Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2009. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-22T00:49:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Medição do grau de saturação e a difusão de íons cloreto em concretos executados com cimento de alta resistência inicial.pdf: 4033122 bytes, checksum: 9ffd326bd0acdc2d8ee24a07d511ba0e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-03T19:08:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Medição do grau de saturação e a difusão de íons cloreto em concretos executados com cimento de alta resistência inicial.pdf: 4033122 bytes, checksum: 9ffd326bd0acdc2d8ee24a07d511ba0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-03T19:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Medição do grau de saturação e a difusão de íons cloreto em concretos executados com cimento de alta resistência inicial.pdf: 4033122 bytes, checksum: 9ffd326bd0acdc2d8ee24a07d511ba0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A durabilidade do concreto armado é objeto de estudo e preocupação de pesquisadores e engenheiros de diversos países. Objetivando a maior precisão na previsão de vida útil das estruturas de concreto armado, alguns pesquisadores desenvolveram métodos de ensaio, buscando a influência do grau de saturação (GS) na difusão de íons cloreto, comprovando que o valor do GS está ligado diretamente à penetração de cloretos no interior de estruturas próximas à atmosfera marinha. Neste trabalho, foi verificada a variação do grau de saturação para concretos executados com cimento de alta resistência inicial e resistente a sulfato e a influência desta variação na difusão dos íons cloreto, sendo criado, assim, um modelo. Para estabelecer o mencionado modelo, foram moldados corpos de prova com diferentes traços de concreto, contaminados com cloretos, expostos a diferentes graus de saturação e analisados quanto ao teor de cloretos em cada camada de cada corpo de prova. Analisando-se estes perfis, obteve-se o coeficiente de difusão para os graus de saturação de cada traço. Com a moldagem de outros corpos de prova de traços semelhantes aos executados anteriormente e exposição a diferentes orientações solares, foi possível a comparação do grau de saturação com estação do ano, posicionamento geográfico e posição da superfície exposta em relação à superfície de concretagem. De posse dos dados obtidos a partir desses objetivos parciais, foi atingido o objetivo principal, obtendo-se um modelo, ou nomograma, capaz de possibilitar a obtenção do coeficiente de redução do coeficiente de difusão do concreto em função do grau de saturação a partir da resistência estimada do concreto executado com cimento ARI-RS. / The reinforced concrete’s durability is highly studied and also an important concern of researches and engineers from many countries. It’s already proved that the index value is directly bound to chloride’s penetration in the interior of structures near by marine’s atmosphere. Aiming a higher accuracy in forecast of armed concrete’s structures service life, test’s methods were developed by some researchers, with the purpose of seek for the influence of saturation degree on the diffusion of chloride’s ions, proving that the saturation’s degree’s value is directly linked with the chlorides penetration inside structures near the marine atmosphere. On this research, the variation of the saturation degree with the concrete made with high-early strength cement and it’s influence on the diffusion of chloride’s ions were verified, being created then, a model. In order to establish the mentioned model,test specimens were molded with different mixes of concrete which were contaminated with chlorides and also exposed to different saturation degrees and analyzed according to the chlorides content in each layer of each test specimen. By analyzing these profiles, was obtained the diffusion coefficient. By molding other test specimens with similar mixes to the previously made ones and exposing them to different solar orientations, it was able to compare saturation degree, seasons of the year, geographic position and exposed surface position according to the concrete casting surface. Having the data obtained from these partial points, the main point was reached, obtained a model or nomogram capable to give the obtaining of reduction coefficient of diffusion coefficient according to the saturation degree from the estimated strength of concrete made with high-early strength sulfate-resistant cement.

La congestión vehicular se ha convertido en una constante en la vida citadina y Lima no es la excepción. Sin embargo, existen acciones que pueden ser implementadas para minimizar el tiempo que se pierde al circular por vías de alto tránsito, especialmente durante horas pico, como es el caso de la red constituida por las avenidas Faustino Sánchez Carrión. y La Marina, desde la Av. Gregorio Escobedo hasta la Av. Antonio José de Sucre. En ese contexto, el propósito del presente trabajo es brindar una alternativa de gestión de la oferta vial que contribuya con la optimización de los indicadores de medición del tráfico; entre ellos, el grado de saturación, el nivel de servicio de las intersecciones que forman parte de la investigación y las demoras por tiempo de espera. Para ello, se hace uso de Synchro 8, un software de simulación que sirve de soporte para la generación del modelo de solución, efectuado a nivel mesoscópico. Synchro es compatible con el Highway Capacity Manual - HCM 2000 y 2010; pero además, cuenta con una serie de herramientas que le permiten incorporar su propia técnica de análisis. En el caso de este proyecto, la evaluación del tráfico se desarrolla mediante la Metodología del Automóvil de HCM 2010; sin considerar el análisis de peatones ni ciclistas. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que es posible optimizar el tráfico vehicular a través del uso correcto de simuladores de tránsito y no solo con intervenciones geométricas de gran escala o excesiva inversión en nueva infraestructura. / Traffic congestion has become a constant in city life, and Lima is not the exception. However, there are actions that can be implemented to minimize the time lost when traveling on high-traffic routes, especially during rush hours, such as the case of the road network formed by the Faustino Sánchez Carrión and La Marina avenues, from Gregorio Escobedo Ave. to Antonio José de Sucre Ave. In that context, the purpose of this project is to provide an alternative of road offer management which contributed to improving traffic measurement indicators; among them, saturation degree, intersections level of service that are part of the research, and delays due to waiting time. In doing so, Synchro 8 is used. This simulation software functions as a support for the solution model generation, which is performed at the mesoscopic level. Synchro is compatible with the Highway Capacity Manual - HCM 2000 and 2010; but also, it has a set of tools that allow it to incorporate its own analysis technique. In the case of this project, traffic evaluation is developed on the basis of vehicular operation system by means of the HCM 2010 Automobile Methodology; that is, the pedestrians and cyclists analysis are not taken into consideration. The results obtained show that it is possible to optimize vehicular traffic through the correct use of traffic simulators and not only through large-scale geometric interventions, or with excessive investment in new infrastructure. / Tesis

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2005. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-20T20:46:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo Experimental e Probabilístico da Vida Útil de Estruturas de. Concreto Armado Situadas em Ambiente Marítimo Influência do Grau de Saturação Do Concreto Sobre A Difusividade De.pdf: 2772026 bytes, checksum: a8eaeebcb8e4daebcb0c08673cfb4c30 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-04T16:43:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo Experimental e Probabilístico da Vida Útil de Estruturas de. Concreto Armado Situadas em Ambiente Marítimo Influência do Grau de Saturação Do Concreto Sobre A Difusividade De.pdf: 2772026 bytes, checksum: a8eaeebcb8e4daebcb0c08673cfb4c30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-04T16:43:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo Experimental e Probabilístico da Vida Útil de Estruturas de. Concreto Armado Situadas em Ambiente Marítimo Influência do Grau de Saturação Do Concreto Sobre A Difusividade De.pdf: 2772026 bytes, checksum: a8eaeebcb8e4daebcb0c08673cfb4c30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Nas estruturas de concreto armado, situadas em zona costeira, é comum se observar problemas de corrosão nas armaduras, principalmente aquela iniciada pelos íons cloreto. Em estudos recentes, verificou-se que um dos fatores de grande relevância na difusão desses íons é o grau de saturação (GS) do concreto. Existem vários modelos matemáticos utilizados para a previsão da vida útil de estruturas de concreto armado sob ataque de íons, contudo, diversos parâmetros envolvidos nestes modelos, relacionados ao concreto e ao meio ambiente, são na realidade variáveis aleatórias, sendo o GS exemplo de tal variabilidade. A fim de contribuir no processo de previsão da vida útil das estruturas quando inseridas em ambientes contendo cloretos, desenvolveu-se um modelo probabilístico, onde a variável aleatória (grau de saturação) é inserida em um modelo matemático (2ª Lei de Fick). A partir daí, é feita uma análise de confiabilidade através de método de simulação numérica (Simulação de Monte Carlo), determinando assim, a probabilidade de falha no tempo quando levado em conta a variabilidade do GS na previsão da vida útil das estruturas. Também foi estudada nesta pesquisa a influência das características do concreto, da superfície exposta em relação à superfície de concretagem e do meio ambiente sobre o comportamento do GS. Posteriormente, um método de medição do GS foi analisado, avaliando estatisticamente períodos de medições necessários para caracterizar sua variação. Desta forma, pode-se reduzir expressivamente tanto o tempo quanto os custos empregados em tal prática. O comportamento do modelo probabilístico mostrou-se consistente com os resultados de investigações experimentais realizadas por outros pesquisadores. O mesmo foi aplicado em um estudo de caso para verificar a resposta em relação à penetração de cloretos em um ponto de uma estrutura de concreto armado inserida em área salina. As características do concreto, a superfície exposta em relação à superfície de concretagem e o meio ambiente mostraram uma influência significativa nas médias sazonais do GS, sendo que uma medição semanal,mostrou-se suficiente para caracterizar este parâmetro em cada estação. / In the reinforced concrete structures, located in coastal zone, it is common to observe corrosion problems in the reinforcement, mainly that induced by chloride ions. In recent studies, it was verified that one of the factors of great relevance in the diffusion of those ions is the saturation degree (SD) of concrete. Several mathematical models exist for the service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures under ions attack, however, several parameters involved in these models, related to the concrete and to the environment, are in fact aleatory variables, being SD an example of such variability. In order to contribute to the service life prediction of the structures inserted in saline environment, a probabilistic model was developed, where the aleatory variable (saturation degree) is inserted in a mathematical model (2 nd Fick´s Law). So, a reliability analysis using numeric simulation (Monte Carlo Simulation) is made, determining the failure probability in the time when considered the variability of SD in the service life prediction of the structures. Was also studied in this research the influence of the characteristics of the concrete, of the exposed surface in relation to the concrete placement surface and of the environment on the behavior of the SD. Later, a test method to measure the SD was analyzed, doing statistical assesment of the measurements periods necessary to characterize your variation. So, it can be reduced so much the time as the employed costs in such practice. The behavior of the probabilistic model was consistent with the results of experimental investigations accomplished by other researchers. This model was applied in a case study to verify the answer in relation to the chloride penetration in a point of a reinforced concrete structure inserted in a saline area. The characteristics of the concrete, the exposed surface in relation to the concrete placement surface and the environment showed a significant influence in the seasonal averages of SD, and a weekly measurement, was shown enough to characterize this parameter in each station.

KBS-3 and very deep borehole (VDH) concepts are two major types of long-term geologicaldisposal methods for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) isolating from the biosphere. TheKBS-3V concept for isolating the HLW at the depth of 400-500 m, is the officially proposedoption in Sweden and has been the subject of considerable research in the past few decades,while the VDH concept was considered as an option in the 1950s but later became discouragedbecause of insufficient experience in drilling technology. The greatest merit of the VDHconcept is that the almost stagnant groundwater in the deep boreholes prevents the transport ofthe possible release of radionuclides into the rock or up to the ground level. Since variousdisadvantages of the KBS-3V concept were found in previous research, the superiority of VDHconcept attracted the researchers to continue studying it into the late 1980s.The geological repositories of both of KBS-3V and VDH types primarily consist of a naturalbarrier (host rock) and of an engineering barrier (also known as a buffer/backfill barrier).According to the principle of IAEA and national relative research organizations, thebuffer/backfill material should have low permeability and good expandability, as well assuitable physical and sealing properties.The thesis concerns the VDH concept and is focused on the construction and performance ofthose parts of the sealed repository that are not affected by high temperature or gamma radiation.In the lower part of a VDH repository, the clay packages containing HLW will be exposed tohigh temperature (100-150 􀄇 ) in the borehole and to highly saline groundwater. In theinstallation phase of HLW, the groundwater will be pumped out and replaced by medium-softsmectite clay mud in which the HLW packages are installed vertically. During the hydrationand maturation of the clay components, the microstructural reorganization, water transport,migration of clay particles and redistribution of the density of the components take place. Thematuration determines the transient evolution of the clay seals and influences the rheologicaland soil mechanical behavior in the installation phase. The maturation of clay system alsodetermines their ultimate sealing potential of VDH repositories.This study presents the work carried out for investigating the maturation of the buffer-backfillclay in the HLW deep borehole. Initially in the study three types of clays, the Namontmorillonite,magnesium-rich and illite-smectite mixed layer clays, were examined for estimating their performance as the barrier candidate material. This is mainly presented in theliterature review. The experimental study was conducted on montmorillonite GMZ clays andI/S mixed-layer Holmehus clay. The expandability and permeability tests were carried out forinterpretation of the recorded swelling development and assessment of the effect of the salineconditions, with the goal of deriving a relationship between swelling pressure and hydraulicconductivity for different dry densities. The maturation tests of initially fully-saturatedHolmehus clay and partly saturated GMZ clay were performed. During the tests, the shearstrength mobilised by the relative movement of densified mud and migrated dense clay -contained in a perforated central tube - were determined. According to the results of shearstrength tests, the maximum operation time or the number of clay packages to be placed in asingle operation was evaluated, whilst the suitable saturation degree of the dense clay wasdiscussed as well.A model of the maturation of initially water-saturated clay seals based on Darcy’s law wasworked out and the evolution of the clay components in a lab-scale borehole using Holmehusclay were performed and compared with the experimental recordings. Good agreementsbetween the physical behaviors of the theoretical simulations and the measurements wasachieved by which the validity of the model was verified. Using the results, the hydration andsoil migration in the entire maturation process were presented in diagram. The model was alsoused for preliminary evaluation of the maturation products in real boreholes by assuming thesame Holmehus clay as used in the tests. Two constellation of borehole and dense clay withdifferent diameters, 80 cm borehole /60 cm clay and 80cm/50cm, were assumed. The resultsrespecting dry density and hydraulic conductivity of the ultimate maturation products, and thedegree of homogeneous of the buffer and backfill clay system in the assumed boreholes, arepresented and discussed. The options of different mineral types and initial physical propertiesof the candidate buffer clays provide a reference for engineering barrier design of HLW disposalin VDH.

Cette étude a pour but de documenter la relation qui existe entre les propriétés de transfert d’un matériau (répartition en taille de pores, porosité totale accessible à l’eau, saturation en eau), et son coefficient de diffusion. Pour cela, des matériaux ayant une porosité quasi-monomodale sont utilisés : verres Vycor® et géopolymères ; ainsi que des matériaux ayant une porosité complexe : pâtes de ciment CEM V. L’utilisation des verres Vycor® et des géopolymère permet de quantifier la diffusion gazeuse, en fonction de la saturation en eau, de matériaux ayant des pores de même dimension, ou du moins, de même ordre de grandeur. L’utilisation des pâtes de ciment permet quant à elle, de vérifier s’il est possible de décomposer le coefficient de diffusion d’un matériau dont la porosité est complexe, en un assemblage de coefficients de diffusion de matériaux dont la porosité est quasi-monomodale. Pour cela, on s’attachera à particulièrement à étudier l’impact de l’agencement du réseau poreux sur le coefficient de diffusion.Les travaux se décomposent en trois parties :• Etude des caractéristiques géométriques du réseau poreux des matériaux étudiés. Il sera utilisé la porosimétrie par intrusion de mercure, la porosimétrie à eau, des essais de sorption / désorption d’azote, et des essais de désorption d’eau.• Mesure expérimentale du coefficient de diffusion des matériaux, en fonction de leur humidité relative de stockage et de leur saturation en eau.• Modélisation du coefficient de diffusion des matériaux utilisés, et étude de l’impact de l’agencement de leur réseau poreux (tortuosité, connexion des pores entre eux) / This work documents the relationship that exists between the transfer properties of a material (pore size distribution, total porosity accessible to water, water saturation degree), and its diffusion coefficient. For this sake, materials having a quasi mono modal porosity are used: Vycor® glasses and geopolymers. We also use materials having a complex porosity: CEM V cement pastes. The use of Vycor® glasses and geopolymers allows quantifying the gas diffusion coefficient through materials having known pores size, as a function of their water saturation degree. The use of cement pastes allows checking if it is possible to decompose the diffusion coefficient of a complex porosity material, in an assembling of diffusion coefficients of quasi mono modal porosity materials. For this sake, the impact of pore network arrangement on the diffusion coefficient is studied in great details. This study is divided into three parts:• Measurement of the geometric characteristics of materials porous network by means of the mercury intrusion porosimetry, water porosimetry, isotherms of nitrogen sorption / desorption, and water desorption tests.• Measurement of the materials diffusion coefficient, as a function of their relative humidity storage, and their water saturation degree.• Modeling the diffusion coefficient of the materials, and study the impact of the pore network (tortuosity, pores connection)