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O objetivo do presente estudo é o de verificar o efeito do diabetes na atividade de constituintes do sistema antioxidante das glândulas salivares submandibular (SM) e parótida (P) de ratos. Para indução do diabetes foi injetado em ratos, via intraperitonial, estreptozotocina (60mg/kg de peso corporal) dissolvido em tampão citrato de sódio 0,1M pH 4,5. Quarenta e oito horas após sua indução foi determinada a glicemia no sangue dos animais. Somente aqueles ratos que apresentaram glicemia superior a 350mg de glicose/100 ml de sangue foram considerados diabéticos. Após o período experimental, os animais foram sacrificados, sendo removidas as glândulas salivares e sangue para análise. Foram determinadas, através de espectrofotometria, as atividades das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). O conteúdo de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e oxidada (GSSG) foi determinado em HPLC. A peroxidação lipídica foi determinada no sangue e nas glândulas salivares SM e P usando o ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), que reage com o malonaldeído (MDA) decorrente da peroxidação lipídica. Os resultados mostram um aumento na concentração de malonaldeído no sangue e na glândula submandibular, mas não na glândula parótida. A concentração de GSH e GSSG é maior na glândula SM em relação ao grupo controle, enquanto que a concentração de GSH é menor na glândula P. Não há diferença na atividade da enzima SOD em nenhuma das glândulas salivares. As enzimas CAT e GPx tem a sua atividade específica aumentada somente na glândula parótida. Na glândula submandibular, nenhuma destas duas enzimas sofrem alterações nas suas atividades. Podemos concluir que o sistema antioxidante das glândulas salivares respondem de forma diferente 30 dias após a indução do diabetes. Na glândula SM não há alteração na atividade das enzimas estudadas, porém há um aumento na peroxidação lipídica. Na glândula P, há um aumento na atividade das enzimas CAT e GPx, não sendo encontrado aumento da peroxidação lipídica. / The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of diabetes in the activity of some contents from the antioxidant system of submandibular (SM) and parotid (P) salivary glands. The diabetic state was induced by an injection of streptozotocin (60mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 0,1M sodium citrate buffer pH 4,5. Forty-eight hours after the injection, blood was collected and the glycemia determined. Only those animals presenting a blood glucose above 350mg glucose/100ml blood was used in the study. Thirty days after the induction of the diabetes, the animals were sacrificed, the salivary glands were removed and blood was collected and used in the determinations. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was determined in spectrofotometer. The content of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione was determined in HPLC. The lipid peroxidation was determined in blood and in SM and P glands, measuring the tiobarbituric acid (TBARS) which reacts with malonaldeyde (MDA) from lipid peroxidation. The results show an increase in MDA concentration from SM and blood, but not on P gland. The content of GSH and GSSG from SM gland increase, and the content of GSH from P gland decreased. There is no difference in the activity of SOD in both salivary glands. The activity of CAT and GPx from P gland increase, but in SM gland there is no difference. We can conclude that the antioxidant system from the salivary glands have different responses in diabetes state after 30 days of the induction. In SM gland, there is no difference in the activity of the enzymes, but we have an increase in the MDA content. In P gland, we have an increase in the CAT and GPx activity, but not in MDA concentration.

Apesar da incidência relativamente baixa, as neoplasias de glândulas salivares (NGSs) constituem um grupo de doenças caracterizado pela notável heterogeneidade em sua apresentação clínica, histológica e comportamento biológico, abrigando um fator de extrema relevância a despeito de seu prognóstico: a ocorrência de metástases, considerada a principal intercorrência relacionada à mortalidade em pacientes oncológicos. Neste estudo, analisamos as características clínicas e histopatológicas de pacientes diagnosticados com metástases à distância de carcinomas de glândulas salivares tratados no A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, no período de 1970 a 2010. Investigamos alterações fenotípicas entre os tumores primários e tumores metastáticos de glândulas salivares, a partir do estudo da caracterização do padrão de expressão de citoqueratinas, procurando identificar a associação entre a expressão destes antígenos a fatores de risco, ou não, ao potencial metastático à distância e sua importância prognóstica. A casuística total compreendeu 43 pacientes diagnosticados com metástase à distância, com a média de idade de 42.5 anos sendo a glândula parótida o órgão primário mais acometido, e os pulmões o sítio metastático mais incidente. O tipo histológico mais comumente relacionado à metástase foi o carcinoma adenoide cístico. A análise imunoistoquímica da expressão de citoqueratinas fora realizada em 10 neoplasias primárias e 10 metastáticas, as quais revelaram um padrão fenotípico similar no tumor primário e no tumor metastático, apresentando a evidenciação majoritária de células luminais de estruturas ductais. A perda de expressão dos marcadores em áreas tumorais periféricas, adjacentes ao parênquima pulmonar, corrobora a predição de alteração do citoesqueleto das células neoplásicas, possivelmente promovendo uma maior capacidade de migração das células neoplásicas. / Salivary gland neoplasms consist of a notorious group of malignancies best known for its clinical features, biological behavior and histological heterogeneity. An important facto related to prognosis is distant metastasis (uncommon in salivary gland tumors). Cytokeratins (CK) are important differentiation markers frequently used for diagnosis processes. Its employment may be useful to identify metastatic disease. In this study, a retrospective evaluation was performed on patients undergoing treatment for metastatic salivary glands tumors between 1970 and 2010, from A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil. Demographic data and histopathological specimens were obtained from the medical records. Investigation of the expression of cytokeratins in primary and metastatic salivary gland neoplasms was performed and correlated with their phenotypical patterns. Forty three eligible patients were obtained from the database. Parotid gland represented the primary tumor site most frequently related to metastasis. Lung was the most common metastatic site. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the histological type more frequently associated to metastatic disease. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed in 10 primary salivary gland tumors and 10 metastatic salivary gland neoplasms. CK expression patterns were similar in both primary and metastatic neoplams, except for the tumor periphery in close contact with lung parenchyma. Cytokeratins were absent in the invasive front of metastatic lesions, and this may be related to an increased capacity of tumor cells migration and proliferation.

Migration Stimulating Factor (MSF) is an oncofoetal protein which is constitutively produced by both epithelial and stromal cells during foetal development, not expressed by the majority of their normal adult counterparts, but re-expressed during pathological processes such as cancer and wound healing. Scotland has the highest occurrence of oral cancers in the UK; the incidence is still increasing, but patient survival remains very poor. The expression of MSF in oral tumours has not been previously reported. The aims of this study were: • To determine the effects of MSF on the migration of oral tumour cell lines and normal stromal cells in culture (chapter 3), • To ascertain the possible presence, diagnostic and prognostic value of MSF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC; chapter 4), and salivary gland tumours (SGT; chapter 5). • To identify the putative MSF receptors in oral tumour cell lines (chapter 6). For tissue culture studies, the effects of rhMSF (wild type and mutant proteins) were examined on human cell lines TYS, HSG, Endo 742 and FSF44. These cells were derived from OSCC, SGT, microvascular endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts, respectively. For ex-vivo studies, paraffin embedded archival specimens of OSCC and SGT were stained with specific MSF antibodies and the level of staining was assessed by consensus of 2-4 independent observers. The association between MSF expression and patient survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Results presented in this thesis indicate that TYS and HSG cells secrete bioactive MSF in culture. rhMSF stimulated the migration of these tumour cells. The use of mutant proteins demonstrated marked differences among the cells examined: Five bioactive motifs (4x IGD and 1x HEEGH) were required for MSF bioactivity on TYS and HSG cells, whereas only one of these motifs was required for Endo 742 and two for FSF44. MSF+aa and MSF-aa showed the same migration-stimulating activity, but differ in their interaction with the MSF-inhibitor Neutrophil Gelatinase-Asscciated Lipocalin (NGAL). NGAL was shown to bind to and inhibit MSF+aa, but not MSF-aa. The bioactivity of MSF+aa and MSF-aa was inhibited by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-7 (IGFBP7), MSF-function-neutralising antibody and antibody to the integrin avß3. This integrin was identified in the cell membrane material bound to MSF, suggesting that avß3 is a receptor for MSF.

Apesar da incidência relativamente baixa, as neoplasias de glândulas salivares (NGSs) constituem um grupo de doenças caracterizado pela notável heterogeneidade em sua apresentação clínica, histológica e comportamento biológico, abrigando um fator de extrema relevância a despeito de seu prognóstico: a ocorrência de metástases, considerada a principal intercorrência relacionada à mortalidade em pacientes oncológicos. Neste estudo, analisamos as características clínicas e histopatológicas de pacientes diagnosticados com metástases à distância de carcinomas de glândulas salivares tratados no A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, no período de 1970 a 2010. Investigamos alterações fenotípicas entre os tumores primários e tumores metastáticos de glândulas salivares, a partir do estudo da caracterização do padrão de expressão de citoqueratinas, procurando identificar a associação entre a expressão destes antígenos a fatores de risco, ou não, ao potencial metastático à distância e sua importância prognóstica. A casuística total compreendeu 43 pacientes diagnosticados com metástase à distância, com a média de idade de 42.5 anos sendo a glândula parótida o órgão primário mais acometido, e os pulmões o sítio metastático mais incidente. O tipo histológico mais comumente relacionado à metástase foi o carcinoma adenoide cístico. A análise imunoistoquímica da expressão de citoqueratinas fora realizada em 10 neoplasias primárias e 10 metastáticas, as quais revelaram um padrão fenotípico similar no tumor primário e no tumor metastático, apresentando a evidenciação majoritária de células luminais de estruturas ductais. A perda de expressão dos marcadores em áreas tumorais periféricas, adjacentes ao parênquima pulmonar, corrobora a predição de alteração do citoesqueleto das células neoplásicas, possivelmente promovendo uma maior capacidade de migração das células neoplásicas. / Salivary gland neoplasms consist of a notorious group of malignancies best known for its clinical features, biological behavior and histological heterogeneity. An important facto related to prognosis is distant metastasis (uncommon in salivary gland tumors). Cytokeratins (CK) are important differentiation markers frequently used for diagnosis processes. Its employment may be useful to identify metastatic disease. In this study, a retrospective evaluation was performed on patients undergoing treatment for metastatic salivary glands tumors between 1970 and 2010, from A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil. Demographic data and histopathological specimens were obtained from the medical records. Investigation of the expression of cytokeratins in primary and metastatic salivary gland neoplasms was performed and correlated with their phenotypical patterns. Forty three eligible patients were obtained from the database. Parotid gland represented the primary tumor site most frequently related to metastasis. Lung was the most common metastatic site. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the histological type more frequently associated to metastatic disease. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed in 10 primary salivary gland tumors and 10 metastatic salivary gland neoplasms. CK expression patterns were similar in both primary and metastatic neoplams, except for the tumor periphery in close contact with lung parenchyma. Cytokeratins were absent in the invasive front of metastatic lesions, and this may be related to an increased capacity of tumor cells migration and proliferation.

Cockroach salivary glands are innervated by dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Both transmitters elicit saliva secretion. We studied the distribution pattern of neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA) and their physiological role. Immunofluorescence revealed a GABA-immunoreactive axon that originates within the subesophageal ganglion at the salivary neuron 2 (SN2) and this extends within the salivary duct nerve towards the salivary gland. GABA-positive fibers form a network on most acinar lobules and a dense plexus in the interior of a minor fraction of acinar lobules. Co-staining with anti-synapsin revealed that some putative GABAergic terminals seem to make pre-synaptic contacts with GABA-negative release sites. Many putative GABAergic release sites are at some distance from other synapses and at distance from the acinar tissue. Intracellular recordings from isolated salivary glands have revealed that GABA does not affect the basolateral membrane potential of the acinar cells directly. When applied during salivary duct nerve stimulation, GABA enhances the electrical response of the acinar cells and increases the rates of fluid and protein secretion. The effect on electrical cell responses is mimicked by the GABA(B) receptor agonists baclofen and SKF97541, and blocked by the GABAB receptor antagonists CGP52432 and CGP54626. These findings indicate that GABA has a modulatory role in the control of salivation, acting presynaptically on serotonergic and/or dopaminergic neurotransmission.

Head and neck cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The current standard of care for head and neck cancer includes surgical resection of the tumor followed by chemoradiation. This targeted head and neck radiation causes dysfunction of the salivary glands, which leads to xerostomia, mucositis, dysphagia, dental caries, and malnutrition. These side effects greatly decrease patient quality of life and increase their financial responsibility. Current therapies available to ameliorate these negative side effects are expensive, only provide short-term relief, and many of them have negative side effects of their own. Therefore, another therapy is needed to prevent salivary gland dysfunction or restore its function following targeted head and neck radiation. Autophagy is a homeostatic cellular mechanism that could be targeted as a therapeutic mechanism in the salivary glands following targeted head and neck radiation. Autophagy is a catabolic process necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis. It has been shown to play a beneficial role in a variety of disease states including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cancer. The role of autophagy in the response of cancerous tissue to radiation has been vastly studied. However, the role autophagy plays in normal tissue response to radiation remains poorly understood and much more research in this area is needed.Atg5^(f/f);Aqp5-Cre mice have a conditional knockout of Atg5, a gene necessary for autophagy, in the salivary glands. These mice have unchanged baseline levels of apoptosis, proliferation, and stimulated salivary flow rates when compared to wild-type mice. Therefore, they are a useful model to investigate the role of autophagy in the response of the salivary glands to targeted head and neck radiation. These Atg5^(f/f);Aqp5-Cre autophagy-deficient mice display increased radiosensitivity following targeted head and neck radiation. Furthermore, post-therapy use of CCI-779, a rapalogue and inducer of autophagy, allowed for restoration of salivary gland function following targeted head and neck radiation. Taken together, these results implicate autophagy as playing a beneficial role in normal salivary function following radiation. Therefore, autophagy could be utilized by normal salivary gland tissue following targeted head and neck radiation to maintain salivary gland function.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1958.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1958.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Göteborg, 1983. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes the author's five published papers. Includes bibliographical references.