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<p>The conventional life-cycle model predicts that households save prior to retirement and use their savings to finance consumption during retirement. Thus whether households dissave after retirement or at older ages is critical to the validity of life-cycle theory. This question is also of concern to policy makers as aggregate saving and investment, in Canada and elsewhere, may fall as the population ages. Many studies based on aggregate data for a cross-section of OECD countries provide support for the life-cycle hypothesis, since the data suggest that countries with a greater proportion of elderly people have lower household saving rates. On the other hand, most empirical research directed at household consumption and saving behaviour based on household data has found little evidence that supports the life-cycle hypothesis.</p> <p>The three essays comprising this thesis attempt to establish and explain the micro evidence on saving behaviour of older households, and also try to overcome some of the usual barriers to using cross-section survey data in empirical research in the field. All three essays employ Canadian FAMEX data from 1969 to 1992.</p> <p>Like much other research in the field, the empirical work reported in Essay 1 in this thesis provides evidence against the prediction of life-cycle theory that households dissave at older ages. It is found that the median saving rate for older households exhibits a distinct age pattern: it drops sharply at retirement age, but then rises, thereby forming a saving dip. The most important contribution of Essay 1 is to address two wellknown problems, cohort bias and differential mortality bias, arising from using crosssection survey data. Cohort bias is dealt with by forming a synthetic longitudinal sample from repeated cross-section data, and a new method is developed to correct the differential mortality for the age profile of the saving rate. However, the puzzle in the saving pattern of the elderly still remains after the corrections; the median saving rates are positive and rising with age after retirement.</p> <p>Essay 2 focuses on the estimation of the saving rate as a function of various income sources as well as age. During the transition from work to retirement, households experience a dramatic change in composition as well as in the level of their income. Following the permanent income hypothesis, if consumers have different perceptions of the permanence of different income sources, they would react differently to income changes, depending on which income component changed. The main finding of the essay is that, in the after-retirement period, the "pure" aging effect is solely responsible for the rising trend of the saving rate. However, for a given level of total income, higher pension income is associated with a higher saving rate, while higher transfer income is associated with higher consumption.</p> <p>Essay 3 examines the change in the composition of consumption demands as households age, and how the effects of three factors - age, total expenditure and retirement - contribute to this change. It is found that the "savings puzzle" comes largely because reductions in food consumption at home, private transportation expenditure and perhaps tobacco/alcohol spending due to age alone are larger than the offsetting age effect associated with an increase in gifts to other households by the elderly. On the other hand, for some reason, older households largely "obey" the cross-section income elasticities in reducing their consumption of most goods as their incomes fall with age.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The present study deals with the Swedish Save the Children Fund’s, Rädda Barnen’s expansion during 1938-1956. During this period, Rädda Barnen developed into anorganization of both national and international importance. What factors enabled this advanceand how this affected Rädda Barnen’s performance and outlining of relief work will beanalysed. Swedish politics and interactions with the Swedish government, but also with otherrelief organizations, shaped the territory within which Rädda Barnen developed. For thisreason, these interactions will be investigated too. In the interactions that took place on boththe national and international level, struggles seemed to surfaced between the differentorganizations, and what was at stake in these struggles will also be examined. How Rädda Barnen carried out its relief work both within the country and on theinternational arena will be discussed in the last part of the study. Some examples of activitiesarranged for different groups of children will be presented. How Rädda Barnen carried out itsrelief both within the country and on the international arena will be discussed in the last partof the study. Some examples of activities arranged for different groups of children will bepresented. How the decisions were made concerning where and to which children relief wouldbe provided will also be analysed.

My diploma thesis is focused on study of processes during the engagement in electronics manufacturing service provider in Nová Dubnica – Slovakia. This thesis is divided to three main parts. First part is concerned with the theoretical knowledge. Second part focusing on the analysis of the current status of processes in order. In the last part, with correct research of important points of view during the managing of customer’s solution and adjustment of effective remedial measures, we will be able to improve satisfaction of our customers, optimise inventory level or even save time and costings.

The problem under investigation in this study is the determination of the usefulness of the concept of saving set forth by John M. Keynes in his The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, both as a method of prediction and prevention of business cycles and as a conceptual framework which is for use in explaining past economic activity, particularly economic growth. The study has a twofold purpose. The first is to evaluate the workability of the Keynesian definitions when applied to existing sources of economic data; to see if a meaningful savings aggregate is a statistical possibility. The second is to attempt to explain in terms of related parts of the rest of Keynes' theoretical system the conclusions reached under the first purpose above.

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