As part of a U.S. Geological Survey study in Juab Valley in central Utah from 1991 to 1994, the chemistry of ground - and surface -water samples was determined. Total dissolved solids in the ground water of southern Juab Valley have historically been higher , in general, than ground water in other areas of Utah . Total dissolved solids for ground-water samples from this study ranged from 623 to 3,980 milligrams/liter. High-sulfate chemical data of previous studies suggested that the major source of ground-water salinity is the dissolution of gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate ) from the Arapien Shale. Sulfur-34 to sulfur- 32 isotopic ratio data have confirmed that dissolved Arapien Shale is the major source of salinity in southern Juab Valley water. This thesis study of southern Juab Valley had four main objectives: 1) define the present chemistry of the ground and surface water; 2) qualitatively determine the mineralogy of the Middle Jurassic Arapien Shale; 3) determine the major sources of salinity; and 4) determine the main flow path in the ground-water system. Chemical data show that the water in southern Juab Valley is predominantly of a calcium-magnesium-sulfate-bicarbonate composition. X-ray diffraction determined the mineralogy of the Arapien Shale as primarily calcite and quartz. Mineralogy of the acid-insoluble residue is illite, chlorite, quartz, and a trace of feldspar. Based on chemical, isotopic, and simple salt weight percent data, dissolution of gypsum is the major source of salinity in southern Juab Valley water. Using the chemical and isotopic data as input , a mass balance computer software program (NETPATH) helped to determine that the gypsum is derived from the Arapien Shale . NETPATH and the potentiometric surface map helped to define the main ground-water flow path as southwest across southern Juab Valley, from Chicken Creek in the San Pitch Mountains on the east side of the valley toward Chick Creek Reservoir in the southwest part of the valley.

Adult specimens of Katharina tunicata (mean weight = 10.23 grams) and Mopalia hindsii (mean weight = 10.90 grams) were tested for osmotic stress tolerance and oxygen consumption rates in a series of salinities (120%, 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% seawater) at 11°C and 16L:8D photoperiod. K. tunicata and M. hindsii displayed similar trends in percent body weight variation and volume regulatory responses to osmotic stress. However, K. tunicata experienced a significantly higher percent body weight increase than did M. hindsii in response to hypo-osmotic conditions (80%, 60%, and 40% seawater). The mean rates of oxygen consumption per salinity for the two species were not significantly different. Both species, however, showed reduced oxygen consumption rates and significantly increased weight gain in 40% seawater. SEM comparisons of radulae, ctenidia, and shape of the pallial groove revealed no significant differences between the species relevant to differences observed in habitat selection.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20062号 / 工博第4250号 / 新制||工||1658(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第20494号 / 地博第213号 / 未着(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 竹田 晋也, 教授 岩田 明久, 准教授 安藤 和雄, 准教授 鈴木 玲冶 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

The upper ocean mediates the transfer of heat and carbon between the atmosphere and ocean interior. The study of this dynamic environment, made possible in part by long-term time series gathered from oceanographic moorings, is therefore crucial to our understanding of Earth’s climate. In this thesis, we use moored datasets from the Southeast Pacific and Southern Oceans to explore two upper-ocean processes relevant to the transfer and eventual sequestration of atmospheric heat and carbon into the deep ocean: wind-, wave-, and buoyancy-forced turbulence and the release of brine in Antarctic polynyas that drives the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). In Chapter 1, we use measurements of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate (ε) collected at 8.4 m depth on the long-established Stratus Mooring in the Southeast Pacific (20° S, 85° W) to assess the applicability of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), Law of the Wall (LOW), and other boundary layer similarity scalings to turbulence in the upper ocean. TKE facilitates the mixing of heat, momentum, and solutes within and between the ocean and atmosphere and is generated in the upper ocean primarily by wind, waves, and buoyancy fluxes. Its production can generally be assumed to equal its dissipation, and measurements of ε therefore serve as a means for quantifying turbulence in a system. We present 9 months of ε measurements, a remarkably long time series made possible by the use of a moored pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), a new methodology for measuring ε that uniquely allows for concurrent surface flux and wave measurements across an extensive length of time and range of conditions. We find that turbulence regimes are quantified similarly using the classic Obukhov length scale (L_M=(u_*³)/(κ𝐵ₒ), where u_* is ocean-side friction velocity, κ is the von Kármán constant, and B_0 is surface buoyancy flux) and the newer Langmuir stability length scale (L_L=(〖u_s u〗_*²)/B_0 , where u_s is surface Stokes drift velocity), suggesting that u_* implicitly captures the influence of Langmuir turbulence at this site. This is consistent with the strong correlation observed between u_s and u_*, likely promoted by the steady southeast trade winds, and suggests that classic wind and buoyancy-based boundary layer scalings sufficiently describe turbulence in this this region. Accordingly, we find the LOW (ε=(u_*³)/κz, where z is instrument depth) and surface buoyancy scaling (ε=B_0, where B_0 is destabilizing surface buoyancy flux) used in classic turbulence scaling studies, such as Lombardo and Gregg (1989), to describe our measurements well, and a newer scaling for Langmuir turbulence scaling based on u_s and u_* to scale ε well at times but to be overall less consistent than (u_*³)/κz. The performance of MOST relationships from prior studies in a variety of aquatic and atmospheric settings are also examined, and we find them to largely agree with our data in conditions where both convection and wind-driven current shear act as significant sources of TKE (-1<z/L_M <0). The apparent redundancy of Langmuir turbulence scaling and the sufficiency of LOW and MOST observed in this study may help inform the development of general circulation models (GCMs), which rely on boundary layer scaling to parametrize turbulent mixing in the upper ocean. In Chapters 2 and 3, we focus on the Terra Nova Bay Polynya in the western Ross Sea of Antarctica, where High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) forms as a result of the cooling and salinification of the surface ocean by an intense katabatic wind regime and its associated ice production. HSSW is a precursor to AABW, a vital water mass that feeds the bottom limb of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and facilitates the sequestration of atmospheric heat and carbon into the abyss. A decades-long freshening trend in the salinity of Ross Sea HSSW resulting from increased glacial meltwater fluxes, and more recently, its abrupt reversal associated with the occurrence of a climate anomaly, have highlighted the complexity of this system and its sensitivity to changes in climate. Because the density of HSSW has a direct impact on the density of downstream AABW, and therefore the strength of the MOC, it is imperative to better understand the variability and mechanisms of HSSW formation. However, inhospitable wintertime conditions in this region severely restrict the collection of in-situ data in the presence of active brine rejection and HSSW formation. Here, we present an unprecedented set of upper-ocean salinity, temperature, turbulence, current velocity, and acoustic surface tracking time series collected from a mooring in Terra Nova Bay during austral winter 2017. One poorly constrained aspect of HSSW in Terra Nova Bay is its rate of production, and in Chapter 2 we endeavor to produce the first production rate estimates to be based on in-situ salinity data. We find an average production rate of ~0.6 Sverdrups (10⁶ m³ s⁻¹), which allows us to improve on and validate an existing approach for estimating rates using parametrized net surface heat fluxes out of the polynya. We use this approach to examine interannual variability in production across the decade and find estimates of HSSW production in Terra Nova Bay to be largely increasing from 2015 onward. As higher production rates of Terra Nova Bay HSSW, the saltiest variety of HSSW across Antarctica, could increase the salinity of downstream AABW, this apparent increase may have played a previously unrecognized role in the recently observed recovery of AABW salinity in this region. In Chapter 3, we examine a number of interconnected processes surrounding HSSW formation, including the coupling of salinity to winds, the breakdown of summer stratification that primes the water column for HSSW formation in the winter, wind-driven turbulence that facilitates the breakdown of stratification and mixing of HSSW to depth, and potential circulation pathways for HSSW formed at the mooring site. We find that salinity at the shallowest depth on the mooring line, 47 m, couples strongly to wind speeds measured at the nearby Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Manuela from April onward, demonstrating the dependence of polynya formation, ice production, and brine rejection on winds at the mooring site. Salinity at the deepest depth on the mooring line, 360 m, couples to salinity at 47 m beginning in June, following the progressive breakdown of lingering summertime water column stratification that previous studies have established as a prerequisite for HSSW formation in the winter. We incorporate concepts from Chapter 1 to explore the scaling of turbulence in a polynya environment, finding that daily-averages of ε are sufficiently approximated according to the classic LOW scaling, despite visible evidence of Langmuir circulation in the polynya. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first examination of turbulence scaling using in-situ time series measurements in an Antarctic polynya, an environment that connects the turbulent mixing of heat and solutes in the upper ocean to the properties of the deepest layer of the ocean. Lastly, we infer from current velocities and a late-winter coupling of salinity measured at our mooring to that measured by a second mooring within the Drygalski Basin that HSSW may travel one of two pathways following its formation at our mooring site: Directly southeastward into the Drygalski Basin or northeastward along with the cyclonic gyre of Terra Nova Bay. More mooring deployments across space and time within the bay are needed in order to further elucidate the variability and mechanisms surrounding HSSW formation, critical foci of study in the context of a rapidly changing Antarctic environment.

Effects of temperature (23, 26, 29°C) and salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 ppt) on hatch success, growth, development, and survival of bigmouth sleeper Gobiomorus dormitor yolk sac larvae were determined. Hatch success was greater at lower temperatures (23°C) and salinities (0-10 ppt), while larval survival and growth were greater at 26°C and 0 ppt. Larvae reared at 29°C- 0 ppt developed rapidly but rarely survived 48-h post hatch, while larvae at 23°C- 0 ppt survived 120-h post hatch, developed slower. Salinity adversely affected larval survival and size at hatch, larvae reared at salinities 5 ppt or greater died within 12-h post hatch and larvae set at 0 ppt were significantly larger than larvae hatched at salinities 5 ppt or greater. The exogenously feeding larval stage was not achieved; however, this study provides valuable insight of the bigmouth sleeper early ontogeny and provides several techniques for improving future propagation attempts.

Salinity intrusion, caused by global sea-level rise, is a major threat to paddy cultivation in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam (MKD). Salinity exposure reduces crop yields, increases soil salinity, and exacerbates fresh water scarcity, resulting in altered land use decisions and decreased paddy farming profitability. This study evaluates the effects of salinity intrusion on paddy yields and planted acreage, using a 21-year district-level panel dataset from the 13 provinces in the MKD. Specifically, we analyze the relationship between current salinity levels and paddy yield, as well as the relationship between lagged salinity levels and the paddy planted area. We examine these relationships across all districts, as well as for salinity-prone and non-salinity-prone districts and by proximity to the coast (20 km, 20-60 km, and 60+ km). The results indicate that salinity intrusion poses a significant challenge to paddy production in salinity-prone and coastal regions. Salinity level significantly and adversely affects paddy yields in salinity-prone and coastal districts. Similarly, high salinity levels in the past five years significantly reduce planted paddy acreage in these same regions. We also find that paddy yields in the MKD peaked in 2015 and have been declining since. The study highlights the regional differences in challenges associated with salinity intrusion in paddy production. Policymakers and agricultural managers need to take a region-specific approach to ensure that interventions are tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by farmers. This entails supporting intensified paddy production in less salinity-prone areas and facilitating transitions to economically profitable alternatives to paddy in more salinity-prone areas. / Master of Science / Salinity intrusion, resulting from rising sea levels worldwide, poses a significant threat to paddy cultivation in the Lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam (MKD). The increased exposure to salinity adversely affects crop yields, exacerbates soil salinity levels, and contributes to freshwater scarcity. Consequently, this study aims to assess the effects of salinity intrusion on paddy yields and planted acreage in the MKD. By using a 21-year dataset covering thirteen provinces within the MKD, this study examines the relationship between current salinity levels and paddy yield, as well as the association between lagged salinity levels and the planted area of paddy crops. The analysis considers all districts within the region, distinguishing between salinity-prone and non-salinity-prone districts, as well as the proximity to the coast (20 km, 20-60 km, and 60+ km). The findings indicate that salinity intrusion presents a significant challenge to paddy production in both salinity-prone and coastal regions. High salinity levels substantially and adversely affect paddy yields in these districts. Furthermore, elevated salinity levels within the past five years significantly reduce the planted acreage of paddy crops in the same regions. Notably, paddy yields in the MKD reached their peak in 2015 and have been declining since. This study highlights the need for tailored strategies to address the diverse challenges faced by farmers in different regions. Policymakers and agricultural managers must support intensified rice production in areas that are less prone to salinity, while also promoting alternative crops in regions more vulnerable to salinity. By doing so, we can help sustain agricultural productivity and livelihoods in Vietnam's Mekong Delta, even in the face of salinity intrusion.

No description available.

This integrative review of the literature focused on sodium (Na) content in drinking water (H?O) supplies and the subsequent effect on blood pressure levels in children. Studies for this review were drawn from the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, PubMED, Science and Technology Databases, PsychInfo, United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and EPA in Florida websites. Criterion for inclusion in the data base searches were hypertension, high blood pressure, sodium in drinking water, drinking water salinity, children or preg'. Subsequently, further article selection criteria included children (under 18 years of age) and published in the English language (N=59). Findings of the review as summarized in this thesis could guide nursing research, education, policy and practice related to primary, secondary and tertiary interventions associated with sodium levels in drinking as a contributing factor to blood pressure levels in children.

The Aquarius/SAC-D is an Earth Science remote sensing satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) that is sponsored by the NASA and the Argentine Space Agency (CONAE). The prime remote sensor is the Aquarius (AQ) L-band radiometer/scatterometer, which measures the L-band emitted blackbody radiation (brightness temperature) from the ocean. The brightness temperature at L-band is proportional to the ocean salinity as well as a number of physical parameters including ocean surface wind speed. The salinity retrieval algorithm make corrections for all other parameters before retrieving salinity, and the greatest of these is the increased brightness temperature due to roughness caused by surface wind speed. This thesis presents an independent approach for the AQ roughness correction, which is derived using simultaneous measurements from the CONAE Microwave Radiometer (MWR). When the wind blows over the ocean’s surface, the brightness temperature is increased because of the ocean wave surface roughness. The MWR provides a semi-empirical approach by measuring the excess ocean emissivity at 36.5 GHz and then applying radiative transfer theory (improved ocean surface emissivity model) to translate this to the AQ 1.4 GHz frequency (L-band). The theoretical basis of the MWR algorithm is described and empirical results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness in reducing the salinity measurement error due to surface roughness.