Leptin is a peripheral adiposity signal and a key hormone in energy balance regulation in mammals, acting as a link between nutritional status and the endocrine reproductive axis. If this is also the role of leptin in fish is not fully understood. This thesis investigates how different components of the leptin system are affected by sexual maturation and seasonal changes in energy balance in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr under fully fed and feed-restricted conditions. Moreover, the role of sex steroids as being one of the possible mechanisms by which sexual maturation interacts with leptin is explored. The salmon leptin-a genes, lepa1 and lepa2, were expressed mainly in liver and the leptin receptor (lepr) in brain and ubiquitously in peripheral tissues. Seasonal characterization of the lepa genes and lepr during the growth and reproductive season in one-year old males showed that hepatic lepa1 and lepa2 mRNA levels and plasma leptin levels were down-regulated concomitantly with an increase in weight and body fat. Feed restriction up-regulated hepatic leptin, and pituitary lepr expression as well as plasma leptin levels. Correlation between leptin levels and body lipid stores were either lacking or negative. These findings show that leptin and lepr are sensitive to changes in energy balance, but that leptin might not reflect adiposity in juvenile salmon. Hepatic lepa1 and lepa2, and testicular lepr expression increased during mid- to late spermatogenesis in early maturing males. This up-regulation was preceded by rapid gonadal growth and elevated pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone gene expression levels, whereas peak leptin levels coincided with peak pituitary luteinizing hormone expression and the presence of running milt in the testes. The sex steroids testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone and 17-β estradiol stimulated lepa1 and lepa2 gene expression in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes in vitro differentially depending on developmental stage. T was also able to stimulate hepatic lepa1 and pituitary lepa1 and lepr gene expression in immature male salmon in vivo. These results suggest that leptin plays a role in male fish reproduction during later stages of the maturational process and that the elevation of leptin expression during spermatogenesis could be caused by androgen stimulation.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. I publ. anges Department of Aquaculture som utgivande institution. Med sammanfattning på svenska och franska.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / El afrecho de soya (Glycine max) es una alternativa de reemplazo parcial a la proteína animal producto de la disminución y altos costos de la harina de pescado utilizada como principal materia prima en la elaboración de dietas para salmónidos. En este sentido, el afrecho de soya reúne importantes características nutricionales tales como un elevado contenido de proteínas (48%) y un perfil de aminoácidos adecuado, sin embargo y debido a la presencia de factores anti nutricionales (FAN) sus niveles de inclusión se limitan a 25%, estos componentes están asociados a efectos de disminución de parámetros productivos y de digestibilidad de nutrientes. Dentro de los FAN de mayor concentración se encuentran los carbohidratos indigestibles termo estables, con niveles de 35-45% de la materia seca, dentro de los cuales un 20% corresponden a α-galactósidos (rafinosa y estaquiosa) y polisacáridos no derivados del almidón (celulosa, hemicelulosa y pectinas). En el presente estudio se utilizó un proceso de fermentación en estado sólido utilizando bacterias Streptomyces sp, Cohenella termotolerans y Cellulomicrobium sp., disminuyendo la concentración de α-galactósidos y NSP del afrecho de soya. Con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de 30% de ingrediente vegetal en dietas para salmón del Atlántico, se realizó un estudio de crecimiento y de digestibilidad de nutrientes.

No description available.

Abstract The long-term monitoring programme for the River Teno Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks has covered the juvenile densities (25 yr) and the abundance and characteristics of the returning adults (31 yr). The feasibility of the programme was examined by studying the interrelationships between the yearly catches and juvenile salmon densities, performance and reliability of the electrofishing method, and the effects of fishing regulations on the salmon stocks. Finally, juvenile salmon abundances were related to the available fluvial habitat and reference levels were defined by using habitat models. Extensive seasonal variation in juvenile salmon density was apparent. The densities of fry and parr showed an increase from early summer towards late August and a subsequent decline towards the autumn. Long-term electrofishing monitoring is recommended to be carried out in as standardized a form as possible in order to reduce variations in catchability. Over the 25-year monitoring period, the abundance of parr (1+) increased in one sampling site cluster out of nine clusters and declined in one cluster. Fry densities increased in seven clusters. Juvenile densities exhibited considerable temporal and spatial variation. Similarly, the salmon catches varied extensively, and the numbers of 1-2SW salmon and previous spawners increased. The numbers of 1–2SW female salmon in the catches and the subsequent juvenile densities were significantly related, as regression models explained 19–44% of the variation in juvenile abundance. The juvenile monitoring allows evaluation of the relative spawner abundance in preceding years, confirming the information provided by catch statistics. Juvenile salmon densities explained 23–41% of the variation in subsequent 1–2SW salmon catches. Significant correlations were detected with a lag of one year between the subsequent sea-age groups of salmon in the catches. Thus, these relationships can be used for forecasting future salmon abundances. Large areas of high habitat quality in the River Teno system fail to meet their expected juvenile densities, and factors others than physical habitat characteristics, such as a lack of spawners, restrict the juvenile abundance. More than 50% of the permanent sampling sites where habitat would predict high densities (≥ 50 parr per 100 m2) had observed densities in the mid (10–49) or low density category (< 10). It was expected that the densities should increase after regulatory measures implemented in 1989–1990, but results indicate that the reference levels of parr densities have not been attained and the densities have not increased, whereas a general increase in salmon fry densities was detected. Nonetheless, the management measures have succeeded in maintaining the River Teno salmon stocks, which still today enable and support diversified fisheries.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Geología / La cuenca del Salar de Atacama, ubicada en la Región de Antofagasta, es un lugar primordial para el estudio de la tectónica de los Andes Centrales, esto por el completo registro estratigráfico y estructural desde el Cretácico hasta el presente que ahí se encuentra, además de las condiciones de hiperaridez que imperan en la región lo que permite la preservación de esta información. Con estos antecedentes, elementos como su estructura interna siguen siendo aún materia de debate. Con el fin de comprender la estructura interna de la cuenca del Salar de Atacama, además de las condiciones que dieron paso a la formación de la Cordillera de la Sal, rasgo estructural de primer orden dentro del área de estudio, se realizó un estudio que implicó la integración de datos estructurales junto con datos de reflexión sísmica, con los que fue posible desarrollar un modelo 3D de las principales estructuras del Salar de Atacama. Se realizó un detallado análisis de la amplia grilla de perfiles sísmicos dentro de la cuenca, especialmente en su vertiente occidental, con especial énfasis en el estudio de la Formación San Pedro, unidad principal que constituye la Cordillera de la Sal. Se trabajó, además, en la elaboración de una serie de perfiles estructurales en el área de la Cordillera de la Sal, los que fueron elaborados y compilados en el software Move (© Midland Valley Exploration Ltd) para la generación del modelo 3D, el que fue posteriormente restaurado también en 3D. El análisis de datos sísmicos muestra que en largos depocentros se acumularon durante el Oligoceno facies aluviales y miembros evaporíticos de la Formación San Pedro, relacionados con procesos de extensión. Esta extensión estuvo controlada por una falla normal de primer orden, ubicada en el flanco occidental de la cuenca. Esta falla aparenta ser un rasgo clave de la estructura interna del Salar de Atacama. Durante el Mioceno medio a superior, el alzamiento de la Cordillera de la Sal involucró compresión y movimientos de rumbo sinestrales en su dominio sur, en combinación con diapirismo salino en su dominio norte. Esta transición está relacionada a cambios en la profundidad del nivel de despegue de 4.000 a 6.000 metros de sur a norte, la asociación de este nivel de despegue con los niveles evaporíticos de la Formación San Pedro permite entender el control que ejercen las series evaporíticas sobre los procesos de deformación Neógena registrados en la cuenca del Salar de Atacama, así como también ocurre en otros cordones orogénicos como los Pirineos y los Cárpatos.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) has been domesticated since the 1960s and has undergone over 10 generations of artificial selection for economically important traits. As a result, domesticated salmon have diverged with respect to a number of phenotypic, genotypic and behavioural traits from their wild counterparts. Since the selection pressures that are present in the wild differ greatly from the ones that shape salmon under culture conditions, domesticated salmon stocks are considered to be maladapted to natural conditions. Despite strict regulations, insoluble issues pertaining to large-scale cage rearing of farmed fish mean that there is a continuous presence of farm escapees in the wild. Gene flow from escapees has been perceived as a factor in the decline of wild populations, suggested to occur through disruption of local adaptation. This study aims to improve understanding of the genetic differences between wild and domesticated stocks by comparing the transcriptomes of Figgjo (wild) and Mowi (domesticated) strains. A series of common garden experiments have been performed, utilizing pure and reciprocal hybrid crosses of the wild and domesticated stocks, reared under two different conditions and sampled at four time points and three distinct life stages (embryo, sac-fry and feeding fry). Microarray interrogations were performed employing a 44K custom microarray design to identify genes and gene pathways that are differentially expressed between the stocks. KEGG-based functional analyses have been implemented using different gene set enrichment packages, and dominance and additive parameters were calculated from normalized expression values to predict the mode of heritability of the genes identified as differentially expressed between stocks. Most biological functions represented in wild and domesticated crosses were consistent across life stages and environments. The transcriptomic differences detected between stocks in multiple developmental stages likely reflected adaptations to selection pressures differing between natural and aquaculture environments. Down-regulated environmental information processing and immune and nervous system functions in domesticated vs. wild fish may be due to local adaptation to captivity. These included reduced information acquisition and processing systems, altered stress responsiveness and changes in feeding behaviour. In line with the resource allocation theory of production trait animals, reduced immune function was coupled with increased expression of growth and development related pathways in domesticated salmon, compared to wild counterparts. Although there is support for this trade-off in all life-stages, resource allocation showed a shift over time; possibly reflecting variation in the utilization of energy sources during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. Differences in cell communication and signalling pathways between wild and domesticated stocks, associated with organogenesis during the embryo stage, reflect sampling time and are indicative of altered organ development in response to domestication. Stress responses common across stocks included the down-regulation of cellular processes, including cell cycle and meiosis, and genetic information processing, such as replication and repair, transcription and translation pathways, probably reflecting the reallocation of energy resources away from growth and towards the restoration of homeostasis. Moreover, the mobilization of energy to cover the increased demands of maintaining homeostasis was indicated by the up-regulation of some metabolic pathways, mostly involved in energy, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in response to stress. The analysis also revealed cross-specific stress responses, including indicators of a non-additive stress response in hybrid crosses. Most differentially expressed transcripts exhibited additive (31-59%) or maternal dominant (19-33%) inheritance patterns, although maternal over-dominance (23-26%) was also significant in the embryo stage. The mode of heritability of some immune transcripts was suggestive of maternal environmental influence having been affected by aquaculture. This study has demonstrated that biological functions affected by domestication include those associated with allocation of resources, involve reduction of information acquisition and processing systems and may lead to loss of local adaptation to wild conditions. Since such changes may affect key systems, such as immunity and responsiveness to stress, they can potentially have serious negative consequences under natural conditions. Transcriptomic differences observed between wild and domesticated stocks primarily exhibited additive and maternal dominant inheritance modes. Since gene-flow from farmed fish can be frequent and primarily concerns farmed females, this suggests that introgression due to repeated large scale escape events has the capacity to significantly erode local adaptation.

Geólogo / Este trabajo consiste en determinar los efectos que produciría la extracción de 50 l/s, por un período de 15 años, desde el acuífero freático ubicado en la quebrada Potrero Grande, al sur del salar de Pedernales, III Región de Atacama. El objetivo de la extracción es abastecer al proyecto minero Arqueros, que pertenece a la empresa Laguna Resources Chile Ltda. En base a los antecedentes disponibles se ha realizado una caracterización geológica, hidrológica e hidrogeológica del sector. Se ha identificado un acuífero freático albergado en depósitos principalmente aluviales y fluviales, con una alta importancia hidrogeológica de acuerdo al SERNAGEOMN (Aguirre, 2005), cuyas recargas fueron calculadas mediante el modelo hidrológico nivopluvial a escala mensual. Para simular la evolución del acuífero frente a la extracción, se implementaron 2 modelos hidrogeológicos matemáticos en el programa Visual Modflow 2011. Estos modelos se diferencian en los espesores y conductividades asignadas, dado que no es posible determinar el espesor real del acuífero con la información disponible. En base a los modelos implementados, se han realizado simulaciones en régimen permanente y transiente de los escenarios en condiciones naturales y con la extracción programada. La discretización temporal de las simulaciones en régimen transiente es de 27 años, considerando un escenario de extracción durante los primeros 15 años. Los resultados indican que el descenso máximo del nivel del agua, producto de la explotación, es de aproximadamente 5 m, siendo la quebrada Potrero Grande la zona más afectada. Por otro lado, la disminución máxima del caudal de salida es de 50 l/s, que corresponde a un 15% del caudal en condiciones naturales. Una vez terminada la extracción, el caudal de salida vuelve paulatinamente a su condición natural, mostrando una disminución de sólo 10 l/s después de 5 años y de aproximadamente 2 l/s después de 12 años. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se determina que el acuífero ubicado en la quebrada Potrero Grande no se ve afectado de forma permanente y la extracción programada de 50 l/s atiende a un carácter sustentable con respecto a la estabilidad del acuífero. Este estudio fue incluido en los antecedentes presentados a la autoridad ambiental, en el marco de la evaluación del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del proyecto Arqueros.