Road traffic crashes are a leading cause of death and injury worldwide and in the US. In New York City, there are about 60,000 annual traffic casualties, including over 200 deaths. Area-wide traffic calming can improve traffic safety, pedestrian and cyclist comfort, and quality of life in neighborhoods (Elvik, 2009). This dissertation examines an area-wide traffic calming program, New York City’s “Neighborhood Slow Zones” (NSZs), in terms of environmental justice, traffic safety, and street design. The dissertation consists of three distinct but interrelated empirical studies. The first one asks if the NSZ program furthers environmental justice in New York City. It examines the locations of the 28 zones in terms of minority and low-income areas, as well as the inclusion of these populations in the process that led to the siting of the zones. This chapter concludes that the NSZ program improves environmental justice in New York City, both because the zones are equitably distributed in poor and minority areas, and because the planning process that led to the siting of the zones was inclusive of these populations. The second study examines the effectiveness of the zones at reducing traffic casualties. This analysis uses a quasi-experimental, before and after research design, with a treatment group (the Neighborhood Slow Zones) and a comparison group (similar zones that did not receive the treatment). The analysis does not detect statistically significant reductions in traffic casualties associated with the NSZs. The final empirical uses a policy transfer approach to compare street design in New York City’s 20-mph zones to similar zones in London. London’s “Slow Zones” were found to be effective at preventing traffic casualties (Grundy et al., 2009), and were the inspiration for New York’s Neighborhood Slow Zones. This study analyzes the traffic calming devices transferred from the zones in London to those in New York. While street designs in London’s 20-mph zones included a robust implementation of traffic calming devices, New York’s NSZs had a much more skeletal implementation of these devices. This suggests that the nature of the transfer of street design from London to New York City contributed to the disappointing results of 20-mph zones in the latter city. Despite these findings, I argue that the NSZ program has had partial success.

Background: Violations occur when individuals choose to bypass or deviate from procedures. Although violations are often not intended to cause harm, they are nevertheless breaches of the preferred way of working. Violations have been suggested to introduce risk into the environment by eroding the margin of safety. Therefore, violations are of potential concern to healthcare professionals that are responsible for patient safety. This thesis examines how and why violations occur in community pharmacies. Method: The research adopted a mixed methods approach to explore violations in community pharmacies and three studies were undertaken. The first study was a qualitative study that explored the views of management and frontline staff with regards to the prevailing safety culture in community pharmacies. The aim was to understand the context in which violations occur and to explore the goals that staff manage in practice. The second interview study explored how procedures are perceived in practice and the types of violations that occur in this setting. The third study utilised a survey based on the COM-B model that further explored the influence of capability, opportunity and motivation on violating behaviours. Results: Overall, findings demonstrated that numerous types of violations occur in community pharmacies. Mainly they occur either to ensure that timely patient care is provided or to ensure that productivity is maintained in practice. The safety culture study suggested that frontline staff and management have a different safety culture, with frontline staff reacting to risk in the moment and head office staff managing risk through the provision of multiple detailed procedures. The interviews suggested that procedures are useful for outlining what is expected of staff in practice; however they are not always possible to follow to the letter due to the complex working environment. The social norm within each pharmacy was suggested to influence violating behaviours, as was the professional judgement of the pharmacist. Violations were shown to be necessary for maintaining care at times, especially in exceptional circumstances. However, at times violations to maintain productivity did result in an increased risk to patient safety. The questionnaire study highlighted motivation, opportunity, length of experience, staff role and gender as influences on certain types of violations. Conclusions: The mixed methods utilised as part of this thesis revealed the types of violations that occur in community pharmacies and the reasons why pharmacists and support staff choose to violate. The findings led to recommendations for policymakers to evaluate how procedures are implemented in practice, to provide additional support for staff in practice through improved workflow, to provide patient safety specific training in pharmacies, to improve communication between frontline and head office staff and to educate pharmacy students regarding the possibility that they will need to violate procedures at times to manage the complex reality of working within community pharmacies.

The arrival of Smartphones has changed the way young people communicate with one another. These devices allow youngsters to have continuous access to their social world away from the prying eyes of adults. Unfortunately, increased access to online networking provides new means through which they can be bullied. Case study methodology employing mixed methods was adopted. The study consisted of two distinct phases and had two separate aims. During phase 1 of the study, a total of 352, Year 7 and Year 10 students were asked to complete a questionnaire, the aim of which was to investigate the prevalence and extent of cyberbullying amongst students. Quantitative analysis of the data revealed that students were reluctant to report their experiences of unpleasant cyber incidents to school staff. Phase 2 of this study investigated this finding further. A total of 18, Year 7 and Year 10 students participated in three separate focus group discussions, the purpose of which was to explore students' views on what actions need to be taken in schools to support the reporting of incidents of cyberbullying to staff. The results from the questionnaire data revealed that Smartphones are deeply embedded in young people's lives even among those from the most socially deprived areas of England. Over a quarter of the students indicated that they had experienced any one of ten different unpleasant cyber incidents. The findings also suggested that much of the cyberbullying occurred within the context of students' social relationships in real life. Data from the focus group discussions highlighted that students wanted access to a diverse range of reporting routes. Notably, students stressed the importance of raising the profile of anti-bullying initiatives within school. Once this was embedded, students perhaps would be more willing to assert their rights and report incidents of bullying. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to extending the focus of e-safety education beyond both technological solutions and stranger danger. Highlighting the differences between relationships in the real and virtual worlds to students is discussed. There is also a focus on engaging students in debate around ethical questions such as, identifying their rights in relation to bullying and learning to manage their own interpersonal conflicts.

The thunderstorm encroaches, the smoky raven like clouds float over my spirit. This writing takes place at a time of mourning, a deep and lonesome sadness for family relations who have passed over the last few years, many having died of kidney disease. Yet, I cannot escape this feeling that has filled the silent spaces and the deeper meanings that lie behind spoken words. These are the words of my relations, the words that fill these empty pages, the words of an enduring past and present. As I begin, I wonder, how will I shape these passages into an articulation that may bring an illumination of all that has happened over the last few months since the inception and then ethics approval of this work. So here I shall offer an understanding of the background that brought this study forward. I will recount the progression of thought that precipitated the methodology. Like water that flows and is fluid, this writing has become realized to be ever changing, boundless and repelling conventionality. It is not just a story about living with kidney disease, this is a passage that motions and travels through history making interconnections amidst the broader social, political and contextually traditional and creative ways of being. Through the methodology of the sweetgrass porcupine quill box, living stories came forth within the context of a First Nations community. Sharing circles involving ten participants conveyed the living stories of kidney disease that illumined the significance of Indigenous Knowledge, relationality, cultural safety and equitable access. / Graduate / 2020-04-19

Conclusions: Participatory training was more effective in improving KAP scores than didactic training. Participatory training could reduce occurrence of injury and sick leave, but not MSD at one year follow up. The cost-benefit ratio of participatory training was better compared to didactic training. The participatory training could be recommended for training frontline workers. / In the year after training, the incidence rates of injury events reduced from 144.5 per 1,000 person-years to 73.5 per 1,000 person-years (Z=3.199, p<0.001) in intervention group. No statistical significances were found for injury reduction in control groups. The proportions of workers taking sick leave reduced from 32.0% to 24.6% in intervention group ( chi 2=5.609, p=0.018), but didn't reduce significantly in control groups (p>0.05). The MSD prevalence rates didn't reduce significantly in intervention and control groups (p>0.05). / Keywords: Frontline worker, Participatory training, Occupational health and safety, Randomized controlled trial, Evaluation / Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted among frontline workers in Shenzhen, China from June 2008 to May 2010. The impact of the training programs was assessed with knowledge attitude and practice (KAP), experiences in work-related injury, sick leave and musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) at baseline and one year after training. Chi square test and two-proportion Z test were applied to compare the occurrence of injury, sick leave and MSD in different groups. / Objectives: To find out whether participatory training is effective in improving occupational health and safety (OHS); to see if participatory training is more effective than didactic training in improving OHS; and to document whether participatory training has a better cost-benefit ratio than didactic training. / Results: 918 intervention workers received participatory training and 2,561 control workers received didactic training. The follow up rates at three-month and one-year after training were 71.1% (2,473/3,479) and 56.3% (1,321/2,347), respectively. / The average baseline KAP scores of 64.9+/-15.0, 63.5+/-14.7 and 78.1+/-18.0 improved significantly at immediate evaluation (82.7+/-12.3, 71.9+/-12.4 and 90.6+/-12.7), at three months (79.3+/-11.5, 73.9+/-10.6 and 91.7+/-9.6), and at one-year after training (76.7+/-12.1, 72.0+/-10.3 and 88.9+/-10.8) in three groups. / The cost-benefit ratios were 1:1.20 for participatory training and 1:1.06 for didactic training if the cost savings were calculated with median costs and workdays lost. The cost-benefit ratios were 1:2.36 for participatory training and 1:1.97 for didactic training if the cost savings were calculated with mean costs and workdays lost. / Yu, Wenzhou. / Adviser: Ignatius T.S. Yu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-174). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Improvements to construction health and safety were driven by primary legislation promulgated in the 1970s and by subsequent regulations, codes and official guidance. In parallel social psychology, management and leadership theories were developing practical means for achieving health and safety objectives and reducing accidents and incidents of ill health. Despite the notable improvements that were achieved in countries with strong legislatives bases, the reduction in the rate of accidents has been significant but at the same time substantially falling short of providing safe and healthy workplaces. Construction sites remain places of high hazard and high risk activities for workers. Acknowledging the gains made by the compliance approach whilst challenging the underpinning assumptions on the causes of accidents and ill health, a critical theory methodology was developed to explore different perceptions and arrive at a new understanding of workplace culture within which safe practices take place. The purpose was to determine the degree of cultural maturity within and readiness of companies for the attainment of preventative workplace safety cultures, and this was achieved through the development of two projects, 1) the development of a cultural maturity index and 2) the development of an ethics reasoning pedagogy for construction professionals. Utilising a set of criteria deemed necessary for achieving success and sustainability the first project is a metric based on behavioural objectives and rational planning was designed and developed to ascertain the intangibles that would be indicative of a company’s culture. This was field tested and substantial revisions made to the original criteria resulting in a shift of focus from Corporate Social Responsibility, innovation and resourcefulness to moral agency, ethics reasoning and leadership, all of which were subject to critical evaluation and redefining on a priori principles. The resulting model, Organisation Cultural Maturing Index, is designed to develop a greater understanding of the social relationships that underpin workplace cultures and explain the many factors that come into play when health and safety programmes and practices are developed and implemented on construction sites. The model allows for the development of and flexibility in company and site specific approaches to achieving safe outcomes through respect for autonomous thought and support for collective action by all workplace employees. The model distinguished between concepts of leadership that are associated with managing operations and originates a new concept of leadership which initiates and supports agency and advocates a restructuring of workplace relationships in order to achieve safe, healthy and sustainable construction projects and contributes to a humanising ethos in work relationships. The second project is the development of under-graduate and post-graduate modules on ethics reasoning designed to facilitate moral agency through the development of critical thinking and reasoning skills and fill a gap in construction professional education. It integrates with the OCMI model through the provision of under-graduate and post-graduate programmes of study which develop the ethics reasoning skills of construction professionals facilitating their abilities to make design and operational judgements based on human and societal benefit. This project further integrates with the ethics standards required by Joint Board of Moderators and Engineering Council in respect of professionalism, and professional code of ethics such as the RICS’s. The review will further identify from both projects those elements of innovation and originality in the methodology adopted and applied to occupational health and safety and the insights and perspectives arrived at as a consequence.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Orientador: Sandra Regina Gimenez-Paschoal / Banca: Elisabete de Fátima Polo de Almeida Nunes / Banca: Olga Maria Piazentini Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Maria Angélica Pagliarini Waidman / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Morales Horiguela / Resumo: Analisa comportamentos de segurança e de risco para acidente com material biológico (AMB) durante preparo e descarte de materiais utilizados na administração de medicações. Os participantes são 19 discentes de enfermagem, escolhidos aleatoriamente, que haviam terminado o módulo que aborda de forma teórica o tema biossegurança e realizavam estágio em pronto socorro, e sete docentes supervisores de estágio, todos de uma Universidade Pública do Estado do Paraná. Utiliza filmagem e observação ao vivo dos participantes durante o estágio curricular para identificar e registrar comportamentos e situações de risco e de segurança para AMB. Seleciona cenas das fitas gravadas e registros obtidos da observação ao vivo, os encaminha para juízes e calcula o índice de concordância. Utiliza questionário com discentes e docentes, agrupa os recortes das opiniões mais freqüentes em categorias e sub-categorias, submete à avaliação de juízes e calcula o índice de concordância entre os instrumentos. Entrega recortes de cenas e registros aos discentes e docentes para classificação quanto ao risco ou segurança para AMB, analisa e compara as classificações com aspectos ligados ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Verifica 2,86 vezes mais comportamentos de risco (109) para acidente com material biológico que de segurança (38). Identifica 38 comportamentos de segurança: 12 pela filmagem e 26 pela técnica de observação ao vivo, e 109 comportamentos de risco (76 pela filmagem e 33 pela observação ao vivo). Identifica pela observação ao vivo que: dos 30 comportamentos de risco apresentados por discentes, 20 (67%) relacionam-se ao preparo de medicações, estando o docente supervisionando a atividade em 13 (65%) situações; 26 (86,66%) comportamentos/situações envolvem o recipiente de descarte que não atende... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Safety and risky behaviors for accidents with biological material (ABM) are subjected to analysis during preparation and discard of materials used in administration of medication. The participants are 19 undergraduate nursing students, randomly chosen, who had finished the module about biosafety, approached theoretically, and were doing internship in the emergency room, and seven faculty internship supervisors, all from a public university in Paraná State, Brazil. Video recordings and live observation of the participants during internship are used to identify and register safety and risky behaviors for ABM. It selects footage and registers obtained from live observation, submitting them to judges and calculates the agreement rate. It carries out surveys among undergraduate students and faculty members, it groups clippings of most recurrent opinions in categories and subcategories, which is submitted to judges for evaluation and the agreement rate among the instruments is calculated. Footages and registers are given in to undergraduate students and teachers for classification regarding risk and safety in ABM, it analyses and compares the classifications connected to aspects of the teaching and learning process. It verifies 2,86 times more risky behaviors (109) for accidents with biological material than safety (38). It identifies 38 safety behaviors: 12 by the video recordings and 26 by the live observation technique, and 109 risky behaviors (76 by video recording and 33 by live observation). It identifies by live observation that: out of 30 risky behaviors presented by undergraduate nursing students, 20 (67%) are related to the preparation of medication, with the professor supervising the activity in 13 (65%) situations; 26 (86,66%) behaviors/situations involving the discarded container which does not comply with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para a avaliação da segurança de sistemas críticos, especialmente os de controle metro-ferroviários, através de uma nova metodologia com enfoque primordial para a questão da completeza das suas especificações. Esta metodologia tem como base de aplicação o modelo de transição de estados, sendo seus critérios de verificação denotados através de expressões WFF acrescidas de funções típicas ao modelo utilizado. Este método de avaliação é aplicado a um controle metro-ferroviário típico, obtendo-se resultados promissores como ferramenta de análise de segurança de sistemas críticos. / This works presents a contribution to the evaluation of safety critical systems especially the metro-railways controls, through a new methodology with primordial focus in the completeness of their specifications. This methodology uses a state transition model to specify an application, with is verifications criteria denoted through WFF expressions added by typical functions of the used model. This method of evaluation is applied to a typical metro-railway control, showing promising results as an safety analysis tool for critical systems.

The move towards performance-based design of the fire resistance of structures requires more accurate design methods. An important variable in the fire performance of timber structures is the in-depth temperature distribution, as wood is weakened by an increase of temperature, caused by exposure to high heat fluxes. A proper prediction of temperature profiles in wood structural elements has become an essential part of timber structural design. Current design methods use empirically determined equations for the temperature distribution but these assume constant charring rates, do not account for changes in the heating conditions, and were obtained under poorly defined boundary conditions in fire resistance furnaces. As part of this research project, a series of experimental in-depth temperature measurements were done in wood samples exposed to various intensities of radiant heat fluxes, with clearly defined boundary conditions that allow a proper input for pyrolysis models. The imposed heat fluxes range from 10 kW/cm 2, which generates an almost inert behaviour, to 60 kW/cm 2, where spontaneous flaming is almost immediately observed. Mass loss measurements for all the imposed heat fluxes were also performed. The second part of this project dealt with the modelling of the pyrolysis process, with an emphasis placed on temperature prediction. The main objective was to identify the simplest model that can accurately predict temperature distributions in wood elements exposed to fires. For this, an analysis of the different terms which have been included by several models in the energy equation has been done, by quantifying its magnitude. Five models with different degrees of simplification have been developed. Comparison with the experimental data has shown that a simple and accurate model of temperature profiles must include the rise in the solid sensible heat, the heat transferred by conduction, the heat of moisture evaporation, the heat of pyrolysis reaction and the effect of char oxidation.