The municipality of Ljusdal changed geodetic reference system from RT R10 2,5 gon V 0:–15 to the new system SWEREF 99. The technical management had an intent to test the quality of the transformation of coordinates which became the purpose of this thesis. A comparison between the formerly known coordinates and plane coordinates, measured at the same points, was carried out.   The equipment in use consisted of a GNSS-receiver of the type Leica GX 1230+GNSS and an antenna of the type Leica AX 1203+GNSS. It was an ambition to manage to measure as many as possible of all the geodetic network points which were located in the densely built-up area of the village of Ljusdal. The measurement efforts were accomplished at 37 points and was pursued during the summer and autumn 2011.   119 series of measurement were accomplished. The result was a weighted average and its standard uncertainty for the coordinates N and E for all of the 37 points. These weighted average values were subtracted by the known value which resulted in a coordinate difference for N, E and radially for all of the 37 points. A root mean square (RMS) value was determined for all coordinate differences in N, E and radially. RMS for the N-coordinates was 9 mm, for the E coordinates it was 11 mm and radially, RMS was 14 mm. That radial RMS value was just slightly bigger than the uncertainty attached to the network RTK-method used in the project. All RMS values are low compared to their analogue data in previous studies.   There were two distinguishing features in results of the survey campaign. Firstly, there was a systematic error in the direction southwest. Secondly, surprisingly low values for the standard uncertainty were achieved. If there was a slight damage on the tripod, that may be an explanation of the systematic error. That could have been detected if the calibration would have been carried out at many more occasions and if the results of the calibration would have been treated in a more rigorous way. One special circumstance may explain the low standard uncertainties – the survey campaign was allowed to take longer time than is usual in professional surveying. Many attempts to measure a point were disrupted due to bad constellation of the GNSS-satellites on the sky. These unsuccessful attempts were resumed at many times. Survey data from four of the points showed big coordinate differences for one direction in all or most of the series of measurement. These four points may have been subjected to deformation.   There are strong reasons to assert that the coordinate transformation of the municipality of Ljusdal gave a good result. / Med hjälp av personal från Metria bytte Ljusdals kommun ut sitt gamla geodetiska referenssystem RT R10 2,5 gon V 0:–15, mot det nya systemet SWEREF 99. Samhällsutvecklingsförvaltningen i kommunen ville få hjälp med att testa hur bra koordinattransformationen hade lyckats vilket blev examensarbetets syfte. För att uppnå detta gjordes en jämförelse mellan inmätta plana koordinater och de av Metria bestämda koordinaterna.   En GNSS-mottagare av typen Leica GX 1230+GNSS och en antenn av modellen Leica AX 1203+GNSS användes. Ambitionen var att mäta in så många som möjligt av de stompunkter som fanns i Ljusdals tätort, med mätmetoden nätverks-RTK. Det resulterade i inmätningar av 37 stompunkter under sommaren och hösten år 2011.   De 119 gjorda mätserierna utgjorde data för beräkning av ett viktat medelvärde och dess standardosäkerhet för N- respektive E-koordinaten på varje stompunkt. Det beräknades koordinatdifferenser jämfört med de kända värdena för N, E och radiellt. Slutligen beräknades ett kvadratiskt medelvärde (RMS) för koordinatdifferenserna i N, E och radiellt. RMS-värdena blev för N 9 mm, för E 11 mm och radiellt 14 mm. Det radiella RMS-värdet är bara något större än osäkerheten i den använda mätmetoden och alla RMS-värden är relativt låga jämfört med i tidigare studier.   Det fanns två utmärkande drag i mätresultaten, dels att mätningarna råkat ut för ett systematiskt fel i riktningen sydväst och dels att standardosäkerheterna var anmärkningsvärt låga. En förklaring till det till det systematiska felet kan eventuellt vara att någon del av utrustningen, troligast trefoten med dess optiska lod, har varit en aning defekt. Detta hade i så fall kunnat upptäckas om kalibrering hade gjorts vid betydligt fler tillfällen och med en strängare bedömning av dess resultat. Att det var så låga standardosäkerheter kan bero på att arbetet utfördes med mycket god tillgång av tid. Många försök att mäta avbröts p.g.a. att det för tillfället var för dålig satellittäckning. De misslyckade försöken återupptogs i många vid senare tillfällen. Mätdata från fyra av stompunkterna visade stora koordinatdifferenser i alla eller i de flesta mätserier vilket ger anledning att misstänka att de kan ha drabbats av deformation.   Undersökningen ger skäl att tro att den koordinattransformation som Ljusdals kommun gjorde år 2010‒2011 har lyckats bra.

This survey addresses the need for digital control in historical buildings, within management and maintenance. The report provides an overview of the devices used today for digital control, and how the digital control is adapted to meet the needs of the managers for historic buildings. It also describes different management methods, specifically in historic buildings. By interviewing two property managers, the most relevant needs for digital control are discussed. One of the managers is responsible for administration of Universitetshuset in Uppsala, who explains different renovations and solutions to problems that have taken place in the building. He also mentions which digital control that has been installed and is being used. The other manager works for Västerås diocese and talks about how the administration and digital control work in churches. Digital control is a relatively new technology that is being developed every year and includes ventilation, radiators and humidifiers which can all be controlled by using the Internet or applications. The goal is to lessen the human impact for managing a building, mainly through automation. The automation of buildings is called building management system (BMS), in short it is a computer-based control system. BMS monitors and controls equipment such as ventilation, lightning, fire- and security systems. The findings for the needs of digital control in historic buildings are that the managers are very positive towards them. They think that the specifications of the programs are fine by today's standard but would be pleased if the price dropped. This could be done by other companies releasing their own programs so that the supply would increase. But to control the climate in the building, which is temperature and humidity, works fine and they see no further need to change it.

<p>Godkänd; 1990; 20080410 (ysko)</p>

Bridges are an important element of the infrastructure today. The technical competence has reached high levels in most countries and the limits given to a bridge designer are set by economic restrictions rather than technical skill. The ever lasting chase for more economic solutions and procedures includes both a wish for cheaper constructions as well as for a decrease in the following maintenance costs. The roller bearings used in conventional bridges are known to generate high costs both during construction and due to maintenance, and the possibility to remove these bearings and accompanying expansion joints are therefore investigated since several years. In Sweden, the absence of bridges built with integral abutments has made it difficult to test and evaluate this solution. In 2005, an international project called Intab was launched with the explicit aim to look at different solutions possible to use if joints and bearings are excluded. One of the most common discussed problems concerning bridges built without expansion joints is the accommodation of longitudinal elongation due to temperature variations. A bridge built with integral abutments is often supported by piles made of steel or concrete. The longitudinal elongation of the superstructure induces a displacement and a moment in these piles, which in time may cause a fatigue failure. Therefore it is of big interest to look at the amplitude of these strains. Within the Intab project, a pilot object was built in Nordmaling, ~50 km south of Umeå. It is a 40 meter long and 5 meter wide composite bridge with two steel girders and a concrete deck. The steel piles in this bridge is equipped with strain gauges who are used both for longterm and shortterm measurements. The sampled data from longterm measurement is collected on a computer on site, and then downloaded through a traditional modem. The data from the shortterm measurement is sampled and collected immediately during the test. The shortterm test is performed during both summer and winter conditions, and consists of a lorry passing the bridge while different measurements are done. The result from the measurement is also compared to calculations and a 2-D FE-model. It seems that short-term measurements performed during warmer months, May and October, show better agreement with the FE-simulations than the tests performed during the winter. The used FE-model is based on restrictions from Bro 2004. Regarding the long-term measurements, the obtained strain values are not in a range where fatigue can be considered as a severe problem. / <p>Godkänd; 2008; 20080212 (ysko)</p>

Sub-level caving (SLC) is an important mass mining method, used at LKAB e.g. The caved rock or debris at the SLC interface reduces the fragmentation and the swelling of the blasted ring and it dissipates the explosive energy. These phenomena may immobilize the blasted ring, causing ore losses. There are two major factors that influence the mobilization of the blasted ring, fragmentation and swelling of the blasted material. The caving process is influenced by also the stiffness of the waste rock, which is dependent in some way by the compaction that the blast ring contributes to. To investigate these phenomena in large-scale is very difficult and nearly impossible due to the mining method itself. Therefore model scale tests have been made to understand the mechanisms of rock breakage and therefore fragmentation under relatively confined conditions. To minimize geometrical and geological effects, tests were conducted on Ø140 mm cylinders of magnetic mortar, which fractures like magnetite but is a less variable material. The cylinders were placed inside an Ø300 mm steel or plastic cylinder and confined by packed aggregate. PETN cord with different strengths in a centred hole gave a specific charge between 02 and 2.6 kg/m3. This thesis describes and discusses how fragmentation and compaction, the reverse of swelling, depend on the specific charge for different types of debris confinement. Four different types of debris have been tested and for one of them a confining pressure of about 0.42 or 0.86 MPa was induced by a slotting and bolting of the steel cylinder. The results show both that the passive confinement makes the fragmentation considerably coarser than from free cylinders and that the properties of the debris have a strong influence on both fragmentation and swelling. The effect of the confining pressure was relatively small however and interpreted mainly by changes in debris porosity. The magnetic mortar and the non-magnetic aggregate allow for post-blast magnetic separation. The setup provides extremely repeatable results. The fragmentation of the blasted mortar and the aggregate plus the compaction (reverse swelling) of the confined mortar cylinders have been measured. Free mortar cylinders were used as a reference To date, more than 160 cylinders have been shot and evaluated in terms of fragmentation or compaction. It has been clearly shown that the test set-up is robust and gives repeatable results. The small scale tests are a first step to increase the understanding of confined blasting as in sub-level caving. By using the acoustic impedance between the blasted material and the confining debris, a relationship for both fragmentation and compaction have been found depending on material, specific charge and physical properties of the debris. Regression analysis has been used for both tasks, where the two statistical hypotheses clearly have good agreement with actual data i.e. the prediction models can forecast both the fragmentation and compaction for this set-up with reasonable accuracy The results can be comparable with confined blasting in large scale, this both that it have representative design parameters that fulfil in many ways the scaling laws and the second is that it can be linked to other comparisons between large-scale and small-scale, where the similarities have been shown. The results from this thesis have shown to be a good input for numerical modelling, where confined blasting is one of the new tasks. This will be a part of the coming work to optimally design SLC-rings for maximum output of ore. / Skivrasbrytning är en viktig storskalig brytningsmetod som bl.a. tillämpas vid LKAB:s gruvor i Kiruna och Malmberget. Kontaktytan mellan malm och rasmassor reducerar fragmenteringen och hindrar svällningen av den sprängda malmkransen dvs. malmen är inspänd. Detta fenomen kan förhindra rasmassornas rörlighet, vilket i sin tur kan leda till malmförluster. En annan viktigt faktor i processen är även vilken styvhet rasmassorna har, vilket kan relateras till hur kompakterade de är. Ju mindre styvhet, desto mer rörliga är massorna. Om massorna inte är malm, så finns risken att malmen späds ut dvs. en ökad gråbergsinblandning.Att studera detta fenomen under storskaliga förhållanden är mycket svårt, nästintill omöjligt på grund av brytningsmetoden själv. Därför har sprängförsök utförts i modellskala med målet att få bättre förståelse av just inspänningens påverkan på fragmentering och svällning. Genom att använda cylindriska och icke geologiska provmaterial (magnetitbruk), så har de strukturers och randeffekter påverkan kunnat minimeras.Provcylindrarna hade diametern 140 mm och placerades i stålcylinder med diametern 309 mm alternativt ett plaströr med diametern 293 mm. Stålcylindern användes vid undersökningar av fragmenteringen och plaströret användes vid att mätning av kompakteringen av rasmassorna/svällningen av det spränga materialet. I spalten mellan dessa cylindrar, så fylldes rasmassor med varierade egenskaper. Egenskaper som beskrev rasmassorna var beroende på deras hållfasthet, packningsgrad och styvhet. Det sprängämne som användes till majoriteten av försöken var pentylstubin, som placerades i ett centrerat hål inne i provcylindern. Pentylstubin finns med flera olika styrkor, vilket gav för dessa försök ett spann på den specifika laddningen från 0,2 till 2,6 kg/m3. Eftersom magnetitbruk användes, så kunde kompletta fragmenteringskurvor från provcylindrar och uppkrossningskurvor hos rasmassorna fås genom magnetseparering.Resultaten visar att inspänningen till stor grad ökar styckefallet jämfört med fria förhållanden med samma laddningsmängd dvs. ingen inspänning alls. Egenskaperna hos rasmassorna hade likaså stor inverkan på styckefallet. Dagens malmproduktion i bl.a. LKAB går ytterligare mot djupet, vilket i sin tur ökar på trycket på rasmassorna. För att simulera hur ett ökat tryck påverka fragmenteringen, så modifierades stålcylindern till att kunna utföra ett tryck på rasmassorna och därtill den cylinder som skulle sprängas. Denna effekt visades sig dock vara marginell med avseende på medelstyckefall och skillnaderna kunde relateras till rasmassorna egenskaper (porositetsminskning i detta fall). Dock visade det sig att trycket påverkade formen på det fragmenterade materialet, vilket kan vara av vikt för rasflödesmodellerTills dags datum har mer än 160 cylindrar sprängts och utvärderats i avseende på fragmentering eller kompaktering. Försöksupplägget har visat sig vara robust och gett repeterbara resultat. Genom att sedan använda sig av impedansskillnader mellan det sprängda materialet och rasmassorna, så har ett samband visats beroende på provmaterial, specifik laddning och fysikaliska egenskaper hos de omgivande massorna. Regressionsanalyser har gjorts för båda utvärderingarna och de två statistiska hypoteserna som testats har visat sig har bra överenskommelse med uppmätta data.Resultaten kan bli jämförbara med storskaliga förhållanden, både eftersom designen av försöken till stor del är likvärdiga, speciellt för en testad egenskap hos rasmassorna där skallagarna har tagit i beaktande. Ytterligare en sak som talar för att man kan jämföra resultaten med storskaliga förhållanden, är att redovisade data i denna avhandling har anknytning till tidigare försök där likheter mellan storskaliga försök och modellförsök kunnat visas.Denna avhandling kan vara till hjälp likaså vid validering av de numeriska modeller som just har fokus på sprängning under inspända förhållanden. / <p>Godkänd; 2008; 20080905 (ysko)</p>

No description available.

Sweden are building more than ever and the lack of manpower in the construction industry is today greater than the supply. However, since the great migration in 2015, a new workforce has been discovered. Previous studies show that the problem of persons with foreign descent is that cultural differences, communication and discrimination can arise, which in turn leads to the fact that people with foreign descent are not recruited The aim of the study is to investigate the perceived causes of a low number of employees with a foreign background with regard to recruiters and foreign employees in the construction industry. The authors have chosen to interview respondents only from the larger company’s and to ensure anonymity, the companies have not been mentioned and the respondents in the study have received fictitious names. The authors did sent a well-formulated email and contact was also taken by phone, to a targeted selection of employees where finally nine (n = 9) people opted to participate. The collection of data was carried out with the aid of semi-structured interviews and via a structured structure three basic topics was elected, which forms the basis of the study's empirical data. The result showed, above all, that the language was considered the fundamental reason of the low number of employees with foreign descent. Discrimination and cultural differences were also seen as an obstacle. Keywords: Diversity, culture, cultural differences, integration, immigrants, gender distribution, foreign labor, norms on the construction site, discrimination, communication, immigrants

Studien granskar behovet av en konkretisering av begreppet social hållbarhet för att vägledning på strategisk nivå ska kunna genomföras. Vidare analyseras olika former av övergripande systematik som kan säkerställa ett likartat utfall gällande den sociala hållbarheten. Utöver sociala metodverktyg undersöker också studien hur sociala värden kan tas om hand och säkerställas i planbeskrivningar och planbestämmelser, samt hur kriterier för sociala krav kan utvecklas vid markanvisning och i avtalsmallar. I huvudsak fokuserar studien på hur sociala processer i detaljplaneskedet kan integrera den sociala hållbarheten som ett naturligt inslag i projekt. Samt hur dessa sociala värden sedan ska regleras och säkras genom detaljplan och genomförandeavtal. Studiens resultat har möjliggjort genom metodikerna litteraturstudie, etnografi och fallstudie. Metoddelen för fallstudien är i sin tur uppbyggd av en dokumentstudie, intervju samt ett projekturval. Genom presenterad tidigare forskning inom social hållbarhet samt genom en undersökning gällande hur olika kommuner förhåller sig till begreppet social hållbarhet visar examensstudien på bredden av konceptet. Studien presenterar också några av de viktigaste bidragsfaktorerna till social hållbar utveckling inom den urbana kontexten. Studien har genom analys av kommunerna Huddinge, Göteborg, Malmö och Stockholm fastslagit att framgångsrika metodverktyg för att jobba med social hållbarhet i detaljplaneskedet förekommer där en välfungerande SKA-metodik utmärker sig. Studien visar på hur projektresultat som avser social hållbarhet kan höjas genom att lyfta in en social konsekvensanalys i tidigt projektskede. Studien trycker på att sociala konsekvensanalyser bör finnas med genom hela stadsbyggnadsprocessen och att en tydlig kommunal definition av begreppet social hållbarhet ska finnas. De sociala konsekvensanalyserna får också gärna finnas i stadens budget för att ge utrymme åt sociala frågor i beslutsfattandet. Studien visar på att det är svårt att juridiskt reglera de mjuka värdena som är viktiga för den sociala hållbarheten på stadsdelsnivå. Dock pekar studien på flertalet fysiska faktorer som är, i olika stor grad, reglerbara genom detaljplan samt genom markanvisnings- och exploateringsavtal. Regleringar för de fysiska faktorerna kan säkerställa sociala värden samt skapa förutsättningar och möjligheter för uppfyllelse av de mjuka värdena. Studien visar att detaljplanen som verktyg för att uppnå en stärkt social hållbarhet har varit framgångsrik för att tillgodose sociala aspekter med en tydlig förankring till den fysiska miljön. För sociala aspekter där en lika tydlig fysisk förankring saknas finns begränsningar i vad som går att reglera i en detaljplan. Av genomförandeavtalen visar studien på att markanvisningsavtalet framstår som det genomförandeavtal med störst möjlighet att påverka den sociala hållbarheten. Här kan kommunen i sin position som markägare säkerställa vissa sociala aspekter för projektet. I exploateringsavtalet finns mindre möjlighet till reglering av sociala värden. I dessa sammanhang bygger mycket på exploatörens egna ambitioner för den sociala hållbarheten. Studien landar i att sociala aspekter med en tydlig fysisk förankring går att reglera i detaljplan och i genomförandeavtal. Studien visar dock på att många sociala aspekter kan vara lättare att tillgodose genom handlingar likt kvalitetsprogram, planprogram, hållbarhetsstrategier samt genom byggherredialoger med tillhörande sociala handlingsplaner. Med nuvarande lagstiftning och direktiv finns ett större spelrum i dessa handlingar för att planera och kravställa åtgärder som främjar den sociala hållbarheten. Allt för hårda regleringar i detaljplan och i genomförandeavtal som saknar ett tydligt lagstöd riskerar istället att klassas som kommunala särkrav vilket inte är tillåtet. Mjuka värden utan fysisk förankring är lika viktiga för den sociala hållbarheten men svårare att omhänderta i dessa handlingar.

The thesis emphasizes the transformation towards sustainable mobility and the role of urban planning for such transformation. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of different examples of solving the so-called “the first and last-mile problem” (FMLM) (which is conceptualized as a major problem for the transformation towards sustainable forms of travel) which have been tested or implemented in European cities, as well as provide an understanding of the role of the planner in these examples. The following questions were asked: What solutions to the “First and last-mile” transportation problem are currently being tested in European cities? And what is the role of urban planning in enabling the different solutions? In order to answer the first research question, a comprehensive mapping was carried out, comprising of a literature- and an internet review. The identified solutions for the “first and last-mile” were grouped into two different categories the station-based — these include car-sharing, bike-sharing, ridesharing — and free-floating solution — including car-sharing, autonomous vehicles, bike-sharing, e-scooters, scooters, taxi-/ridesharing. The second research question was answered by interviewing transportation planners and project managers in Sweden and Finland about their perceived role regarding these different solutions. The analyses showed that urban planners adopt different roles in the solution-finding process, depending on the solution and the framework within the municipality. The three dominante roles that are taken by planners are the Regulator, Partner and Promoter.

The study was conducted by the students Anton Karlsson and David Lundberg who are studying their third year in product development with a focus on light design at the school of engeneering. The study is carried out in collaboration with the Swedish Church in Jönköping and will be conducted during the spring term 2020.In today's society, security in the public environment is an important factor to consider. According to the Crime Prevention Council, 28% of Sweden's population feels unsafe when staying outdoors in the evening. Crime, drug trafficking, prostitution and theft occur in the country's cemeteries. The cemeteries should be a safe place where you can go to feel calm and not a concern to be a victim of crime.To create a safe place outdoors, there are several factors that must be considered. Lighting is there as a contributing factor to increasing security. There are different approaches that lighting can contribute to this. Often, the vertical surfaces are forgotten when planning lighting systems, which is a large part of the site and an important aspect to illuminate in order to increase safety.To answer the study's question: How to improve the feeling of security with the lighting at the cemeteries in Jönköping municipality? An experiment was performed on March 3, 2020 at Slottskyrkogården in Jönköping. 35 participants walked through the cemetery at two different light scenes and then answer two questionnaires where the questions were about how the cemetery experience and the lighting were. At one of the lighting scenes, only the existing lighting that is on site is used, which is luminaire poles. A temporary light scene was created where focus was placed on different vertical surfaces and that the landmarks that are on site during the daytime were also highlighted during the evening.The results of the experiment showed that the alternative light scene was the one that was most inviting and safe. The results were analyzed and compared between the different genders as well as the ages to see if there were any differences or similarities. The conclusion of the study is that lighting has a contributing role in the experience of security in the cemeteries. But since many already have a preconceived experience of a cemetery, this can affect how you feel when you go there. Only the lighting cannot counteract the insecurity that exists in the cemeteries, but there are many other elements to consider when planning. Illuminating the vertical surfaces and clarifying important landmarks and midpoints, you can thus increase the feeling of security.