<p>Ever since the development of the pc and their software, in the early 80´s,architects way of work have changed a lot. Nowadays most of the architectspresent all their works digitally and not with hand drawn material, as they didbefore the pc boom.Digital visualisation technique pushes the limits, when it is about presentingarchitecture projects virtual reality.This report studies how digital visualization technique is used among thearchitects today.Together with architects from ABAKO architect firm in Gothenburg, Sweden,interviews has been made to give answers about what they think about digitalvisualization technique. What are the opportunities, advantages- anddisadvantage with this digital technique?The answers from the architects, together with work that has been done withdigital visualization technique in a project called Project Sofiedal, shows thatthis technique has big opportunities when it comes to create nice looking VRpresentations. The result in this report also shows that this digital technique ismore time demanding compared to hand drawn presentations.The investigation shows that digital visualization technique is a goodcompliment when it is about showing the citizens how future projects willaffect the surrounding. Small projects, not for public interest, the digitalvisualization technique could be questioned as a method of work, but notexluded.</p> / Digital visualiseringsteknik, modellering, rendering, visualisering.

<p>Decisions are made based on information of different kinds. Several tools have been developed to facilitate the inclusion of environmental aspects in decision-making on different levels. Which tool to use in a specific decision-making situation depends on the decision context. This thesis discusses the choice between different environmental systems analysis (ESA) tools and suggests that key factors influencing the choice of ESA tool are object of study, impacts considered and information type regarding sitespecificity and according to the DPSIR-framework.</p><p>Waste management in Sweden is used as an example to illustrate decision-making situations, but discussions concerning choice of tools are also thought to be of general concern. It is suggested that there is a need for a number of ESA tools in waste management decision-making. Procedural tools like Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) should be used e.g. by companies applying for development of waste management facilities and by public authorities preparing plans and programmes. Within these procedural tools analytical tools providing relevant information could be used, e.g. Risk Assessment (RA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) or Substance Flow Analysis (SFA). Analytical tools may also be used separately. If the decision-making situation concerns a choice between different waste management options, such as recycling, incineration and landfilling, environmental aspects could be assessed using LCA or Material Input Per unit Service (MIPS). To study certain substances within the waste system, RA or SFA could be used.</p><p>An LCA of different strategies for treatment of municipal solid waste was made. A conclusion from this study is that the waste hierarchy is valid as a rule of thumb. Suggestions resulting from this study are that decisions promoting recycling of paper and plastics should be pursued, preferably in combination with decisions promoting the use of plastics replacing plastics made from virgin sources. The study further identifies a need for limiting transportation by private car for options requiring source separation of waste. When recycling is not an alternative, incineration is in general preferable to landfilling. Key issues that may affect the ranking of the waste treatment options include alternative energy sources, the material the recycled material replaces and the time perspective chosen.</p><p>It is suggested that LCA may be a useful tool in waste management, both on its own and as a part of an SEA. Results from LCAs can provide advice on ranking of alternatives. More importantly, key assumptions and value choices that may influence the rankings can be highlighted and thus made clear to the decision-makers. In general, LCA results are not site-specific and provide information in the form of potential environmental impacts, and thus could be combined with other tools if other type of information is needed.</p> / QC 20100610

This thesis attempts to ascertain the magnitude of the urban housingproblem in Tanzania and endeavours to evaluate the strategies that thegovernment has been employing to address this problem. Informal andformal practices in urban housing are compared. The role of networksand power relations are explored and discussed in relation to how theymay facilitate the provision of urban housing. By looking at urbanhousing from a governance perspective, the thesis explores thepotentials for delivery of urban housing A case study is carried out, looking at the housingpractices in urban areas from the perspective of actors and theirinstitutional domains of action. The aim is to ascertain the extent towhich the government, through its policies and through engagement ofother actors, could facilitate the supply of urban housing. The roles ofdifferent actors in the delivery and regulation of urban housing areinvestigated in the process of institutionalizing housing production. The study comprises eight chapters. The first twochapters present an introduction and the conceptual and theoreticalunderpinnings on which the research is based. Chapter three discusseshousing strategies in Tanzania and attempts to evaluate the regulatoryframework within which urban housing is provided. Chapter fourpresents the research methodology. Chapter five discusses findingsfrom the studied documents and findings from interviews with keypersons in the government and in the construction industry. Chaptersix presents findings from the case study areas. Chapter sevendiscusses findings from case study areas and uses findings fromchapter five as corroborating evidence. Chapter eight givesrecommendations including areas for further research. The main outcome of the study is that urban housing isstill far from being satisfactory despite different strategies and landand governance reforms by the government of Tanzania. The formalsystem is weak and the roles of key public actors are still bureaucratic,blurred and sometimes conflicting. As a result, there is littleparticipation of private actors and the civil society in the production ofurban housing. The thesis has found out that informal practices forurban housing tend to complement the weakening capacity of theformal system. However, the thesis argues that although the informalsystem of governance for urban housing is consolidating it proceedswithout being properly guided. Based on these findings, somerecommendations are given for policy intervention, and some areas forfurther/ future research are identified. / QC 20110330

I detta arbete har en studie gjorts om hur studenter ser en önskvärd studentbostad samt vad Boverket säger om studentbostäder. Studien har avgränsats till att undersöka vad studenter på Blekinge Tekniska Högskola i Karlskrona anser som önskvärt i en studentbostad i Karlskrona. Undersökningarna av studenternas åsikter har gjorts genom en enkätstudie. Undersökning av Boverkets syn har gjorts genom en textanalys av Boverkets byggregler. Studien har fokuserat på att studera hur en ultimat bostad för studenter ser ut utifrån vad studenter prioriterar i närhet till sin bostad, vilka gemensamhetsutrymmen som skulle användas vid en studentbostad samt önskvärd rumsutformning. Utifrån dessa önskemål har ett förslag på studentboende tagits fram. Enkäten ifylld av studenter har även jämförts med Boverkets byggregler för att studera om dessa två samspelar eller skiljer sig från varandra. Resultatet av jämförelsen visar att de två parternas syn på studentbostäder stämmer överens till stor del med vissa tudelade åsikter, t.ex. tillgång till solljus. Slutsatsen visar även att studenter inte är en helt homogen grupp där alla i gruppen har samma önskemål om utformning och funktioner.

An energy efficiency has been performed at a school to measure possible actions which can reduce the buildings use of energy. Options of actions have been measured on two parts of the school, one older part with focus on the construction and one a bit newer with focus on ventilation. The results of these actions are later presented in a life cycle analysis to measure profitability. The project started with the creating of a model of the older part of the building. This were made in IDA ICE to perform simulations of different actions in the construction. Chosen action on construction gave results with reduced energy of 152 607 kWh every year. This corresponds to about 167 868 SEK every year. Calculated in a life cycle analysis resulted in a pay-off time of about 32-44 years. Pay-off time depends on the investment though which most likely will reduce in cost during execution and reduce the pay-off time. Ventilation in the newer building were compared against exchange of the system to a FTX-system. Calculations were made in a calculation form in Excel made by Bengt Dahlgren. The results were that an exchange of the system would reduce energy use by 294 053 kWh every year. This corresponds to about 321 330 SEK every year. Inserted into a life cycle analysis would result into a pay-off time of about 7.1 years. / I detta arbete har en energieffektivisering av en skola utförts för att undersöka åtgärder som går att utföra dels på klimatskal på en äldre del av skolan, samt ventilationssystem på en nyare del av skolan. Detta ställs därefter upp i en livscykelkostnadsanalys för att se lönsamhet för vardera åtgärd. Arbetet började med att rita upp en modell av den äldre delen av skolan för att kunna utföra simuleringar och enkelt jämföra alternativa åtgärder på klimatskal, detta gjordes i IDA ICE. Framlagd åtgärd för klimatskal resulterade i en årlig energibesparing på 152 607 kWh vilket motsvarar ca 167 868 kronor per år. Räknat i en LCC-analys skulle detta, beroende på alternativa priser, ge en rak pay-off tid mellan 32-44 år. Pay-off tiden är dock väldigt beroende på investeringspriset som mest troligt skulle reduceras vid genomförande och därmed minska pay-off tiden. För åtgärd mot nyare delbyggnad undersöktes ett utbyte av befintlig ventilation. Beräkning utfördes i beräkningsunderlag i Excel försett av Bengt Dahlgren. Beräkning jämförde befintligt fläktförstärkt självdragssystem med värmebatteri gentemot utbyte mot FTX-system. Åtgärden resulterade i en energibesparing på lite mer än 294 053 kWh per år, detta motsvarar en kostnadsbesparing på 321 330 kronor per

Av de som jobbar inom byggbranschen förekommer påfrestande belastningar dagligen, tunga lyft och hantering av starkamaskiner. Skador och olyckor sker på grund av dåliga belastningsergonomiska förhållanden. Skadorna som uppstår är svåra att åtgärda eftersom de framkommer först efter en längre tid av belastat arbete. Hjälpmedelsom finns tillgängliga för att lätta på arbetsbördan eller minska på vibrationernafrån verktygenupplevs tidsupptagande ochkrångliga att använda. I en bransch där arbetet har varit det samma under en lång tid är det svårt med förändring. I mitt projekt har jag undersökt två arbetsplatser hosNCCi Umeå. Där har jag frågat snickare, elektriker, rörmokaremed flera om hur de ser påhantering och belastningsproblematik. Jag undersöker också om yrkesarbetarna har kunskap om belastning, hantering,deras verktyg och arbetssätt.NCC arbetar mycket med att det ska vara en god arbetsmiljö på deras arbetsplatser. Information från koncernen om säker användning och säkra arbetssättfinns det mycket av. Den informationen förmedlas ut kring yrkesarbetarna i form avarbetsberedning, daglig säkerhetsgenomgång, utbildningar etceteramen skadorna uppstår ändå i stora omfattningar. Examensarbetet genomfördes med hjälp av litteraturstudier, enkätundersökning, och dialoger för att samla information gällande belastningsproblematiken. Teorin jämfördesslutligen med faktiskt arbetssätt på byggarbetsplatserna jag besökteför att se vad som bör åtgärdas.Det resultat som framkom under arbetets gång var hur flera av yrkesarbetarna visste att de arbetade på fel sätt och i långa loppet möjligtvis kan skada sig.Det var något de var medvetna om problemen men var inte så engagerande att göra något åt det.Det som jag tyckte framgick tydligast var att hjälpmedel som komplement till verktygen inte används i den mån de bör och att det finns en viss lathet hos yrkesarbetarna. Vid genomgång av svaren hade många svarat att de bara använde hjälpmedel ibland eller endast om de fanns i närheten.Jag lärde mig mycket av arbetet, dels att det inte är lätt att tycka något i teorin och förvänta sigatt det fungerar så i verkligheten (i detta fall Umeå). Jag lärde mig också att byggbranschenär speciell bransch när det kommer till förändring.Det är mycket som spelar in på hur det ska göras. För NCC som har arton tusenanställda krävs det mycket för att ändra på arbets-tänk och tillvägagångssätt. / In the construction industry isheavy lifting and handlingof rough machinesa daily exposure to the workers. Damage and accidents occur due poor ergonomic conditions. It’s difficult to remedy the injuries because they don’t happen overnight but after a long time of bad ergonomics. Assistive aidthat are available to ease the workload or decrease the vibrations aretime consuming and difficult to useI most cases. In an industry where the ways of workinghave been the same for a long time, it is difficult to change.In my project I have made research at two workplaces in Umeå, both at the company NCC. There I have asked carpenters, electricians, plumbers and othersabout how they seehandling and load problems. I also checkif the workers have knowledge about their tools and working methods. To have a good working environment is a key factor at NCC and they’re working hard at achieving that. Information from the group regarding safe useof machines and safe methodsfor the worker are availableto share. The information is conveyed to the craftsmen in the form of work preparation, daily security review, education, etc. but the damage is still to a large extent.The thesis work was conducted using literature studies, questionnaire surveys and dialogues to collect information on charged work. Finally, the theory was compared with actual work methods at the construction sites I visited to see what couldbe addressed.The result that emerged during the time I was working washow many of the workers knew that they were working the wrong way and could in the long run could be harmful. It was something they were aware of but were not so keen to do anything about it. One thing I found outwas that the assistive aidisnot used to the extent that they should and there is a certain degree of laziness among the professionals. When I was reviewing the answers, I’ve saw thatmany responded that they only used tools sometimes or only if they were nearby.I learned a lot of the work and partly that it is not easy to think anything in theory and expect it to work.I also learned that the construction industry is a special industry when it comes to change. For NCC, which has eighteen thousand employees, it takesa lot to change work-thinking and approaches.

Användningen och behovet av 3D-modeller inom fysisk planering har ökat, både nationellt och internationellt. I nuläget saknas standarder och riktlinjer kring hur man bör förhålla sig vid 3D-visualisering av detaljplaner, vilket skapar oklarheter kring hur de skall visualiseras. De flesta av Sveriges kommuner ser positivt på ett införande av en gemensam nationell standard för 3D-visualiseringar inom planprocessen, då detta troligtvis skulle underlätta och förbättra arbetsprocessen vid 3D-detaljplanering.Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka vilka riktlinjer och förhållningssätt man kan utgå från för att 3D-modeller i planprocesser skall öka förståelsen och engagemanget vid exempelvis samråd och medborgardialog.Förslag på riktlinjeroch förhållningssättvid 3D-visualiseringar av detaljplanertogs fram, där fokus låg kring begreppen detaljeringsnivå, ändamål, höjd och utnyttjandegrad. En undersökning gjordes även om någon av standarderna SOSI eller CityGML är lämpliga att använda för 3D-detaljplanering i Sverige utifrån de krav som ställs i plan-och bygglagen.Metoden bestod övervägande av en litteraturstudie där både nationell och internationell forskning studerades. Det samlades även in kompletterande information genom personlig kommunikation med tjänstemän från Karlstad-och Falu kommun. En fallstudie gjordes över detaljplanerna Sundsta torg och Hyttan 16 och 18 där en diskussion fördes kring hur dessa skulle kunna visualiseras i 3D.Utifrån resultatet drogs slutsatsen att det idag finns för lite forskning kring ämnet för att ta fram riktlinjer för en fullskalig 3D-Modell. Resultatet visade även att den nuvarande versionen av SOSI inte är lämplig för 3D-visualisering av detaljplaner, men att det material som beskriver den kommande versionen ser lovande ut och att CityGML har potential att användas inom detaljplanering, men förslagsvis borde den innefatta fler detaljeringsnivåer.

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Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the thesis work is to investigate how to use digital tools more in building design and why it is not more used today. The purpose is also to investigate the knowledge and experience of using digital tools from an overall perspective from a full-time contractor. Method: This report has been done both on the basis of a quantitative and qualitative study. The quantitative study provides answers to research questions and provides a hypothesis of an expected result. The qualitative study poses questions about experiences and experiences that create a personal result. Result: The thesis clearly shows that it could have been a great advantage of increasing the use of digitization and digital tools in the design process of a construction company. The motivation exists with most officials, which is a major contributing factor in achieving their goals. Restrictions: The thesis is limited to viewing digitalization and digital tools from an overall perspective during the design process, and then only the design process and not the production. the company BetonmastHaehre Göteborg AB will also be in focus when the work has been done in cooperation with them. Consequences: The assessment is that there is a good chance of increasing the use of digital tools in the construction industry if companies are actively working on the issues that the employees have. At the time, the construction company can become more attractive to the market, both for new employees, new clients and those already established in the company.