Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons mené deux projets différents concernant la polykystose rénale. Dans le premier travail, nous avons caractérisé un nouveau modèle murin de polykystose rénale autosomique dominante muté dans le domaine SAM de la protéine ANKS6 (ANKS6I747N), qui confirme le rôle du domaine SAM dans la fonction rénale. Nos souris développent une maladie kystique différente de celle observée dans le modèle de rat cy/+ muté aussi dans le domaine SAM d'ANKS6 (R823W) (à 6 acides aminés d'intervalle). Nous suggérons que la protéine ANKS6 mutée sur le domaine SAM (I747N) séquestre BICC1, un antagoniste du miARN17 qui dégrade le transcrit de la polycystine2. Cette action induirait une diminution de l'expression de polycystine2 ce qui activerait la voie Wnt/Beta caténine, une voie induite dans les maladies kystiques rénales. Chez le rat, la mutation(R823W) altère l'interaction entre ANKS6 et ANKS3. Dans le deuxième travail, nous avons montré pour la première fois un rôle protecteur de la MMP9 sur la formation des kystes. Nous avons croisé les souris jck, un modèle de polykystose rénale, avec les souris déficientes en MMP9. Les souris déficientes en MMP9 développent une insuffisance rénale plus sévère dès l'âge de 1 mois. Ceci est dû à des lésions plus sévères qui se manifestent par une augmentation très significative du poids des reins rapporté au poids corporel et à une augmentation du nombre de kystes. En revanche, les kystes sont significativement plus petits chez les animaux déficients en MMP9 par rapport aux témoins, suggérant que la MMP9 exerce un effet protecteur sur la formation des kystes et un rôle délétère sur leur croissance. / In this thesis, we conducted two different projects about polycystic kidney disease. In the first study, we characterized a novel mouse model of polycystic. We screened an ENU treated mouse library and identified a strain carrying a missense mutation leading to an amino acid replacement (I747N) within the SAM domain of ANKS6, 6 amino acid away from the mutation R823W in the rat. Because the mice develop PKD, this mutation confirms the role of the SAM domain of ANKS6 in kidney function. Comparison of PKD/Mhm(Cy/+) rat and of our Anks6(I747N) mouse model further shows that the two models display noticeably different PKD phenotypes and that cystic enlargement is due to defective interaction with different protein partners, ANKS3 and BICC1, respectively in the rat and in the mouse. In the second study, we showed for the first time a protective role of MMP9 on the formation of cysts. We generated jck-MMP9 deficient mice inbred on C57Bl/6J background and compared them to jck littermates. Apoptosis and cell proliferation were similar in both groups of mice, while MMP9 deficiency induced more severe renal lesions, characterized by an increase in cyst number and in the amount of fibrosis. Indeed, life span of these mice was reduced. In addition, the mice exhibited shorter cilia length, probably due to the presence of MMP9 in this organelle. The mechanism of the protective effect of MMP9 on cystic phenotype is still not elucidated and is most likely due to the anti fibrotic activity of the enzyme.

Un des problèmes majeurs en enzymologie est la fonctionnalisation de liaisons C-H peu réactives. Ces réactions nécessitent des cofacteurs spécialisés tels que l'hème, des Fer-oxo ou encore la vitamine B12. En 2001, il a été montré que des centres Fe-S particuliers liant la S-Adénosyle méthionine (SAM) pouvaient activer des liaisons C-H non réactives. Les enzymes utilisant ce cofacteur constituent une super-famille appelée « Radical SAM ». Les thiométhyltransférases (MTTases) sont des enzymes « Radical SAM » qui catalysent l'insertion d'un groupe thiométhyle (-SCH3) dans des liaisons C-H non réactives. Par des expériences in vivo et in vitro, nous avons montré qu'on pouvait les regrouper en trois classes. La première classe (RimO) catalyse la formation du β-thiométhylaspartate 89 sur la protéine ribosomale S12 (β-ms-D89-S12) alors que les deux dernières (MiaB et MtaB/eMtaB) catalysent respectivement la thiométhylation des nucléosides 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine 37 (ms2i6A-37) et 2-methylthio-N6-threoninecarbamoyl adenosine 37 (ms2t6A-37) de certains ARNts. L'étude in vitro du mécanisme de ces enzymes a permis de démontrer que les MTTases catalysent l'insertion d'un groupement -SCH3 de façon catalytique invalidant l'hypothèse généralement retenue dans la littérature que le soufre inséré dérive de la destruction d'un centre Fe-S. / One of the chemically most challenging problems in enzymology is the functionalization of non-reactive C–H bonds. Such reactions require specialized cofactors as heme, Fe-µ-oxo or vitamin B12. In 2001, special Fe-S centers able to bind S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) have been shown to activate non-reactive C-H bonds toward subsequent functionalization. Enzymes containing this new cofactor constitute a super-family called “Radical SAM”. Methylthiotransferases (MTTases) belong to the “Radical SAM” super-family and catalyse the insertion of a methylthio group (-SCH3) in C-H bonds. By doing in vitro and in vivo experiments, we were able to classify them into three groups. The first class, (RimO) catalyses the formation of β-methylthio-aspartate 89 on the ribosomal protein S12 (β-ms-D89-S12) whereas the two others (MiaB and MtaB/eMtaB) respectively catalyse the thiomethylation of the nucleosides 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine 37 (ms2i6A-37) and 2-methylthio-N6-threoninecarbamoyl adenosine 37 (ms2t6A-37) present in some tRNA. Our studies have shown that, in vitro, MTTases catalyse the insertion of a SCH3 group in a catalytic way suggesting entirely new radical sulfur insertion mechanisms.

1 Abstract Even though mitochondria possess their own genome and ribosomes, majority of mitochondrial proteins is encoded in the nucleus and translated by cytosolic ribosomes. Hence it was necessary to establish transport complexes allowing the import of proteins from the cytosol. These complexes are best described in yeast. However, we are encountering organisms lacking many of the subunits of these complexes with increasing frequency. Therefore, we are presenting the overview of the distribution of the subunits within eukaryotic organisms. We specifically take a closer look at parasitic protist Giardia intestinalis that is well known for its extreme reductions of the import complexes. There have been only few subunits identified so far. Porin Tom40, that is responsible for translocating all the incoming proteins across the outer mitochondrial membrane, has been identified despite the high divergence, while homolog of Sam50 hasn't been successfully identified yet. Sam50 is however believed to be necessary for insertion of Tom40 into the membrane. Vast part of this thesis is dedicated to this phenomenon that is highly uncommon and maybe unique among the eukaryotic organisms.

La presente tesis tiene como finalidad identificar y definir los problemas ambientales, en las áreas de influencia directa, indirecta y en la franja de amortiguamiento durante el proceso constructivo, ubicándose con precisión los tramos críticos para las soluciones correspondientes en forma integral; ex-ante y expost primaria.

Development of enzymatic labelling methods has been driven by the importance of studying molecular structures and interactions to comprehend cellular processes. Methyltransferases (MTases), which regulate genetic expression by transferring a methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to DNA, histones and various proteins, have been shown to accept SAM analogues with an alternative alkyl group on the sulfonium centre. These alkyl groups can be transferred to the substrate, and with a further reaction can be selectively functionalized. Thus, MTases together with SAM analogues have emerged as novel labelling tools. The project aims to use MTases to obtain an orthogonal system that can selectively use a SAM cofactor analogue to transfer functional chains to proteins with a specific motif. To achieve selectivity of the system, the SAM analogue cofactor was modified on the ribose ring; to obtain a new transferase activity of the system, the transferable methyl on the sulfonium centre was changed to a different substituent. SAM analogues were produced enzymatically with hMAT2A by using 3'-deoxy-ATP and methionine or ethionine. Mutants of SET8 and novel substrates were designed to have modifications at residues in the active site, within the vicinity of the ribose ring of SAM, and were assessed for selective activity with the new analogue cofactor. The results showed that the new cofactor 3'-deoxy-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (3'dSAM) was efficient in the mono-methylation of the substrate peptide RFRKVL, and that the mutant SET8 C270V exhibited over 13 fold MTase activity in presence of 3'dSAM and the RFRKVL substrate, in comparison with the activity with the WT sequence RHRKVL and the SAM cofactor. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) was used as a model protein to express the motif RFRKVL, to transform it into a potential substrate for SET8. Assessment of the MTase activity of SET8, 3'dSAM and the novel GST substrate indicated mono-methylation of the substrate. Moreover, the motif showed no interference with GST native activity. Based on the observations, a new enzymatic system shows higher selectivity with a new analogue cofactor over SAM to effectively methylate proteins expressing the consensus RFRKVL. Work on substrates, enzymes and cofactors should continue to obtain a functional-chain transferase activity of the enzymatic system.

No description available.

Excerpt: Sam Shepard’s The God of Hell, which premiered Off-Broadway in late October of 2004, was negatively received by New York critics.

Unrivalled in its coverage of recent work and writers, The Methuen Drama Guide to Contemporary American Playwrights surveys and analyses the breadth, vitality and development of theatrical work to emerge from America over the last fifty years.This authoritative guide leads you through the work of 25 major contemporary American playwrights, discussing more than 140 plays in detail. Written by a team of 25 eminent international scholars, each chapter provides:· a biographical introduction to the playwright's work; · a survey and concise analysis of the writer's most important plays; · a discussion of their style, dramaturgical concerns and critical reception; · a bibliography of published plays and a select list of critical works.Among the many Tony, Obie and Pulitzer prize-winning playwrights included are Sam Shepard, Tony Kushner, Suzan-Lori Parks, August Wilson, Paula Vogel and Neil LaBute. The abundance of work analysed enables fresh, illuminating conclusions to be drawn about the development of contemporary American playwriting.

No description available.

<p>Syftet med undersökningen har varit att göra en jämförelse mellan sam- och särundervisning i ämnet idrott och hälsa, ur ett elevperspektiv. Detta har delvis gjorts med utgångspunkt i genus, då flickor och pojkars tankar kring de två arbetssätten jämförts. </p><p>Huvudfrågorna som undersökningen grundas på är vilka åsikter elever i årskurs 9 har om samundervisning respektive särundervisning i ämnet idrott och hälsa? Hur inställningen till sam- och särundervisning i idrottsämnet är hos pojkar respektive flickor i årskurs 9? Vad säger de tillfrågade gymnasieeleverna om sam- och särundervisning?</p><p>Undersökningen genomfördes genom en enkätundersökning och en intervjustudie på tre olika skolor i Sverige. Resultatet visar att de flesta elever skulle behålla sin nuvarande undervisningsmetod om de fick välja, samt att pojkar och flickors tankar kring de två arbetssätten inte skiljer sig särskilt mycket åt. En slutsats är att det bästa arbetssättet en blandning mellan sär- och samundervisning. Att klasserna är uppdelade efter kön ibland och tillsammans med varandra ibland.</p>