Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A utilizaÃÃo de Ãguas salinas ou o manejo inadequado em projetos de irrigaÃÃo acarretam acÃmulo de sais no solo, os quais quando em excesso, afetam diversos processos fisiolÃgicos, a nutriÃÃo mineral e o crescimento e produtividade das culturas. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a produtividade, a composiÃÃo quÃmico-bromatolÃgica e os teores de elementos minerais (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+2 e P) de dois genÃtipos de sorgo forrageiro, CSF 18 e CSF 20, irrigados com Ãguas de diferentes nÃveis de salinidade, 0,90 (Ãgua do poÃo), 2,60, 4,20 e 5,80 dS m-1. TambÃm foi avaliado o acÃmulo de sais no solo durante o cultivo sob irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua salinas e o efeito das chuvas no processo de lavagem desses sais. O experimento obedeceu a um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetiÃÃes; o estudo foi desenvolvido em condiÃÃes de campo, na estaÃÃo seca, em um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo com espaÃamento de 0,80 x 0,10 m. ApÃs 112 dias da semeadura, foi medida a altura das plantas, que foram colhidas para se avaliar a produtividade de biomassa verde e seca. Plantas com panÃculas abertas foram colhidas e, nas amostras prÃ-secas e trituradas em moinho tipo Wiley, realizaram-se as anÃlises laboratoriais. mostras de solo foram coletadas antes e apÃs o cultivo e ao final da estaÃÃo chuvosa. A plicaÃÃo de Ãguas salinas provocou aumento da salinidade e da sodicidade do solo e o erÃodo chuvoso foi eficiente em promover a lavagem do excesso de sais do perfil do solo, orÃm nÃo apresentou a mesma eficiÃncia em reduzir os riscos de sodicidade. A salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo reduziu a altura da planta e a produtividade de matÃria seca, especialmente no genÃtipo CSF 18, porÃm, teve pouca influÃncia sobre os teores de elementos potencialmente tÃxicos e de nutrientes essenciais nos tecidos vegetais. A salinidade reduziu os teores de proteÃna bruta no genÃtipo CSF 20 e provocou decrÃscimos lineares no rendimento de proteÃna, nos dois genÃtipos, e nos teores de carboidrato apenas no genÃtipo CSF 18. Por outro lado, nÃo se constataram efeitos da salinidade sobre o teor de fibra, em detergente neutro e Ãcido. Os resultados obtidos, tanto em termos qualitativo como quantitativos, sugerem o uso potencial de sorgo forrageiro mesmo quando irrigado com Ãguas com moderados nÃveis de salinidade / The use of saline water or inadequate management in irrigated fields can cause soil salt accumulation, which affect several plant physiological processes, mineral nutrition, and crops growth and yield. The dry matter yield, chemical composition, and mineral contents (K+, Cl-, K+, Ca+2 and P) of two sorghum genotypes, CSF 18 and CSF 20, irrigated with waters of different salt levels, 0.90 (well water), 2.60, 4.20 and 5.80 dS m-1, were evaluated. A completely randomized block design, in a factorial arrangement (2 x 4), with four replicates was adopted. The experiment was set up in the field, during the dry season, in spacing of 0.80 x 0.10 m. At 112 days after sowing, the plant height was measured and the plants were harvested to evaluate biomass production. Plants containing completely open panicles were harvested and those pre dried and triturated in mill type Wiley samples were used to perform bromatologic analysis. Soil samples were collected before and after the cultivation, and after the wet season. Saline water application provokes increase in soil salinity and soil sodicity, and the wet period was efficient to promote salt lixiviation, but it was not efficient to reduce sodium accumulation in the soil profile. Increase in salt levels in irrigation water reduced plant height and yield, especially in CSF 18 genotype, but it was not observed effect on toxic and essential nutrients contents in plant tissues. The highest level of salinity reduces crude protein contents in CSF 20 genotype. Salinity also causes linear decreases in protein yield in both genotypes and in soluble carbohydrates in CSF 18 genotype. On the other hand, effects of saline water on the neutral and acid detergent fiber levels were not observed. These results, both quantitative and qualitative, suggest a potential use of forage sorghum irrigated with water containing moderate levels of salts.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O uso de Ãgua de qualidade duvidosa na irrigaÃÃo pode ser prejudicial Ãs plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da salinidade e da composiÃÃo quÃmica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo sobre o crescimento, as trocas de gasosas, a nutriÃÃo mineral e os teores de solutos orgÃnicos em plantas de feijÃo-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cv. PitiÃba. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 22 kg de areia lavada, sob condiÃÃes de casa de vegetaÃÃo, e submetidas a 4 diferentes condutividades elÃtricas da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo (0,5; 1,5; 3,0 4,5 dS m-1), obtidas com sais de NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O e MgCl2.6H2O (A1), com sais de Na2SO4, CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 (A2), ou somente com NaCl (A3). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com 5 repetiÃÃes. Durante a conduÃÃo do experimento mediu-se a taxa de transpiraÃÃo, taxa de fotossÃntese lÃquida, teores de clorofila e a condutÃncia estomÃtica, bem como se analisou a condutividade elÃtrica da Ãgua percolada e do substrato. As plantas foram coletadas com 48 dias apÃs o plantio, medindo-se a Ãrea foliar; e, as massas frescas e secas de folhas, caules e raÃzes. Determinaram-se, em laboratÃrio, nas folhas e caules, os teores de Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, P, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn; nas folhas foram determinados os teores de prolina, proteÃnas, carboidratos e N-aminossolÃveis. A salinidade afetou a produÃÃo de biomassa, o crescimento foliar e as trocas gasosas das plantas, porÃm, com pequena influÃncia da composiÃÃo da Ãgua sobre esses parÃmetros. No entanto, a composiÃÃo iÃnica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo influenciou os teores de nutrientes minerais, especialmente sobre os teores de micronutrientes. Por outro lado, nÃo foram observados relacionamentos significativos entre os teores dos solutos orgÃnicos analisados e os nÃveis de salinidade e a composiÃÃo quÃmica da Ãgua. A composiÃÃo quÃmica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo à relevante quando se pretende irrigar, pois o aporte de diferentes sais ao solo poderà influenciar especificamente na absorÃÃo de nutrientes minerais, com possÃveis repercussÃes negativas no metabolismo da planta e na sua produtividade. / The use of the inadequate water in irrigation can be prejudicial to the plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of salinity and chemical composition of irrigation water on plant growth, mineral nutrition, gas exchange, and organic solutes contents of cowpea plants [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Plants were cultivated in plastic pots, using 22 kg of soil at greenhouse conditions and subjected to four different salt stress concentrations (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; and 4.5 dS m-1) in irrigation water. These different salt concentrations were obtained by adding NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O and MgCl2.6H2O (A1), a mixture of chloride, sulphate, carbonates, and bi-carbonates salts (A2), or alone NaCl (A3). A completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement (3 x 4), with five replicates was adopted. During the experimental period, the following responses were evaluated: transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll contents. After 48 days after sowing they were measured total leaf area and fresh and dry masses of leaves, stems and roots. The contents of inorganic (Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and organic (proline, protein, carbohydrates e N-amino soluble) solutes were also determined. The salinity of irrigation water caused reduction in the biomass production, leaf growth and gas exchange, but it was not observed effects of the chemical composition of water on these parameters. However, the ionic composition of irrigation water affected the contents of mineral nutrients, especially the contents of micronutrients. On the other hand, it was not found significant relationships between organic solutes contents and the levels of salinity or chemical composition of the water. The results suggest that chemical composition of irrigation water is an important factor, since it could affect mineral nutrients uptake, which can cause negative effects on plant metabolism and productivity.

Salinity is the 2nd major limiting abiotic factor on plant growth. As a result of this, soil salinity greatly reduce the yield of the crop production by dual action on plants which are ionic toxicity and water deficit. Therefore, improvement of stress tolerance is greatly concerned. This study was performed to screen and select a salt-resistant and a salt-sensitive cultivar among 6 Turkish lentil cultivars (Lens culinaris M.) which are &Ccedil / agil, &Ccedil / ift&ccedil / i, Kafkas, Malazgirt, Seyran and &Ouml / zbek according to the physiological and biochemical properties. 12 days old lentil seedlings which were exposed to salt stress (100 mM NaCl and 150 mM NaCl) for 5 days as well as control groups analyzed physiologically by root-shoot fresh weights, and lengths / and biochemically by ion leakage, MDA, H

This study was carried out for understanding of antioxidant mechanisms of lentil under abiotic stress conditions. For this aim, 14 days old lentil seedlings (Lens culinaris Medik cv. Sultan-1) were subjected to drought (20% PEG 6000), and salt (150 mM NaCl ) stress for 6, 12 and 24 hours, for 3, 5 and 7 days. PCR conditions for Mn SOD, Cu/Zn SOD, chloroplastic/mitochondrial GR, CAT and chloroplast /stromal APX antioxidant enzymes were optimized. Then, total RNA was isolated from stressed and non-stressed plant roots and shoots. The gene expression levels of Mn SOD and Cu/Zn SOD were examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Arabidopsis 18S rRNA was used as internal control in multiplex PCR technique. Relative expression levels of Mn SOD were lower in shoots and roots under salt stress while no significant change was obtained under drought conditions in both tissues. Relative expression levels of Mn SOD were increased on 5th day of salt and drought applications in both shoots and roots. Relative expression levels of Cu/Zn SOD increased after 5th, and on 1st and 7th days of drough treatment in shoots and roots, respectively. On the other hand, expression levels of Cu/Zn SOD increased on 3rd and 5th days of salt treatment in shoot tissues. Although it is nearly impossible to understand the whole antioxidant mechanism of plants under environmental stresses, this study was the first step to learn about molecular background of antioxidant defence mechanisms in lentil.

The study aimed to investigate the following: 1. Investigate a putative glutathione peroxidase gene (Glyma17g34110) within Glycine max by an in silico analysis and spatial expression. 2. Determine the effects of exogenously applied nitric oxide on the expression of Glyma17g34110. 3. Investigate the antioxidant mechanism with attention to Glyma17g34110,reactive oxygen species and cell death in the response to salt stress. 4. Establish whether Glyma17g34110 is a glutathione peroxidase or thioredoxindependent peroxidase gene. / Magister Scientiae - MSc

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is prominent in all aerobic metabolisms including plants. For this reason, the redox homeostasis of the production and scavenging of these intermediates is imperative for growth, development and survival during unfavourable conditions. In this study, a putative glutathione peroxidase gene (Glyma17g34110) from Glycine max (soybean) was identified and analyzed. The successful characterisation of Glyma17g34110 provided evidence of it being a glutathione peroxidase using glutathione as its preferred electron donor and substrate. Furthermore, it is known that antioxidant enzymes such as GPX exist in various tissues, performing a diverse set of functions. By a bioinformatic analysis of Glyma17g34110 and its promoter region, it was indicated that Glyma17g34110 could be a putative chloroplast protein that could play an important role in photosynthesis.One of the major factors affecting plant growth and development worldwide is abiotic stresses such as salinity. In the presence of salinity the production of harmful ROS is increased, resulting in detrimental reactions with important biological features (DNA, protein and lipid membranes), leading to cell death. The analysis of Glyma17g34110 under salt stress revealed that it is a salt sensitive gene and thus, the down-regulation of Glyma17g34110 could be due to the lack of known defence and response cis-acting elements present in the promoter region. Furthermore, it was proven in previous studies that the application of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In this thesis it was observed that the presence of exogenously applied NO increased the expression of Glyma17g34110 tremendously in all soybean tissues (leaves, roots and nodules) investigated.Studies have found numerous cis-acting elements to be NO responsive, however, none of these elements were found in the promoter region upstream of glyma17g34110. This suggests that novel cis-acting elements could be present in the promoter region of Glyma17g34110.Thus, increasing the expression of Glyma17g34110 during salinity in the presence of NO, as well as the identification of these novel cis-acting elements, could lead to the enhancement of the defence mechanisms against ROS, which could lead to increasing plant tolerance to stress. / >Magister Scientiae - MSc

ABSTRACT EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS OF SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT CULTIVARS OF LENTIL Cicerali, Iin Nur M.Sc., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Meral Y&uuml / cel Co-supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. F&uuml / sun (nci) Eyidoan June 2004, 90 pages In this study, two lentil cultivars (Lens culinaris, Medik.) (ILL5582-salt tolerant and ILL590) were characterized and compared due to their NaCl susceptibility and antioxidant mechanism was examined under laboratory conditions. Physiological parameters such as wet-dry weight, root-shoot lengths, cell membrane stability, lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, proline contents were determined. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2) were examined and analyzed in 14 days old plant seedlings after 9 days of normal growth and 5 days of 100mM and 200mM NaCl stress conditions. Shoot-root length and wet-dry weight percent decrease were more in ILL590. Especially shoot tissues were affected more from the stress conditions when compared to root tissues. ii According to malondialdehyde (MDA) content and membrane stability results, lipid peoxidation was higher in ILL590 and significant increases were observed in shoot tissues. Proline concentration showed a remarkable increase in salt concentration dependent manner. Higher concentrations of proline in ILL5582 might be the reason of higher salt tolerance when compared to ILL590. Among the antioxidant enzymes SOD was the one which showed highest activity increase. At organ level roots showed highest activity when compared to leaves. In the organelle higher activity percent contribution was achieved by cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD isozyme. Higher percent increase of this isozyme was observed in ILL5582. This might be one of the tolerance mechanisms that get activated against NaCl stress. APX activity showed similar alterations in both cultivars. In leaf tissues significant increase was observed but in root tissues ascorbate peroxidase activity did not change significantly. Glutathione Reductase activity increase was significant in both cultivars leaf tissues but although ILL5582 showed a stress concentration dependent increase, ILL590 did not. The activity of CAT enzyme in leaf and root tissues of both cultivars did not significantly change under increasing salt stress conditions. The results suggested that the leaves were more susceptible to salt stress. Also when two cultivars were compared ILL5582 was found to be more tolerant against salt stress than ILL590 under laboratory conditions and SOD enzyme seemed to be the most active component of the salt tolerant mechanism.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Almost all processes during the life of a plant are affected by the environment. Changes in phytohormone, metabolite and protein levels follow in response to changes in the environment. Plant growth promoting substances can stimulate changes at these levels to facilitate increased plant growth and yields above what the plant would normally establish. In this study, the effects of two growth promoting substances, smoke water (SW) derived from bubbling smoke from the burning of plant material through water, and a synthetic strigolactone analogue, GR24, on plant growth and architecture, as well as the proteome and metabalome of salt stressed Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings were investigated. Physiological studies were conducted to identify the effects of the growth substances on salt stressed seedlings in a tissue culture system. Under non-stress conditions, SW treatment increased seedling fresh mass, root length and leaf area. Under salt stress conditions (100 mM and 150 mM NaCl), SW increased fresh mass, root length, leaf number and lateral root number significantly. Under non-stress conditions, GR24-treated seedlings showed increased fresh mass, leaf number and area and root length. When GR24-treated seedlings were placed under salt stress, the seedlings showed significant increases in fresh mass, leaf number and lateral root number, but only marginal increases in root length and leaf area. Despite these similarities, slight differences were observed in the metabolomes and proteomes of smoke water and GR24-treated seedlings, both with and without the addition of salt stress. Relatively few of the differentially expressed proteins could be identified with the instruments available. Changes in the metabolome indicated that photoassimilation and photosynthesis could be affected in response to smoke water and GR24 treatment. Our results suggest that smoke water and GR24 both promote growth under salt stress conditions in seedlings and we furthermore conclude that, although there are distinct overlaps between treatments, this is accomplished via slightly different mechanisms. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende ‘n plant se lewe word omtrent alle prosesse deur die omgewing geaffekteer. Veranderinge in die omgewing word gevolg deur veranderinge in hormoon, metaboliet en protein vlakke. Plant groei stimulante affekteer hierdie vlakke om plant groei en -opbrengs na bo normalle vlakke te verhoog. In hierdie studie word die effek van twee groei stimulante, rook water verkry deur rook van plant materiaal deur water te borrel en ‘n sintetiese strigolaktoon, GR24, ondersoek op ‘n morfologiese, metaboliese en ‘n proteomiese vlak in Nicotiana benthamiana saailinge. ’n Studie is onderneem om die veranderinge as gevolg van die onderskeie groei stimulante te ondersoek in ‘n weefsel kultuur sisteem. Rook water het onder normale groei omstandighede vars en droeë massa, blaar aantal asook wortel en blaar lengte verhoog. Rook water het na sout behandeling (100 en 150 mM NaCl) steeds vars massa, wortel lengte, blaai aantal en laterale wortel aantal beduidend verhoog in vergelyking met die sout stres kontrole. Behandeling met GR24 het ook vars massa, wortel lengte, blaar aantal en grootte verhoog en onder sout stres met GR24 is ‘n beduidende vergroting opgemerk in vars massa, blaar grootte en laterale wortel aantal. Ongeag van die veranderinge in groei is klein verskille opgemerk in die metaboliet en protein studies. Net ‘n paar proteine kon positief geidentifiseer word met die apparaat beskikbaar. Verandering in die metaboloom wys na veranderinge in fotoassimilasie en fotosintese in reaksie tot rook water en GR24. Hierdie resultate lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat rook water en GR24 beide groei verbeter in saailing behandel met sout en ook dat alhoewel daar sekere ooreenkomste is tussen die reaksies as gevolg van die plant groei stimulante, dit wel geskiet deur geringe verskillende meganismes.

MAIA, Josemir Moura. Restrição de crescimento induzida por estresse salino como uma estratégia de defesa oxidativa em raízes de feijão-caupi. 2008. 158 f. Tese (Doutorado em Bioquímica)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T15:13:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_jmmaia.pdf: 2095337 bytes, checksum: d7d695d0788c393a2469446d86df66e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T20:39:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_jmmaia.pdf: 2095337 bytes, checksum: d7d695d0788c393a2469446d86df66e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T20:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_jmmaia.pdf: 2095337 bytes, checksum: d7d695d0788c393a2469446d86df66e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / In the present thesis, the hypothesis that the salt-induced impairment of root growth is due to changes in the symplastic and apoplastic antioxidant enzyme activity was investigated. Root growth impairment may be related to the enhancement and/or the control of the reactive oxygen species by enzymatic systems involved in growth regulation. This work was divided into five interconnected chapters. The first is a theoretical review of the approached subject and includes the scientific relevance of this study. This review details the oxidative mechanisms involved in root growth regulation under salinity, besides the signaling pathways activated under salt stress and related signaling molecules. In the chapter 2, the Pérola (sensitive) and Pitiúba (resistant) cultivars showing contrasting responses to salt stress at germination were evaluated during the seedling stage. Four-day-old seedlings were exposed to 100 mM NaCl for two days and it was determined the root length, dry weight, relative water content (RWC), Na+ content, K+/Na+ ratio and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenol peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT). The obtained results were insufficient to categorize the tested cultivars as sensitive or resistant to salt stress at the seedling stage. The effect of the external NaCl concentration on the antioxidant responses in the studied cultivars was investigated in the chapter 3. It was assessed the root lenght, RWC, Na+ content and the activity of SOD, APX, CAT, and POX in seedlings treated with 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100 mM NaCl during two days. The root growth impairment was more pronounced in the Pitiúba cultivar under 100 mM NaCl. Additionally, it was verified that a metabolic network involving the POX activity could be associated with the maintenance of H2O2 levels and the root growth restriction. In the chapter 4, a time-course of the antioxidant responses were assessed in the Pitiúba cultivar. Then, the seedlings were exposed to 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl during 0; 24; 48; 72; and 96 h and the same variables determined in the previous experiment were evaluated again. It was demonstrated that the root length reduction depends on the NaCl concentration and the time of exposure. Although the root Na+ content could suggest Na+ toxicity, no lipid peroxidation was detected. The involvement of SOD, APX, CAT, and POX activity in root growth regulation was minutely investigated in the chapter 5. Thus, the seedlings were exposed to salt stress in short- and long-term experiments. The reactive oxygen species metabolism in the apoplastic fraction was associated with the activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX), apoplastic SOD and cell wall POX. It is possible that oxidative stress and salt stress are interconnected as the antioxidant response could mimic the hypersensitive reaction. NOX, apoplastic SOD and cell wall POX showed enhanced activity preceding an oxidative burst. Additionally, H2O2 could act as an extracellular signal triggered by stress and play a role in cell wall strengthening. / A presente tese propôs testar a hipótese de que a redução no comprimento de raízes de feijão-caupi, tratadas com NaCl, pode está relacionada com mudanças na atividade de enzimas antioxidantes intracelulares e apoplásticas. Isto seria relacionado ao aumento e/ou controle da concentração de espécies reativas oxigênio por mecanismos enzimáticos que controlam o crescimento. O trabalho foi subdividido em 5 capítulos independentes e interligados. O primeiro capítulo trata de uma revisão teórica do tema abordado na tese justificando-a e colocando em evidência a relevância científica do trabalho. Esta revisão trata de todos os aspectos abordados na tese, além de temas conexos como a descrição das vias sinalização ativadas sobre estresse salino e algumas moléculas sinalizadoras. No capítulo 2, avaliou-se o efeito do NaCl no comprimento da raiz, conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), teor de massa seca, concentração de Na+ e relação K+/Na+ além da atividade de dismutase de superóxido (SOD), peroxidase de ascorbato (APX), peroxidase de fenóis (POX) e catalase (CAT) nas cultivares Pérola (sensível) e Pitiúba (resistente) de feijão-caupi, contrastantes quanto à resistência ao estresse salino e oxidativo no estádio de germinação. Este trabalho possibilitou concluir que embora as cultivares apresentem grau de sensibilidade diferenciado ao NaCl e estresse oxidativo, no estádio de germinação, essas características não são mantidas no estádio fisiológico de plantula. Além disso, os parâmetros avaliados não foram capazes de determinar diferenças contrastantes entre as duas cultivares que pudessem classificá-las como resistente e/ou susceptível ao sal. No intuito de compreender melhor os mecanismos antioxidantes das cultivares estudadas e avaliar se a concentração de NaCl interfere na reposta das mesmas, no capítulo 3 determinou-se comprimento radicular, CRA e concentração de Na+, além das atividades de SOD, APX, CAT e POX em raízes de plântulas tratadas com 0; 25; 50; 75 e 100 mM de NaCl durante dois dias. Este capítulo possibilitou concluir que a resposta no crescimento e na atividade de enzimas antioxidantes é dependente da dose e da cultivar. Ademais, verificou-se que um sistema envolvendo a atividade de POX poderia estar associado tanto à manutenção dos níveis de H2O2 quanto à redução no comprimento radicular. Para determinar se os mecanismos antioxidantes são dependentes do tempo de exposição ao NaCl, no capítulo 4, raízes de feijão-caupi da cultivar Pitiúba foram tratadas com 0; 50 e 100 mM de NaCl durante 0; 24; 48; 72 e 96 horas. Neste capítulo, demonstrou-se que a redução no comprimento radicular, depende da dose e do tempo de exposição ao NaCl e que os efeitos são acompanhados por um acúmulo de Na+ nos tecidos, embora isto não leve a uma peroxidação de lipídeos. Este capítulo também levantou dúvidas com relação ao envolvimento das enzimas SOD, APX, CAT e POX durante o crescimento. Para contribuir com a elucidação desses mecanismos o capítulo 5 envolveu pelo menos 3 experimentos onde as plântulas de feijão-caupi foram expostas a períodos de estresse de curta e longa duração. Nestes experimentos foram relacionados o metabolismo das espécies reativas de oxigênio de apoplasto com a atividade de oxidase de NADPH (NOX), SOD apoplástica e POX de parede celular. Uma explicação plausível para uma relação entre o estresse oxidativo e o estresse salino é que a resposta antioxidante pode simular parcialmente uma resposta hipersensitiva. As enzimas NOX, SOD apoplástica e POX de parede apresentaram um aumento de atividade precedido de uma explosão oxidativa. Adicionalmente o H2O2 pode funcionar como sinalizador celular de estresse e ser coadjuvante na lignificação da parede.

ARAÚJO, Ana Paula Bezerra de. Influência da irrigação com água salina em sistema consorciado milho/feijão-de-corda. 2015. 98 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T12:31:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_apbaraujo.pdf: 1648606 bytes, checksum: 0e9585605ef3b3fec872c84bfc426b84 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T12:31:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_apbaraujo.pdf: 1648606 bytes, checksum: 0e9585605ef3b3fec872c84bfc426b84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T12:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_apbaraujo.pdf: 1648606 bytes, checksum: 0e9585605ef3b3fec872c84bfc426b84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Changes in the microclimate in a intercropping can also change the responses of plants to some abiotic factors, including, salinity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of salinity of irrigation water on gas exchange, ion levels, growth, productivity and efficiency of land use in single and intercropped systems, using plant corn and beans-in-corda. The experiment was conducted for two years following a design in randomized blocks in split plots, and the plots formed by the year of cultivation (2012 and 2013), the subplots by salinity of irrigation water (0.9, 2.5 and 5.0 dS m-1), and the split of crop systems (bean-to-rope, corn and more bean-to-string corn in consortium). The irrigated crops were conducted during the dry seasons of the years 2012 and 2013, and samples were taken soil samples before and after each crop, and after the passage of the rainy seasons of 2013/2014. To facilitate the description of the results, the thesis was divided into two chapters. The first is related to growth and productivity. The variables analyzed were: biomass production, productivity and efficiency of land use. The second is related to gas and mineral nutrition exchanges. The variables analyzed were: stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency, levels of Na+, K+ and Cl+ in the leaves and stem. The accumulation of salts in the soil increased in proportion to the electrical conductivity values of irrigation water, with the highest observed in maize, a fact explained by the longer cycle and increased the employed irrigation depth in this culture. Rainfall totals recorded in the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014 were sufficient to promote the leaching of excess salts below the root zone of crops. The accumulation of salts in the soil did not influence gas exchange and efficiency of water use, but caused an increase in the levels of Na+ in the leaves and stems. Despite the differences observed in the levels of Na, one can not relate them the variables of gas exchange, since they were not affected by the irrigation water salinity. The effects of salts on the production of total biomass and productivity of the plants were more expressive in plants under monoculture, especially in the bean-to-rope culture. The microclimate condition of intercropping system may have contributed to reduce the influence of salinity on productivity, mainly of bean-to-rope culture, resulting in higher values of efficient land use. / As alterações no microclima em um cultivo consorciado podem também alterar as respostas das plantas a alguns fatores abióticos, dentre eles, a salinidade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da salinidade da água de irrigação sobre as trocas gasosas, teores de íons, crescimento, produtividade e eficiência do uso da terra em sistemas de monocultivo e consórcio, utilizando-se plantas de milho e feijão-de-corda. O experimento foi realizado durante dois anos seguindo um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo as parcelas formadas pelo ano de cultivo (2012 e 2013), as subparcelas pela salinidade da água de irrigação (0,9, 2,5 e 5,0 dS m-1) e as subsubparcelas pelos sistemas de cultivo (feijão-de-corda, milho e milho mais feijão-de-corda em consórcio). Os cultivos irrigados foram conduzidos durante as estações secas dos anos 2012 e 2013, e foram realizadas coletas de amostras de solo antes e após cada cultivo, e após a passagem das estações chuvosas de 2013/2014. Para facilitar a descrição dos resultados, a tese foi dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro é referente ao crescimento e produtividade. As variáveis analisadas foram: produção de biomassa, produtividade e eficiência do uso da terra. O segundo é referente às trocas gasosas e nutrição mineral. As variáveis analisadas foram: condutância estomática, fotossíntese, transpiração, eficiência do uso da água, teores de Na+, K+ e Cl+ nas folhas e caule. O acúmulo de sais no solo aumentou proporcionalmente aos valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação, sendo os maiores observados na cultura do milho, fato explicado pela maior duração do ciclo e maior lâmina de irrigação empregada nesta cultura. Os totais de chuvas verificados nas estações chuvosas de 2013 e 2014 foram suficientes para promover a lixiviação do excesso de sais abaixo da zona radicular das culturas. O acúmulo de sais no solo não influenciou as trocas gasosas e a eficiência do uso da água, mas provocou aumento nos teores de Na+ nas folhas e caules. Apesar das diferenças observadas nos teores de Na, não se pode relacioná-las as variáveis de trocas gasosas, visto que estas não sofreram influência da salinidade da água de irrigação. Os efeitos dos sais sobre a produção de biomassa total e produtividade das plantas se mostraram mais expressivos nas plantas sob monocultivo, notadamente na cultura do feijão-de-corda. A condição microclimática do sistema de consórcio pode ter contribuído para reduzir a influência da salinidade na produtividade, principalmente da cultura do feijão-de-corda, resultando em maiores valores do uso eficiente da terra.