 10 2.2.2 Gefährdungsfaktor: Gefahrstoffe 11 2.2.3 Gefährdungsfaktor: Elektrische Energie 12 2.2.4 Gefährdungsfaktor: Mechanische Faktoren 13 2.2.5 Gefährdungsfaktor: Physische Belastung, Arbeitsschwere 13 3 Ziele 14 3.1 Gefährdungsfaktor: Brände, Explosion 14 3.2 Gefährdungsfaktor: Gefahrstoffe 14 3.3 Gefährdungsfaktor: Elektrische Energie 15 3.4 Gefährdungsfaktor: Mechanische Faktoren 15 3.5 Gefährdungsfaktor: Physische Belastung, Arbeitsschwere 16 3.6 Hinweis zur Umsetzung der Ziele 16 4 Maßnahmen 16 4.1 Sicherheitstechnische Maßnahmen 16 4.2 Organisatorische Maßnahmen 18 4.3 Maßnahmen hinsichtlich Persönlicher Schutzausrüstungen 18 4.4 Verhaltensbezogene Maßnahmen 19 4.5 Ergänzende Maßnahmen 19 5 Zusammenfassung 20 Literaturverzeichnis 21 Anlagen

- 193 - Abstract This dissertation theses describes the topic of company health-care services. The thesis provides a complex analysis of providing company health-care services with particular focus on the connection of these services with the employment relations and the legal instruments governed by the Labour Code. The thesis focuses in particular on the topic of medical examinations and medical reports, as well as the unfitness to work due to health-related reasons as a reason for termination of employment or other employment-law consequences. Besides an analysis of the current legislation, the theses further deals with the current case law, and in particular the judicial decisions on medical reports and their review by administrative and civil courts. The thesis also describes related legal instruments in the field of personal data protection and liability for damages, and provides a short comparison of the analysed legal regulation and the regulation of public service.

Esta tese explora o campo da Saúde e Segurança no Trabalho - SST destacando as recentes propostas de inclusão dos aspectos psicossociais nas abordagens dos chamados "riscos ocupacionais" que tradicionalmente valorizam os aspectos objetivos (químicos, físicos, biológicos, ergonômicos e de acidentes) e as prescrições. Em busca de novas fundamentações teoricometodológicas, revisita-se conceitos/práticas envolvidos em SST à luz de observações oriundas da atuação como psicóloga em um setor de saúde de uma empresa no ramo de energia e de referenciais teóricos que tomam como pontos de partida e chegada a atividade, a defasagem entre o trabalho prescrito e o real, o diálogo sinérgico entre os saberes e a dimensão coletiva do trabalho. Dentre os referenciais utilizados destacam-se as contribuições de Georges Canguilhem, em especial sua concepção de saúde, a Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e a Ergologia. Sob uma perspectiva ergológica, aponta-se para norteadores de um redirecionamento, para que a prevenção incorpore aquilo que é da ordem do não antecipável, que advém das situações reais com suas dramáticas, encontros de encontros, escolhas e ressingularizações, para além do patrimônio acumulado na forma de normas antecedentes (sem desconsiderá-lo). Nesse sentido, uma vez ressaltada a dimensão gestionária das atividades, seus protagonistas são convocados não apenas a cumprir prescrições elaboradas por especialistas, mas também a exercer, individual e coletivamente, a coautoria na gestão de sua saúde, segurança, trabalho e vida.