Soils are a dominant source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. The complexity of drivers of N2O production and emissions has hindered our ability to predict the magnitude and spatial dynamics of N2O fluxes. Soil moisture can be considered a key driver because it influences oxygen supply, which feeds back on N2O sources (nitrification versus denitrification) and sinks (reduction to dinitrogen). Soil volumetric water content is directly linked to dissolved oxygen and to redox potential, which regulate microbial metabolism and chemical transformations in the environment. The relationship between soil moisture and N2O is usually based on incubations of soil at different soil moisture levels. Few studies have focused on the interaction between soil moisture and nitrogen dynamics in the vadose zone. In this thesis soil column and chamber experiments were performed in order to investigate the relationship of soil moisture dynamics to redox sensitive nitrogen dynamics in the organic matter layer of a pasture peatland in Sacramento, Bay Delta area, California. Field data has been analyzed and statistics has been used to evaluate the influence of irrigation practices on spatial pattern of measurements. Data indicate that organic peatland might be an important source of nitrous oxide emissions. The comparison of rainfall, saturation and deposition shown that trace gases emissions, dissolved nitrate and ammonium changed considerably along the soil column profile as a response of the microbial community to the high variability in redox, soil moisture, oxygen experienced by the soil at different depth. Water movement favored the formation of zones at different redox condition, redistributed the nutrient along the soil profile, and considerably changed mineralization,nitrification and dissimilatory reduction to nitrate (DNRA) rates. It was observed an asymmetrical behavior between nitrogen and ammonium profiles. Experiments shown that this assimetry is a function of the degree of saturation (as well as its duration). Also the fraction of the total N2O that is actually emitted to the atmosphere depends heavily on the structure and wetness of the soil. The nitrous oxide dynamic is therefore a function of the antecedent wetness condition, the nutrient content of the peat-land, the physical characteristics of the peat-land and the vertical stratification of layers at different redox and oxygen condition, which may affect the annual N budget. In addition, the combined use of soil column and chamber experiments suggest a negative correlation between soil moisture and N2O in dynamic condition and a functional dependence of N2O emissions from the oxygen concentration. We found that the time scale of water dynamic was faster than the biological scale of trace gas emissions. Finally, the relationship of nitrous oxide versus water content was reproduced by using a lumped model which include oxygen dynamic. Preliminary results suggest that by accounting for oxygen dynamic, it is possible to reproduce the functional behavior observed in the experiment and that the latter is depending on the physical and biological properties of the soil. Keywords: water dynamics, nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate ammonification,feammox, denitrification, soil heterogeneity, oxygen, redox.

In the past decades, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) process was the subject of study by many researchers worldwide. This phenomenon was widely studied in order to understand the reason of its negative effects on hydraulic machinery such as pumps,turbines, valves, etc. Many efforts were made in order to better understand mechanisms of HC process with the main aim of preventing its generation and trying to avoid severe physical damage such as erosions, vibrations and noises. In recent years, in order to cope with a decrease in available water resources worldwide, an increasing demand of water by population in developing/developed countries and more restrictive environmental legislations on water quality, HC was increasingly used as a novel energy-efficient technique in the field of wastewaters treatment. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate on the effectiveness of a modified swirling-jet device called Ecowirl reactor, patented by Econovation GmbH, Germany and produced and commercialized by Officine Parisi s.r.l., Italy. Experimental studies were carried out in order to evaluate the effects of different operative conditions and parameters such as reactor geometry, flow rate, flow velocity, pressure, medium pH, medium concentration and medium temperature on (i) the degradation of a toxic and carcinogenic pollutant dye (Rhodamine B, RhB) in waste dye aqueous solutions and on (ii) the improvement of activated sludge solubilisation and aerobic sludge biodegradability in the field of biological wastewater treatments. In order to better understand the fluid dynamics into Ecowirl reactor, it was modelled. The model based on previous experimental data was implemented in a Computational Fluid Dynamics software (ANSYS, 16.2).

Interactive impacts of climate change and human activities (e.g. hydropower production) have posed urgency in examining the patterns of hydrological and thermal response in riverine ecosystems, and the potential ecological implications manifested. Hydro-geomorphic conditions are the major factors in shaping water qualities in river networks, especially under the extreme climatic events. However, when the power of nature is encountered with human regulations, represented by hydropower production, it would be well worth discussing how the pictures of riverine hydro- and thermal regimes would change over the certain range of time and space. Moreover, the possible utility of hydropower regulation as mitigation of extreme climate changes is still open question to be verified. Above-mentioned questions are answered in three aspects specifically: • Governing factors and spatial distribution model for water residence time in river networks across Germany. Based on the machine learning technique of boosted regression trees (BRT), spatial distribution of water residence time is estimated for the long-term annual average hydrological conditions and extreme cases of flood and drought. • Impacts of hydropower over temporal and spatial range are investigated by analyzing the mechanisms of hydropeaking propagation. Hydrologic and geomorphic contribution framework is proposed and applied for the upper Rhone River basin in Switzerland, a typical hydropower exploited river basin in the mountainous area. • River water temperature response as an indication for ecological status is investigated for the alpine rivers across Switzerland, excellent representatives of sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change while under highly exploitation of hydropower activities. Extreme climate change case of heatwaves in 2003 and 2006 are selected and analysed especially. Results of the three research components in correspondents to listed research questions showed that river hydrological regimes have more directly/important influence on the variation of flow availability in comparison with the geomorphologic settings. Nevertheless, geomorphologic and topologic conditions (e.g. river width, slope, and roughness coefficient) that largely control the hydraulic waves diffusion processes in a hydropower-dominated river basin determine the spatial range of hydropeaking impacts. A hierarchy framework of geophysical obstructions, hydrology, and hydraulic waves diffusion process is proposed for analyzing the spatial range of hydropeaking propagation. When the effects of hydropeaking and thermopeaking that induced by hydropower production activities are dominated in the river reach, hydropower regulation offers as great potential to mitigate extreme climate events (i.e. heatwaves). By looking into specific perspective of river hydro- and thermal regimes, hydropower regulation, and climate extremes via different scales, we investigated the interactive effects between riverine ecosystem and human-climatic impacts. We expanded the approach of water residence time estimation into the field of machine learning with spatial predictions. Impacts of hydropower regulation are first elaborated with a framework of hydropeaking propagation mechanisms. Hydropower regulation has been identified to have great potential to mitigate extreme heatwaves through altering thermal regimes in rivers. Results of the study not only contribute to river hydrology and ecology studies, but also to the river management and climate change mitigation practices.

Over the past 200 years, rivers in industrialized countries have been significantly altered by human interventions such as channelization, hydropower development, and sediment mining causing observable biogeomorphological changes. In the European Alpine region, many large rivers have been impounded and channelized, yet few studies have conducted in-depth research on the temporal patterns of the causes and trajectories of these biogeomorphological responses, in comparison to rivers that can adjust their planform. Moreover, it is well-known that within channelized rivers alternating bars may appear due to an instability of the riverbed, but the development and influence of vegetation on such bars, its feedbacks on the morphodynamics of the bars and the degree to which these mutual interaction processes responds to anthropic stressors related to alterations in the flow and sediment supply regimes has received little attention. The present research aims to disentangle the mechanisms that may determine dramatically diverging biogeomorphological trajectories in regulated Alpine rivers. It further intends to identify the underlying relations of the triad that connects vegetation – sediment – flow regime and its feedbacks in regulated, channelized, rivers with vegetated bars. The methodology comprises an interdisciplinary approach which combines field and historical investigations with theoretical predictions, and integrates a variety of spatial and temporal scales and different levels of detail in characterising processes. Two case studies in the Alpine region (the Isère river in southeast France and the Noce river in northeast Italy) were selected for a quantitative, historical analysis of the bio-morphological trajectories using remotely sensed data to investigate the apparent responses to human-induced modifications of natural processes. Both rivers have been heavily impacted, with a notable increase of human stressors since the mid-20th century which can be associated with the transition of both systems from an initial, stable dynamic state characterized by bars having only sparse colonizing vegetation with a frequent turnover to a new, apparently stable state characterised by reduced morphodynamics and an increased vegetation cover in recent decades. The Isère river, which underwent a shift from unvegetated, migrating bars to vegetated, stable bars, was further explored with a hydromorphodynamic modelling approach to investigate historical changes in riparian vegetation recruitment and survival related to changes in the flow regime. The Windows of Opportunity model was successful at revealing temporal changes in recruitment conditions in response to flow regime alterations. Further results indicated a reduction in relevant high flow events that might be competent to induce large bar migration in the system. Alterations of the flow regime are assumed to have played a major role in vegetation encroachment directly by affecting vegetation recruitment through reduced flow disturbances and indirectly inducing modifications of bar morphodynamics. Field observations of root development were also made on the Noce and Isère rivers, focusing on two species Salix alba and Phalaris arundinacea, with the aim of improving understanding of the role of roots on the presence and movement of vegetated bars. When comparing results from different sites, more predictable linear relationships between root properties and depth below the ground surface were associated with stronger flow regulation. Bar morphology (surface elevation or depth of sedimentation and sediment calibre) and flow regime were found to be the main drivers of root architecture. Furthermore, roots were found to have an important role in the stabilization of the bars with the ability to stabilise fine sediments trapped by the plant’s canopy during phases of bar aggradation. To understand the current state of channelized Alpine rivers, which often show diverging biogeomorphic features, it is necessary to understand the underlying interactions between flow, sediment, and vegetation dynamics. Only through investigating the historical biomorphological evolution of rivers and the main drivers of that evolution it is possible to design measures that can be effective in rehabilitating desired ecosystem functions that have been markedly modified by those state transitions. In summary, this study has provided novel, quantitative insights about the complexity of flow – vegetation – morphology interactions occurring in channelized river systems in relation to anthropogenic stressors causing alteration in their flow and sediment supply regimes. By integrating different approaches, this study has shown how these river systems can be highly sensitive to even small changes in the anthropogenic stressors, depending on the stage in their evolutionary trajectory, which is crucial to be detected to support the development of sustainable management strategies aimed at restoring or improving target riverine functions and processes.

Los enfoques tradicionales entienden la salud como la ausencia de la enfermedad, percibida como un problema de orígenes físico-biológicos; por tanto, la orientación principal ha sido la curación de enfermedades para evitar la muerte. Ha sido en años recientes. que se ha propuesto la necesidad de cambiar este enfoque e incorporar la idea de que mas val prevenir que curar, incorporando el enfoque preventivo de promoción de la salud, lo que se ha dado en forma gradual, durante varios años y en diferentes momentos. En la lógica de prevenir y promocionar la salud, empiezan a cobrar muchas importancia los conceptos de información , educación y comunicación (IEC) como herramientas fundamentales en la promoción de la salud, precisamente por la necesidad de contar con recursos educativos y comunicativos para lograr cambios en los comportamientos y practicas de salud de la población. Dichos cambios son muy importantes, porque permiten ubicar actualmente a la comunicación como un recurso estratégico y útil para la prevención y promoción de la salud y el cambio de practica de la población. sin embargo, durante muchos años se ha trabajado con un enfoque limitado de la comunicación lo que reducía sus posibilidades de aportar a un mayor impacto en la promoción y prevención de la salud.

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-03T18:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGP.pdf: 16383517 bytes, checksum: 2b193f2b2ed037defbcffa39f5c1f435 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T20:11:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGP.pdf: 16383517 bytes, checksum: 2b193f2b2ed037defbcffa39f5c1f435 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T20:14:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGP.pdf: 16383517 bytes, checksum: 2b193f2b2ed037defbcffa39f5c1f435 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T20:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGP.pdf: 16383517 bytes, checksum: 2b193f2b2ed037defbcffa39f5c1f435 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The cities have grown significantly and in a disorderly way, without minimum urban planning, which has provoked to urban and environmental problems. Among many consequences of this growth, high soil waterproofing features highlight due to the consequences it brings, as the occurrence of floods, floods and spread of waterborne diseases. Much of the runoff of rainwater comes from the paved soil, and is possible observe that about 20% of the urban area of a city is paved with the function of serving as circulation area of pedestrians or vehicles, according to the Federal Law No. 6766 of 19 December 1979 which provides for the division of urban soil and other measures (BRAZIL, 1979). In this context the objective of this research is the study of the effects of the spaces of Circulation and Permanence Pedestrians (ECPP) on the management of rainwater, with the empirical object one experimental watershed located on the campus of UFSCar in São Carlos / SP, and two areas urbanized in the city of Sao Jose do Rio Preto / SP. For this, it was made the identification of different types of floors, characterization and hydrological efficiency, research in academic papers and catalogs of suppliers, and analyze the areas and conditions of ECPPs within the perimeters of study under the hydrologic context, design, implementation, and maintenance costs. The findings evaluate the effects of ECPPs on the management of rainwater, and compare the results between the three ECPPs. These results show that the ECPP located in USFCar contributes 6% to runoff, while the ECPP Pedestrian street 35% and ECPP Neighborhood 9% to project parties were adopted that destined runoff for grassed areas or permeable floors these scenarios would be 2% contribution to ECPP UFSCar, 0.2% of flow for ECPP Pedestrian Street and 2% for ECPP Neighborhood. So is possible reduce runoff using hydrologically functional floors, implementing and using the green areas as a design element, providing knowledge of data and materials that can contribute to new ways to plan and execute the ECPPs. / As cidades têm crescido de maneira significativa e de maneira desordenada, sem o mínimo planejamento urbano, o que tem provocado problemas urbanos e ambientais. Entre inúmeras consequências deste crescimento, a alta impermeabilização do solo apresenta grande destaque devido às consequências que acarreta, como a ocorrência de enchentes, inundações e proliferação de doenças de veiculação hídrica. Grande parte do escoamento superficial das águas de chuva provém do solo pavimentado, e é possível observar que cerca de 20% da área urbana de uma cidade está pavimentada com a função de servir como área de circulação de pedestres ou de veículos, segundo a Lei Federal nº 6766 de 19 de dezembro de 1979 que dispõe sobre o parcelamento do solo urbano e dá outras providências (BRASIL, 1979). Neste contexto o objetivo desta pesquisa é o estudo dos efeitos dos ECPP-Espaços de Circulação e Permanência de Pedestres sobre o manejo das águas de chuva, tendo como objeto empírico uma Bacia Experimental localizada no Campus da UFSCar em São Carlos/SP, e duas áreas urbanizadas na cidade de São José do Rio Preto/SP. Para tanto foi feita a identificação dos diferentes tipos de pavimentos, sua caracterização e eficiência hidrológica, em pesquisa a trabalhos acadêmicos e catálogos de fornecedores, além de análises das áreas e condições dos ECPPs dentro dos perímetros de estudo sob o contexto hidrológico, de projeto, execução, manutenção e de custos. Os dados encontrados avaliam os efeitos dos ECPPs sobre o manejo das águas pluviais, e comparam os resultados encontrados entre os três ECPPs. Estes resultados mostram, que o ECPP localizado na USFCar contribui 6% com o escoamento superficial, enquanto que o ECPP Calçadão 35% e o ECPP Bairro 9%, se fossem adotados partidos de projetos que destinassem o escoamento superficial para áreas gramadas ou para pisos permeáveis, estes cenários seriam de 2% de contribuição para o ECPP UFSCar, 0,2% de escoamento para o ECPP Calçadão e 2% para o ECPP Bairro. Portanto é possível reduzir o escoamento superficial utilizando pavimentos hidrologicamente funcionais, implementando e utilizando as áreas verdes como elemento de projeto, proporcionando o conhecimento de dados e materiais que podem contribuir com novas formas de planejar e executar os ECPPs.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-27T17:33:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kamila Almeida dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 15571589 bytes, checksum: 4409744d6740773c19322b95c96e75cd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-28T11:52:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kamila Almeida dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 15571589 bytes, checksum: 4409744d6740773c19322b95c96e75cd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T11:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kamila Almeida dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 15571589 bytes, checksum: 4409744d6740773c19322b95c96e75cd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The urbanization issues is taking place in Brazilian cities has proved disorganized and thus the floods are becoming a recurring phenomenon. The growth of waterproofing in urban land decreases the amount of infiltrated water in the soil during the rainy season, the rivers might otherwise not conform the water demand in the channels in addition to receive a lot of water runoff In this context the hydrodynamic modeling is an important tool to assess the drainage systems and predict the effects of flooding. This study was applied to the watershed of Ribeirão Anicuns in Goiania, where a considerable part of the basin is in an urban area. Using the hydrodynamic model HECRAS were created various flood scenarios with return periods of 15, 25, 50 and 100 years for the project rainfall; there was aid of a geographic information system, using ArcMap 10.0 to the high-resolution orthophoto city and DEM made from airborne laser scanner, with this material extracted the geometry of the basin. In hydrodynamic modeling crafted the model was run in unsteady flow considering the full Saint Venant equation. In addition to the hydrodynamic modeling was carried out a simulation on the INPE simplified model called HAND, which turned out to be an inexpensive tool, easily accessible and with quality results. With the results obtained (flood hydrograph and flood patches concerning the different return times) flood areas were shown in different scenarios created, and you can compare them. The results showed that the flood spot along the basin have become significantly larger as the return periods grow. In urbanized streams were no major changes than the changes that occurred in streams away from the urban area. Streams that are outside the urbanized area focuses on the alert, they are natural streams and showed that will not support the volume of water resulting from this work. / O processo de urbanização que está ocorrendo nas cidades brasileiras tem se mostrado desorganizado e com isso as inundações estão se tornando um fenômeno recorrente. O crescimento da impermeabilização no solo urbano diminui a quantidade de água infiltrada no solo durante o período de chuva, os córregos não conseguem suprir a demanda da água nos canais, além de receber do escoamento superficial uma grande quantidade. Nesse contexto a modelagem hidrodinâmica é uma ferramenta importante para avaliar os sistemas de drenagens e prever os efeitos da inundação. Dessa forma o presente trabalho foi aplicado na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Anicuns, no município de Goiânia, onde uma parte considerável da bacia se encontra em área urbanizada. Utilizando o modelo hidrodinâmico HEC-RAS foram criados vários cenários de inundação com os tempos de retorno de 15, 25, 50 e 100 anos para a chuva de projeto; houve auxílio de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas, utilizando o programa ArcMap 10.0 a ortofoto do município de alta resolução e o MDT feito a partir de laser scanner aerotransportado, com esse material se extraiu a geometria da bacia hidrográfica. Na modelagem hidrodinâmica trabalhada o modelo foi executardo no regime não permanente, considerando a equação de Saint Venant completa. Além da modelagem hidrodinâmica foi realizada uma simulação no modelo simplificado HAND do INPE, onde se mostrou ser uma ferramenta barata, de fácil acesso e com resultados de qualidade. Com os resultados obtidos (hidrogramas de cheia e manchas de inundação referente aos diferentes tempos de retorno) foram mostradas áreas de inundação nos diferentes cenários criados, sendo possível compara-los. Os resultados mostraram que a mancha de inundação ao longo da bacia se tornaram significativamente maiores a medida que os tempos de retorno cresciam. Nos córregos urbanizados houve mudanças maiores do que as mudanças que ocorreram nos córregos afastados do perímetro urbano. Nos córregos que estão fora da área urbanizada foca o alerta, são córregos naturais e mostraram que não suportarão o volume de água resultante deste trabalho.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-28T13:57:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Patrícia Pereira Ribeiro Keller - 2015.pdf: 8454284 bytes, checksum: d5e4ec0ee26ea90a9344aa5157836221 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-29T11:23:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Patrícia Pereira Ribeiro Keller - 2015.pdf: 8454284 bytes, checksum: d5e4ec0ee26ea90a9344aa5157836221 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-29T11:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Patrícia Pereira Ribeiro Keller - 2015.pdf: 8454284 bytes, checksum: d5e4ec0ee26ea90a9344aa5157836221 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-21 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The survey was developed with the objective of diagnosis of water stress in the catchment area of the hydrografic basin João Leite River, whereas seasonal aspects and the water regime (lotic system and still water system). Historic survey was conducted of the anthropogenic activities (industry, commerce, farmers, vegetable and mineral extraction) inserted into the catchment area of João Leite River. Following, he proceeded historical survey (2012 and 2013) of physico-chemical parameters (ambientte temperature, water temperature, turbidity, pH, nitrogen series, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen - OD, biochemical demand of oxigênico - DBO, total dissolved solids - STD) and bacterial (Escherichia coli), resulting in the calculation of the Water Quality Index (IQA) in eleven (11) sampling points (Reservoir João Leite River, João Leite River, Bandeira Stream, Jenipapo Stream, Jurubatuba Stream, Rosa Stream, Descoberto Stream, Maria Paula Stream, Posse Stream, Mata Pasto Stream, Pedras Stream). It was found that five (5) sampling points highlighted by the lower IQA (Jurubatuba Stream - IQA 58.81; João Leite River - IQA 61.50; Bandeira Stream - IQA 63.41; Jenipapo Stream - IQA 65.22 ) or environmental significance in the Reservoir João Leite River - IQA 75.12 Subsequently, these five (5) points were monitored every two months in 2014 (3 collections in rainy season and 3 collections in dry season) analyzing 100 ( one hundred) parameters: 6 physical parameter (water temperature, transparency, quota, turbidity, apparent color and true), 89 chemical parameter (43 Organic 23 metals, caffeine, total solids, total nitrogen, pH, conductivity, STD, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, sulphate, total organic carbon, alkalinity, hardness, consumed oxygen, OD, DBO, chemical oxygen demand, surfactant, total iron and carbon dioxide) and 5 biological parameter (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, clorophyll- a, pheophytin and phytoplankton). The annual average of the data obtained showed the Water Quality Index 65.80 (good), Trophic State Index 52.93 (mesotrophic) and Community Index Phytoplankton 2.20 (good). Caffeine was quantified (0.315 mg L-1 to 1.512 mg L -1) at all sampling sites in the basin indicating contamination by domestic sewage. The present study demonstrated a resilient bowl with the presence of stress factors: micropollutants (demeton, atrazine, glyphosate, malathion, metolachlor, carbon tetrachloride, xylene, dichloromethane, dichloroethene, toluene), trace elements (As, Hg, Sb, Se, Cu , Fe, Al, Cr, Zn, In, Cd, Co, B, Mn, Li, Ag, Be, V, Ni, U, Ba, Pb), pathogenic organisms (Escherichia coli, Microcystis sp.) and first-order impacts (deforestation, presence of effluents and solid wastes) related to anthropogenic activities developed in the watershed region of João Leite River. / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com objetivo de realizar o diagnóstico do estresse hídrico na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão João Leite, considerando aspectos sazonais e o regime hídrico (sistema lótico e sistema lêntico). Foi realizado levantamento histórico das atividades antrópicas (indústria, comércio, produtor rural, extração vegetal e mineral) inseridas na área da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão João Leite. Seguindo, procedeu-se levantamento histórico (2012 e 2013) de parâmetros físico-químicos (temperatura ambientte, temperatura da água, turbidez, pH, série nitrogenada, fósforo total, oxigênio dissolvido – OD, demanda bioquímica de oxigênico – DBO, sólidos totais dissolvidos – STD) e bacteriológico (Escherichia coli), resultando no cálculo do Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA) em onze (11) pontos de amostragem (Barramento do Reservatório do Ribeirão João Leite, Ribeirão João Leite, Córrego Bandeira, Córrego Jenipapo, Córrego Jurubatuba, Córrego Rosa, Córrego Descoberto, Córrego Maria Paula, Córrego Posse, Córrego Mata Pasto, Córrego Pedras) . Verificou-se que cinco (5) pontos de amostragem destacaram-se pelo menor IQA (Córrego Jurubatuba – IQA 58,81; Ribeirão João Leite – IQA 61,50; Córrego Bandeira – IQA 63,41; Córrego Jenipapo – IQA 65,22) ou pela significância ambiental ( Barramento no Reservatório do Ribeirão João Leite – IQA 75,12. Posteriormente, estes cinco (5) pontos foram monitorados bimestralmente em 2014 (3 coletas em período de chuva e 3 coletas em período de seca) analisando 100 (cem) parâmetros: 6 físicos (temperatura da água; transparência; cota; turbidez; cor aparente e verdadeira); 89 químicos (43 orgânicos, 23 metais, cafeína, sólidos totais, nitrogênio total, pH, condutividade, STD, cálcio, magnésio, cloreto, nitrato, nitrito, amônia, sulfato, carbono orgânico total, alcalinidade, dureza, oxigênio consumido, OD, DBO, demanda química de oxigênio, surfactante, ferro total e gás carbônico) e 5 biológicos (coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, clorofila-a, feofitina e fitoplâncton). A média anual dos dados obtidos evidenciou Índice de Qualidade da Água 65,80 (bom), Índice do Estado Trófico 52,93 (mesotrófico) e Índice de Comunidade Fitoplanctônica 2,20 (bom). Foi quantificada cafeína (0,315 mg.L-1 a 1,512 mg.L-1) em todos os pontos amostrados indicando contaminação na bacia por efluentes domésticos. O presente estudo demonstrou uma bacia resiliente com presença de fatores estressantes: micropoluentes (demeton, atrazina, glifosato, malation, metolacloro, tetracloreto de carbono, xileno, diclorometano, dicloroeteno, tolueno), elementos traços (As, Hg, Sb, Se, Cu, Fe, Al, Cr, Zn, Na, Cd, Co, B, Mn, Li, Ag, Be, V, Ni, U, Ba, Pb), organismos patogênicos (Escherichia coli, Microcystis sp.) e impactos de primeira ordem (desmatamento, presença de efluentes e resíduos sólidos) relacionados às atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas na região da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão João Leite.

El sector de la sanidad es uno de los sectores más importantes del sistema socio-económico, tanto su importancia social, dado que es el sector que vela por la salud de los ciudadanos, como en su importancia económica, dada la gran proporción de los recursos económicos que absorbe.Es por ello que una de las finalidades fundamentales que hoy día se persigue en la generalidad de los países es mejorar el sistema sanitario, tanto en la calidad de sus prestaciones, como en la eficiencia y el grado de aprovechamiento de sus recursos.Es precisamente en este contexto en el que se enmarca el objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral, el cual es caracterizar y diferenciar los hospitales existentes en la Comunidad Valenciana, en los aspectos relativos a la producción de servicios sanitarios y consumo de recursos (sanitarios y económicos), pudiendo así clasificarlos y detectar las diferentes áreas que afectan a su eficiencia y capacidad de producción. La metodología empleada consiste en una primera parte, en la obtención de toda la información estadística referente a las actividades hospitalarias, suministrada por la Consellería de Sanidad de la Generalitat Valenciana, durante el año 2.004. Previamente, y según diversos criterios de inclusión, se determinaron los hospitales que debían ser seleccionados para el estudio. A continuación, a través de los métodos estocásticos, se realiza un análisis descriptivo y de los componentes principales; a partir de este último, se desarrollan modelos de regresión; finalmente, se identifican las variables tipo input y output.Posteriormente, se realizó el análisis clúster jerárquico para agrupar y clasificar de forma homogénea los hospitales de la Comunidad Valenciana. El resultado obtenido fueron tres clusters, destacándose que el primero solo contiene un único hospital de referencia que por sus variables de tamaño actividad y funcionamiento lo hacen constituir un único grupo. El segundo clúster está constituido por hospitales de referencia y el / Jimenez Amezquita, WN. (2012). Análisis de la eficiencia de los hospitales públicos de la Comunidad Valenciana [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/60823

Made available in DSpace on 2011-03-23T21:19:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Item created via OAI harvest from source: http://www.bdtd.ufpa.br/tde_oai/oai2.php on 2011-03-23T21:19:41Z (GMT). Item's OAI Record identifier: oai:bdtd.ufpa.br:310 / The physical characterization of the domiciliary solid wastes of the cities of Belém and Ananindeua of the Belém Metropolitan Region, related with the social and economic situation, its secular evolution, its recycling potentiality and with the reduction of costs with the urban cleanness. Initially, there were identified the collect routes practiced in each one of the sectors to be sampled. After that, it was initiated characterization in the Aurá Final Destiny Complex, where the samples of the selected routes had been analyzed. After homogenization process, there was removed a cubical meter of solid wastes of the trips of each route, where it was realized the characterization and selection of the components of the wastes. At the end of this stage the gotten results had been statistically treated, having the following average values respectively for the cities of Belém and Ananindeua: Specific Apparent Humid Weight 202,03 and 180,09 kg/m3; plastic 14,98 % and 16,27 %t; paper and cardboard 17,06 % and 17,36 %; metals 2,64 % and 3,87 %; glass 1,52 % and 2,96 %; decomposable organic matter (compostable) 45,89 % and 42, 34 %; and others 17,91 % and 17,20 %. The gotten results call the special attention in the variation in the Specific Apparent Humid Weight, being the Ananindeuas of lesser value in function of the biggest content of plastics, glasses and metals; and of an organic matter lesser content. These differences basically must be function of two factors that are: Ananindeua is a dormitory city of Belém and in Belém the selective collect is more efficient because of the existence of a selectors cooperative stimulated by the government. The monthly values only added with the recycling are: Belém (lr = 100 %) R$ 11.089.740,90; Belém (Ir = brazilian average) R$ 3.256.155,60; Ananindeua (Ir = 100 %) R$ 2.228.510,40; Ananindeua (Ir = brazilian average) R$ 1.160.136,90. Total Values with the Recycling without Selective Collect by the government are: Belém (Ir = 100 %) R$ 1.080.547,50; Belém (Ir = brazilian average) R$ 402.165,60; Ananindeua (Ir = 100 %) R$ 532.353,60; Ananindeua (Ir = brazilian average) R$ 125.676,00.The reached results satisfy the work objective, tracing of this form, the solid wastes production profile of the cities of Belém and Ananindeua in the year of 2006. / Estudo da caracterização física dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares dos municípios de Belém e Ananindeua da Região Metropolitana de Belém, relacionada com a situação socioeconômica, sua evolução temporal, sua potencialidade de reciclagem e com a redução de custos com a limpeza urbana. Inicialmente, foram identificados os roteiros de coleta praticados em cada um dos setores a serem amostrados. Em seguida, iniciou-se a caracterização no Complexo de Destino Final do Aurá onde as amostras dos roteiros selecionados foram analisadas. Após processo de homogeneização, foi retirado um metro cúbico de resíduos sólidos das viagens de cada roteiro, onde, realizou-se a caracterização e seleção dos componentes dos resíduos. Ao final desta etapa, os resultados obtidos foram tratados estatisticamente, tendo os seguintes valores médios para os municípios de Belém e Ananindeua, respectivamente: Peso Específico Aparente Úmido 202,03 e 180,09 kg/m; plástico 14,98 % e 16,27 %; papel e papelão 17,06 % e 17,36 %; metais 2,64 % e 3,87 %; vidro 1,52 % e 2,96 %; matéria orgânica putrescível (compostável) 45,89 % e 42,34 %; e outros 17,91 % e 17,20 %. Os resultados obtidos chamam atenção especialmente na variação do Peso Específico Aparente Úmido, sendo o de Ananindeua de menor valor em função do maior teor de plásticos, vidros e metais; e de um menor teor de matéria orgânica. Essas diferenças basicamente se devem a dois fatores que são: Ananindeua é cidade dormitório de Belém e em Belém a coleta seletiva é mais eficiente devido a existência de uma cooperativa de catadores incentivada pelo poder público. Os valores mensais agregados somente com a reciclagem são: Belém (lr = 100 %) R$ 11.089.740,90; Belém (Ir = média brasileira) R$ 3.256.155,60; Ananindeua (Ir = 100 %) R$ 2.228.510,40; Ananindeua (Ir = média brasileira) R$ 1.160.136,90. Valores Totais com a Reciclagem sem Coleta Seletiva pelo poder público são: Belém (Ir =100 %) R$ 1.080.547,50; Belém (Ir = média brasileira) R$ 402.165,60; Ananindeua (Ir = 100 %) R$ 532.353,60; Ananindeua (Ir= média brasileira) R$ 125.676,00. Os resultados alcançados satisfazem o objetivo deste trabalho, traçando, dessa forma, o perfil de produção dos resíduos sólidos dos municípios de Belém e Ananindeua com os valores agregados pela reciclagem, no ano de 2006.