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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Caractérisation de la résistance au cisaillement et comportement des interfaces entre béton et fondation rocheuse des structures hydrauliques / Characterization of shear strength and behavior of interfaces between concrete and rock foundation of hydraulic structures

Mouzannar, Hussein 14 September 2016 (has links)
La justification de la stabilité d’un barrage-poids existant sur une fondation rocheuse nécessite une justification de la stabilité vis-à-vis du glissement à l’interface béton-roche. Le comportement au cisaillement de cette interface dépend de l’effort normal appliqué, des déformabilités de la roche et du béton, de la morphologie de la surface rocheuse et éventuellement de la propreté avant le coulage. Dans la littérature, un effet d’échelle a été mis en évidence : les évaluations de la résistance au cisaillement réalisées expérimentalement sur de petites interfaces en laboratoire donnent des valeurs différentes de celles estimées par rétro-analyse sur barrages existants. Le travail de cette thèse porte sur l'évaluation de cet effet d'échelle en tenant compte des facteurs influents, en particulier la morphologie de la surface rocheuse, l'objectif étant d'améliorer l'évaluation de la résistance au cisaillement à la base d'un barrage-poids.Tout d’abord, des essais de cisaillement directs ont été effectués sur plusieurs éprouvettes d’une même combinaison de différentes dimensions : à petite échelle sur des carottes et à des échelles intermédiaire et métrique sur des éprouvettes parallélépipédiques. Ces essais ont été complétés par des essais de traction directe permettant de caractériser l’adhésion initiale du contact béton-roche. Les résultats ont effectivement permis d'observer une variabilité des mesures de résistance au cisaillement selon l'échelle d'observation. Les essais usuels sur des carottes ont donné les mesures les plus élevées. A l'échelle métrique, les mesures de la résistance au cisaillement de l’interface béton-roche ont indiqué une valeur de cohésion non négligeable. A l'échelle intermédiaire, les valeurs de la résistance se sont réparties en deux groupes correspondant à deux morphologies différentes de la surface rocheuse. Du point de vue de l'effet d'échelle sur la résistance au cisaillement, si on représente les résultats par un critère linéaire, il a été constaté un effet d'échelle positif sur l'angle de frottement et un effet d'échelle négatif sur la cohésion.Un outil de description de la morphologie de la surface rocheuse basé sur une décomposition en fonctions sinusoïdales a été développé. Il a permis de décrire objectivement les caractéristiques de la morphologie de la surface rocheuse propres à chacun des deux groupes identifiés à l'échelle intermédiaire. Le premier groupe de surfaces rocheuses, avec les valeurs de résistance les plus élevées, se caractérise par une longueur d'onde principale de l'ordre de la taille de l'échantillon. Pour le second groupe, où les valeurs de résistance sont plus faibles, la longueur d'onde est comprise entre la moitié et les deux tiers de la taille de l'échantillon. Suite à ces observations expérimentales, les hypothèses suivantes ont été posées pour effectuer l'analyse des résultats : les essais sur carotte à petite échelle permettent de caractériser la résistance d'une interface béton-roche sans effet de morphologie de surface et l'échelle intermédiaire correspond à la surface élémentaire qui permet de caractériser les principaux effets de la géométrie de cette surface rocheuse sur la résistance. Sur cette base, un modèle 2D aux éléments finis de l'essai de cisaillement direct a été développé sous le logiciel Abaqus. Ce modèle a permis de reproduire le comportement au cisaillement des interfaces béton-roche à l’échelle intermédiaire. Ainsi il a pu être identifié que selon la morphologie, différents mécanismes d'initiation et de propagation de la rupture interviennent localement le long de l'interface et contribuent à moduler sa valeur de résistance globale, observée à l'échelle de l'essai. A l'échelle métrique, une décomposition de la surface en surfaces élémentaires et l'analyse de la morphologie de ces surfaces ont permis de retrouver les valeurs de résistance évaluées expérimentalement. / The shear strength of concrete-rock interface is a key factor to justify the stability of an hydraulic structure foundation. The shear behavior of this interface depends on the applied normal force, the deformability of rock and concrete, the rock surface morphology and the cleanliness of the rock surface before concrete casting. A scale effect was highlighted in the literature: the assessments of shear strength in a laboratory by achieving tests on small interfaces give values different from those estimated by back-analysis on the existing dams. This thesis work aims to assess the scale effect on the shear strength of concrete-rock interface taking into account some related factors, especially the rock surface morphology. The objective is to improve the shear strength assessment at the base of a gravity dam.Firstly, direct shear tests were performed on several prepared samples having different sizes: at small scale on cored samples usually used in the engineering field to assess the shear strength and at medium and metric scales on parallelepiped samples. To complete these tests, direct tensile tests were achieved to characterize the bonding of the concrete-rock contact. The results allowed a variability of shear strength measurements to be observed according to the observation scale. The usual tests on cored sample gave the highest values with high standard deviation. At metric scale, in the range of normal stresses to which the gravity dam foundation is mostly subjected, the concrete-rock interface shear strength showed a significant cohesion value. At medium scale, the shear strength values are divided into two groups corresponding to two different morphologies of the rock surface. Regarding the scale effect on the shear strength, if the results are fitted in a linear criterion, it was found a positive effect on the friction angle and negative effect on the cohesion.A descriptive tool based on sinusoidal functions was developed to characterize the rock surface morphology. It allowed to objectively describe the appropriate characteristics of the rock surface morphology for both groups identified at medium scale. The rock surfaces of the first group, which has the highest values of shear strength, are characterized relative to the best fit plane by a geometry having a main wavelength in the order of the sample size. For the second group, which has the lowest values of shear strength, the obtained wavelength is between half and two-thirds of the sample size.After these experimental observations and in order to accomplish the results analysis, the following assumptions were set: the tests on cored samples at small scale allowed the concrete-rock shear strength to be characterized independently of the rock surface morphology effect and the medium scale corresponds to the elementary surface which allows characterizing the main effects of the rock surface geometry on the interface shear behavior. On this basis, a 2D finite elements model was developed for direct shear test on Abaqus. This model reproduced the shear behavior of the concrete-rock interfaces at medium scale and therefore the stress distribution along the interface during the shearing process was studied. Thus it was identified that, according to surface morphology, different initiation and local failure propagation occur along the interface and contribute to adjust the overall shear strength of the interface. At scale 1, a decomposition of the surface by elementary surfaces and the analysis of the morphology of these surfaces allowed to recover the shear strength values assessed experimentally.
22

Emissões poluentes na combustão em leitos fluidizados de carvão mineral / Pollutant emissions in the combustion in fluidized beds of mineral coal

Costa, Manoel Carlos Diniz 05 August 2005 (has links)
Avaliou-se as emissões dos gasses poluentes 'SO IND.2', NOx, THC e CO, e efeitos de escala de reator no processo de absorção de 'SO IND.2' por calcário em leitos fluidizados borbulhantes atmosféricos sob combustão de carvão mineral com alto teor de cinza e enxofre. Dois combustores de carvão em leito fluidizado foram utilizados: uma planta de bancada de seção circular de 0,16 m de diâmetro, e uma planta piloto de seção quadrada de 0,5 x 0,5 m. Foram controlados, tendo em vista situações operacionais típicas, o excesso de ar, a velocidade de fluidização (U/'U IND.MF'), a granulometria do particulado, e a temperatura do processo. As variáveis principais de análise foram a relação Ca/S de alimentação, altura do nível do leito e geometria do reator. A primeira foi variada pelo controle das taxas de alimentação de carvão e calcário e a segunda pelo controle da altura do leito expandido. Foram medidas as concentrações de gases na descarga do reator ('SO IND.2', 'O IND.2', 'CO', 'CO IND.2', NOx e THC), e as distribuições granulométricas e composição química dos materiais presentes no leito, elutriado e sangrado. Os resultados obtidos na planta de bancada foram comparados aos resultados obtidos na planta piloto. Indicaram que as diferenças encontradas são devidas principalmente a condições operacionais diferentes. O efeito de escala do reator, para as dimensões das plantas de bancada e piloto deste trabalho, mostrou-se desprezível. / Gas emissions of 'SO IND.2', NOx, THC and CO, and reactor scale effects were evaluated for the process of absorption of 'SO IND.2' by limestone in atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustion of high ash high sulfur coal. Two different fluidized bed reactor plants were used: a bench cylindrical section reactor 0.16 m internal diameter, and a pilot square section reactor 0.5 x 0.5 m. Air excess, fluidization velocity(U/'U IND.MF'), particle size and process temperature were established having in view typical operational conditions. The parameters varied for analysis were the Ca/S feeding ratio, height of the bed, and geometry of the reactor. The first was varied by controlling the feed rates of coal and limestone, and the second by controlling the height of the expanded bed. Gas concentrations were measured at the reactors exit ('SO IND.2', 'O IND.2', CO, 'CO IND.2', NOx and THC). Size distributions and chemical composition were determined for the bed, overflow and elutriated materials. The results obtained in the bench plant were compared to those obtained in the pilot plant. The differences found between the results of the two plants were attributed mainly to differences in operational conditions. The effect of scale, for the dimensions of the plants considered in this work, resulted not significant.
23

Facteurs d'échelle dans la hiérarchisation des écoulements au sein d'un aquifère karstique : Analyse multi-échelles des propriétés hydrodynamiques et de transport de l'aquifère du Lez / Scale effect and hierarchisation of groungwater flow paths : Multi-scales analysis of hydrodynamic and transport properties of the Lez karst aquifer

Dausse, Amélie 05 March 2015 (has links)
Les milieux aquifères karstiques représentent des ressources en eau importantes, particulièrement sur le pourtour méditerranéen où ils constituent la majorité des réservoirs d'eau douce souterraine. La demande en eau ayant littéralement explosée au cours de ces dernières années, ces ressources en eau constituent un facteur limitant du développement, à l'origine de conflits d'aménagements et d'usages. Il est donc nécessaire d'avoir une meilleure connaissance de ces milieux afin de proposer une exploitation appropriée, répondant aux besoins régionaux. Toutefois, ces milieux restent encore mal connus, notamment à cause de la difficulté à caractériser leur fonctionnement inhérent à l'hétérogénéité organisée de leurs écoulements. Afin d'améliorer la connaissance de ces milieux, nous avons réalisé une étude détaillée des propriétés hydrologiques de l'aquifère karstique du Lez situé en région Nord Montpelliéraine. La source du Lez alimente en eau potable la région par des pompages dans le conduit principal du réseau de drainage. Le bassin (d'une superficie d'environ 200 km²) est équipé d'un réseau dense de piézomètres, ainsi que d'un site expérimental, situé à 4.5 km au nord de la source du Lez concentrant une vingtaine de forage sur une superficie d'environ 1500 m². Ce travail porte à la fois sur 1) une caractérisation multi-échelle de l'hétérogénéité des propriétés hydrodynamiques du système, et 2) une étude du transfert de masse au sein du réservoir via analyse de traçages artificiels réalisés à l'échelle régionale et à l'échelle du site expérimental. Dans un premier temps, les essais en puits seul ont permis caractériser les différents éléments du karst et d'identifier les structures les plus transmissives. A l'échelle du site expérimental, l'analyse de l'essai de pompage a mis en évidence une connectivité globale liée à l'interface stratigraphique et une hiérarchisation des écoulements dépendante de la fracturation verticale. Enfin, l'étude des interférences des pompages du Lez à l'échelle régionale indique une compartimentation hydraulique du système. Les propriétés hydrodynamiques estimées dépendent de l'hétérogénéité structurale et des conditions hydrologiques du bassin. Le recoupement de ces différentes analyses permet une discrétisation des paramètres hydrauliques des composantes structurant les écoulements au sein d'un massif karstique. L'étude du transfert de masse à l'échelle locale et régionale complète cette caractérisation et renseigne les propriétés de transport du réseau karstique. Les essais de traçage à l'échelle du site mettent en évidence la forte hétérogénéité du milieu avec des chemins d'écoulement multiples induisant un gradient de vitesse. Tandis qu'à l'échelle régionale une corrélation des vitesses d'écoulement est observée au sein du réseau de drainage principal.L'ensemble de ces résultats fournit une meilleure connaissance à différentes échelles des propriétés et de la vulnérabilité de ces milieux complexes, constituant une base essentielle pour une modélisation hydrodynamique multi-échelle de ce type d'aquifères. / Characterizing groundwater flows in karst aquifers at different scales of space and time, is not an easy task due to the high level of heterogeneity of these aquifers. Because the limited testing radius of classical hydraulic methods (slug tests, pumping tests), the regional hydraulic parameters of karst systems are generally estimated using the flow recession analysis method. But this integrative method generally does not give a differentiation into regionally varying parameters. Also, it is generally difficult to gather enough data to characterize aquifer heterogeneities at regional scale. For this reason, most of studies about hydrodynamic characterization of karst aquifer focus on local scales, i.e experimental field site scale or borehole scale; measurements at small scale could then be upscaled to obtain hydrodynamic parameters at regional scale. Consequently, understanding scale dependence of groundwater flows organization in such a context is of prime importance for the development of regional scale model.In this study, the monitoring of groundwater flow and transport is performed at several scales of time and space, within a single Mediterranean karstic carbonate aquifer, the Lez karst aquifer, located South of France. Groundwater is intensely pumped in a karst conduit upstream of the main karst outlet (Lez spring), for regional water supply. At regional scale, the relatively dense groundwater monitoring network permits to determine the hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer inferred from the hydrodynamic response to pumping at the Lez spring. At the scale of the experimental field site (Terrieu site), that comprises 22 boreholes, several experiments (i.e. pumping tests, packer tests, slug and injection tests) were performed to determine the hydrodynamic properties at experimental field site scale and borehole scale. Tracer experiments were also performed to provide an estimation of transport properties both at the scale of the experimental field site and at regional scale.The hydrodynamic properties estimated at different scale of space and time (for different hydrological conditions) were compared with flow paths organization linked to the geological structure of the reservoir. At regional scale both the hydrological conditions (i.e. high or low water level) and geological compartmentalization that impact the hydraulic connectivity, control the hydrodynamic properties. Tracer experiments revealed short time transfer and high connectivity between injection points and the spring. At the experimental field site scale, pumping and tracer test highlighted heterogeneous flow pattern that can be linked to the position of boreholes and the main geological features. At borehole scale, hydraulic tests revealed a high range of hydrodynamic properties (transmissivity from 10-11 m²/s to 10-2 m²/s) depending on the investigated part of the aquifer (matrix, fracture or drain).Depending on the water level conditions, the aquifer presents variable organization of flows that modify the hydrodynamic parameters. As expected, variability of hydrodynamic parameters depends on the scale of investigation: a difference of 10 to 105 has been quantified for a same parameter characterized at borehole scale and at regional scale. This hydrogeological parameters quantification of karst system provides important constrain about multiscale modeling using conceptual models to represent the characteristics of the main flow paths.
24

Emissões poluentes na combustão em leitos fluidizados de carvão mineral / Pollutant emissions in the combustion in fluidized beds of mineral coal

Manoel Carlos Diniz Costa 05 August 2005 (has links)
Avaliou-se as emissões dos gasses poluentes 'SO IND.2', NOx, THC e CO, e efeitos de escala de reator no processo de absorção de 'SO IND.2' por calcário em leitos fluidizados borbulhantes atmosféricos sob combustão de carvão mineral com alto teor de cinza e enxofre. Dois combustores de carvão em leito fluidizado foram utilizados: uma planta de bancada de seção circular de 0,16 m de diâmetro, e uma planta piloto de seção quadrada de 0,5 x 0,5 m. Foram controlados, tendo em vista situações operacionais típicas, o excesso de ar, a velocidade de fluidização (U/'U IND.MF'), a granulometria do particulado, e a temperatura do processo. As variáveis principais de análise foram a relação Ca/S de alimentação, altura do nível do leito e geometria do reator. A primeira foi variada pelo controle das taxas de alimentação de carvão e calcário e a segunda pelo controle da altura do leito expandido. Foram medidas as concentrações de gases na descarga do reator ('SO IND.2', 'O IND.2', 'CO', 'CO IND.2', NOx e THC), e as distribuições granulométricas e composição química dos materiais presentes no leito, elutriado e sangrado. Os resultados obtidos na planta de bancada foram comparados aos resultados obtidos na planta piloto. Indicaram que as diferenças encontradas são devidas principalmente a condições operacionais diferentes. O efeito de escala do reator, para as dimensões das plantas de bancada e piloto deste trabalho, mostrou-se desprezível. / Gas emissions of 'SO IND.2', NOx, THC and CO, and reactor scale effects were evaluated for the process of absorption of 'SO IND.2' by limestone in atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustion of high ash high sulfur coal. Two different fluidized bed reactor plants were used: a bench cylindrical section reactor 0.16 m internal diameter, and a pilot square section reactor 0.5 x 0.5 m. Air excess, fluidization velocity(U/'U IND.MF'), particle size and process temperature were established having in view typical operational conditions. The parameters varied for analysis were the Ca/S feeding ratio, height of the bed, and geometry of the reactor. The first was varied by controlling the feed rates of coal and limestone, and the second by controlling the height of the expanded bed. Gas concentrations were measured at the reactors exit ('SO IND.2', 'O IND.2', CO, 'CO IND.2', NOx and THC). Size distributions and chemical composition were determined for the bed, overflow and elutriated materials. The results obtained in the bench plant were compared to those obtained in the pilot plant. The differences found between the results of the two plants were attributed mainly to differences in operational conditions. The effect of scale, for the dimensions of the plants considered in this work, resulted not significant.
25

Produção de sedimentos em diferentes escalas espaciais: o caso da bacia do rio Jaguaribe-Ce / Sediment yield in different spatial scales: The case of Jaguaribe River Basin-CE

Pinheiro, Everton Alves Rodrigues January 2013 (has links)
PINHEIRO, Everton Alves Rodrigues. Produção de sedimentos em diferentes escalas espaciais: o caso da bacia do rio Jaguaribe-Ce. 2013. 77 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T12:17:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_earpinheiro.pdf: 3671358 bytes, checksum: c637b9e3efae99945651824ff562a2dc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T12:17:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_earpinheiro.pdf: 3671358 bytes, checksum: c637b9e3efae99945651824ff562a2dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T12:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_earpinheiro.pdf: 3671358 bytes, checksum: c637b9e3efae99945651824ff562a2dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Erosion, transport and sediment deposition are environmental issues that affect society, mainly due to the decrease in agricultural production, decreased storage capacity of reservoirs, the intensification of desertification processes, the occurrence of floods and reduction of water availability. The current trend of the hydrosedimentological studies is addressing large scale in order to generate results with implications to planning of basins. Therefore, the monitoring and hydrosedimentological analysis of the sub-basins are of great importance for the understanding of local processes, in addition, these studies when consistently, become part of the database of investigations that cover large systems, in some situations, the global scale. The objective of this research is to study the specific sediment yield in the Jaguaribe River Basin (JRB), with the proposal to examine the relationship between this variable and the drainage area in order to identify if the data have an allometry trend with the spatial scale. The specific sediment yield data were obtained from primary and secondary sources, covering different measurement methods and a wide range of areas (6.8 x 10-5 km² to 4.8 x 104 km²). The primary data were originated from an automated hydrosedimentological section, monitoring of hillslope by erosion pins and reservoirs bathymetric surveys. Secondary data were originated from previous investigations conducted in several sub-basins of the Jaguaribe River, also contemplating different measurement methods and scales. The results of this research show that: (i) the calibration of the turbidimeter by sediment re-suspension method was shown to be as a reasonable alternative to semiarid conditions. Improvement at timescale of the sedimentological measures by turbidity allowed a more representative analysis of the suspended sediment concentration dynamics at studied control section; (ii) average specific sediment yield of the JRB was 347 t km-2 yr-1, the least was 1.1 t km-2 year-1 and the maximum was 1,340 t km-2 year-1; (iii) the attributes erosivity, geology and vegetation cover, when analyzed separately, didn’t induce any clear relationship between specific sediment yield and drainage area. However, the watersheds with vegetation cover over 80% had an average sediment yield of 139 t km-2 year-1, while those with vegetation cover less than 40% achieved an average of 545 t km-2 year-1, showing the importance of vegetation in reducing soil detachment and sediment transport; (iv) the present study indicated that the relationship between sediment yield and drainage area of the Jaguaribe River, with positive allometry to areas up to 400 km², did not follow the regular pattern established by the data of many rivers in the world. Saved better judgment, the positive allometry found in this study is novel to with not-glacial behavior regions; (v) the positive allometry found in this research may be interpreted that the Depressão Sertaneja, the main geomorphological unit in the JRB, is still in adjustment phase, where the erosion processes responsible for the leveling of the surface are contributing to increase sediment yield up to certain scale. Above the area (400 km²) at which specific sediment yield begins decreased, the process of sediment deposition becomes dominant upon production and transport processes. / A erosão, o transporte e a deposição de sedimentos são questões ambientais que afetam a sociedade, principalmente devido ao decréscimo da produtividade agrícola, à diminuição da capacidade de armazenamento dos reservatórios, à intensificação dos processos de desertificação, à ocorrência de inundações e à redução da disponibilidade hídrica. A tendência atual dos estudos hidrosedimentológicos é abordar grandes escalas, a fim de gerar resultados com implicações para o planejamento das bacias hidrográficas. Porém, o monitoramento e a análise hidrosedimentológica de sub-bacias são de grande importância para o entendimento dos processos locais. Além disso, esses estudos, quando consistentes, se tornam parte do banco de dados das investigações que englobam os grandes sistemas, em algumas situações, a escala global. Objetiva-se com esta pesquisa estudar a produção específica de sedimentos na Bacia do Rio Jaguaribe (BRJ), com a proposta de analisar as relações entre esta variável e a área de drenagem, a fim de identificar se os dados possuem alometria com a escala espacial. Os dados de produção de sedimentos foram obtidos de fontes primárias e secundárias, contemplando diferentes métodos de medição e larga faixa de áreas (6,8 x 10-5 km² a 4,8 x 104 km²). Os dados primários advieram do monitoramento de uma seção hidrosedimentológica automatizada, monitoramento de uma encosta por pinos de erosão e batimetrias de reservatórios. Os dados secundários foram originados de investigações anteriores conduzidas em diversas escalas de sub-bacias do Rio Jaguaribe, também contemplando diferentes métodos de medição. Os resultados encontrados por esta pesquisa mostram que: (i) a calibração do turbidímetro por meio da resuspensão de sedimentos se mostrou uma alternativa plausível para as condições semiáridas. A melhoria da escala temporal no monitoramento sedimentológico através das medidas de turbidez permitiu uma análise mais representativa da dinâmica da concentração de sedimentos suspensos da seção estudada; (ii) a produção de sedimentos média da BRJ foi de 347 t km-2 ano-1, mínimo de 1,1 t km-2 ano-1 e máximo de 1.340 t km-2 ano-1; (iii) os atributos erosividade, geologia e cobertura vegetal, quando analisados separadamente, não induziram a nenhuma relação clara entre a produção específica de sedimentos e a área de drenagem. Porém, as bacias com cobertura vegetal acima de 80% tiveram uma média de produção de sedimentos de 139 t km-2 ano-1, enquanto aquelas com cobertura inferior a 40% obtiveram média de 545 t km-2 ano-1, evidenciando a importância da vegetação na redução da desagregação do solo e transporte de sedimentos; (iv) o presente estudo indicou que a relação entre produção de sedimentos e área de drenagem do Rio Jaguaribe, com alometria positiva para áreas de até 400 km², não seguiu o padrão regular estabelecido pelos dados de muitos rios do mundo. Salvo melhor juízo, a alometria positiva encontrada por este trabalho é inédita para regiões não glaciais; (v) a alometria positiva encontrada por esta pesquisa pode ser um indicativo de que a Depressão Sertaneja, unidade geomorfológica principal da BRJ, ainda está em fase de ajustamento, ou seja, os processos de erosão responsáveis pelo aplainamento da superfície estariam contribuindo para o aumento da produção de sedimento até uma determinada faixa de escala. A partir da área (400 km²) na qual se inicia o decaimento da produção de sedimento, os processos de deposição dos sedimentos passam a ser dominantes sobre os processos de produção e transporte.
26

Estimativa de precipitação pontual em diferentes escalas para uso em modelo concentrado chuva-vazão

Silva, Vitor Souza Viana January 2011 (has links)
A precipitação é uma das principais variáveis hidrológicas analisadas antes de ser fornecida como dado de entrada aos modelos chuva-vazão. As dificuldades para quantificar o valor da chuva, de modo a representar o evento que verdadeiramente ocorre na bacia hidrográfica, provêm principalmente da alta variabilidade espacial da precipitação, da quantidade de postos distribuídos em uma área, das falhas existentes nas séries pluviométricas (falhas nos aparelhos, no processamento dos dados e por perdas dos dados). Uma das formas de quantificar o valor da chuva em uma determinada área para uso em modelos concentrados chuva-vazão, a partir de uma rede de pluviômetros, pode ser com base na Media Aritmética ou na Mediana, que foi uma das propostas desta pesquisa. Os métodos para se obter estas estatísticas pontuais seriam mediante a utilização dos cálculos diretos aplicados nos postos presentes dentro dos limites da bacia, ou através dos valores dos nós de uma grade regular localizados no interior da bacia, com os valores destes nós estimados por interpolação de medidas pontuais posicionadas no interior e fora dos limites da bacia. Os interpoladores utilizados foram o Inverso do Quadrado da Distância, O Vizinho mais Próximo, O Vizinho Natural e a Triangulação Linear. O método de interpolação mais adequado, para as situações encontradas nas séries de precipitação, foi selecionado com o uso da Técnica da Validação Cruzada, ao qual, o método do Vizinho Natural apresentou melhor desempenho. As séries das precipitações médias e medianas diárias obtidas pelos Cálculos Diretos, e após a espacialização com o Interpolador Vizinho Natural, foram utilizadas como dados de entrada no modelo chuva-vazão concentrado conceitual IPH II, versão WIN_IPH II, em diferentes escalas de bacias hidrográficas embutidas (9426 a 19,5 Km² ). Os resultados das vazões simuladas pelo modelo, após os processos de calibração, com o uso da calibração monoobjetivo SCE-UA, evidenciaram o melhor método, Cálculos Diretos ou Interpolação, e a estatística pontual, Media ou Mediana, que foi mais adequada a partir do desempenho do modelo nas etapas de calibração e de verificação dos parâmetros resultantes. Concluiu-se que além das falhas existentes influenciarem nas chuvas médias e medianas obtidas por cálculos diretos, a mediana não é uma estatística que representa bem o volume de chuva ocorrente na bacia, pois produziu baixo desempenho no modelo e valores de parâmetros sem significado físico para bacias rurais. Observou-se uma melhora nas duas estatísticas pontuais, após o cálculo da chuva média e da mediana com base nos valores dos nós da grade regular no interior da bacia, estimados pelo interpolador Vizinho Natural. O uso das estatísticas pontuais obtidas por este método produziu bom desempenho do modelo nas etapas de calibração e de verificação. A chuva média obtida por interpolação com o Vizinho Natural foi a estatística mais representativa para a maior parte das escalas analisadas. Este trabalho também mostrou a possibilidade de se fazer à transferência de parâmetros do modelo IPH II, com o uso da melhor estatística pontual, de bacias maiores para bacias menores, com o intuito de verificar situações para obtenção de vazões em bacias menores que não possuem medições fluviométricas. / Precipitation is a key hydrological variables analyzed before being supplied as input to rainfall-runoff models. The difficulties to quantify the amount of rain in order to truly represent the event that occurs in the watershed, primarily come from the high spatial variability of precipitation, the number of stations distributed in an area of flaws in the rainfall series (faults in apparatus in data processing and for loss of data). One way to quantify the amount of rainfall in a given area for use in concentrated rainfall-runoff models, from a network of rain gauges, can be based on the arithmetic mean or median, which was one of the purposes of this research. The methods to obtain these statistics would be off by using the direct calculations applied in these posts within the limits of the basin, or through the values of the nodes of a regular grid located inside the basin, we estimated these values by interpolation offs positioned inside and outside the boundaries of the basin. The interpolators used were the Inverse Square Distance, Nearest Neighbor, The Natural Neighbor and Linear Triangulation. The interpolation method most appropriate to the situations found in the precipitation series, was selected by using the Cross Validation technique, which the Natural Neighbor method showed better performance. The series of daily precipitation means and medians obtained by direct calculations, and after the spatial interpolator with Natural Neighbor, were used as input to rainfall-runoff model focused conceptual HPI II, version WIN_IPH II, at different scales of watersheds embedded (9426 to 19.5 km ²). The results of the simulated flows by the model after the calibration procedures, calibration using the SCE-UA monoobjetivo, showed the best method, Direct calculations or interpolation, and timely statistics, mean or median, which was more appropriate to the performance stages of the model calibration and verification of resulting parameters. It was concluded that besides the existing faults influence on rainfall averages and medians obtained by direct calculations, the median is a statistic that well represents the volume of rainfall occurring in the basin, because it produced lower scores in the model and parameter values without physical meaning to rural basins. We observed an improvement in the two point statistics, after calculating the mean and median rainfall based on the values of the nodes of regular grid within the basin, estimated by the Natural Neighbor interpolation. The occasional use of statistics obtained by this method produced good performance of the model in steps of calibration and verification. The average rainfall obtained by interpolation from the Natural Neighbor was statistically more representative for most of the scales analyzed. This work also showed the possibility of making the transfer of model parameters HPI II, using the best statistical point of basins larger for smaller basins, in order to check conditions for obtaining flows in smaller basins that have no measurements gauged.
27

Estimativa de precipitação pontual em diferentes escalas para uso em modelo concentrado chuva-vazão

Silva, Vitor Souza Viana January 2011 (has links)
A precipitação é uma das principais variáveis hidrológicas analisadas antes de ser fornecida como dado de entrada aos modelos chuva-vazão. As dificuldades para quantificar o valor da chuva, de modo a representar o evento que verdadeiramente ocorre na bacia hidrográfica, provêm principalmente da alta variabilidade espacial da precipitação, da quantidade de postos distribuídos em uma área, das falhas existentes nas séries pluviométricas (falhas nos aparelhos, no processamento dos dados e por perdas dos dados). Uma das formas de quantificar o valor da chuva em uma determinada área para uso em modelos concentrados chuva-vazão, a partir de uma rede de pluviômetros, pode ser com base na Media Aritmética ou na Mediana, que foi uma das propostas desta pesquisa. Os métodos para se obter estas estatísticas pontuais seriam mediante a utilização dos cálculos diretos aplicados nos postos presentes dentro dos limites da bacia, ou através dos valores dos nós de uma grade regular localizados no interior da bacia, com os valores destes nós estimados por interpolação de medidas pontuais posicionadas no interior e fora dos limites da bacia. Os interpoladores utilizados foram o Inverso do Quadrado da Distância, O Vizinho mais Próximo, O Vizinho Natural e a Triangulação Linear. O método de interpolação mais adequado, para as situações encontradas nas séries de precipitação, foi selecionado com o uso da Técnica da Validação Cruzada, ao qual, o método do Vizinho Natural apresentou melhor desempenho. As séries das precipitações médias e medianas diárias obtidas pelos Cálculos Diretos, e após a espacialização com o Interpolador Vizinho Natural, foram utilizadas como dados de entrada no modelo chuva-vazão concentrado conceitual IPH II, versão WIN_IPH II, em diferentes escalas de bacias hidrográficas embutidas (9426 a 19,5 Km² ). Os resultados das vazões simuladas pelo modelo, após os processos de calibração, com o uso da calibração monoobjetivo SCE-UA, evidenciaram o melhor método, Cálculos Diretos ou Interpolação, e a estatística pontual, Media ou Mediana, que foi mais adequada a partir do desempenho do modelo nas etapas de calibração e de verificação dos parâmetros resultantes. Concluiu-se que além das falhas existentes influenciarem nas chuvas médias e medianas obtidas por cálculos diretos, a mediana não é uma estatística que representa bem o volume de chuva ocorrente na bacia, pois produziu baixo desempenho no modelo e valores de parâmetros sem significado físico para bacias rurais. Observou-se uma melhora nas duas estatísticas pontuais, após o cálculo da chuva média e da mediana com base nos valores dos nós da grade regular no interior da bacia, estimados pelo interpolador Vizinho Natural. O uso das estatísticas pontuais obtidas por este método produziu bom desempenho do modelo nas etapas de calibração e de verificação. A chuva média obtida por interpolação com o Vizinho Natural foi a estatística mais representativa para a maior parte das escalas analisadas. Este trabalho também mostrou a possibilidade de se fazer à transferência de parâmetros do modelo IPH II, com o uso da melhor estatística pontual, de bacias maiores para bacias menores, com o intuito de verificar situações para obtenção de vazões em bacias menores que não possuem medições fluviométricas. / Precipitation is a key hydrological variables analyzed before being supplied as input to rainfall-runoff models. The difficulties to quantify the amount of rain in order to truly represent the event that occurs in the watershed, primarily come from the high spatial variability of precipitation, the number of stations distributed in an area of flaws in the rainfall series (faults in apparatus in data processing and for loss of data). One way to quantify the amount of rainfall in a given area for use in concentrated rainfall-runoff models, from a network of rain gauges, can be based on the arithmetic mean or median, which was one of the purposes of this research. The methods to obtain these statistics would be off by using the direct calculations applied in these posts within the limits of the basin, or through the values of the nodes of a regular grid located inside the basin, we estimated these values by interpolation offs positioned inside and outside the boundaries of the basin. The interpolators used were the Inverse Square Distance, Nearest Neighbor, The Natural Neighbor and Linear Triangulation. The interpolation method most appropriate to the situations found in the precipitation series, was selected by using the Cross Validation technique, which the Natural Neighbor method showed better performance. The series of daily precipitation means and medians obtained by direct calculations, and after the spatial interpolator with Natural Neighbor, were used as input to rainfall-runoff model focused conceptual HPI II, version WIN_IPH II, at different scales of watersheds embedded (9426 to 19.5 km ²). The results of the simulated flows by the model after the calibration procedures, calibration using the SCE-UA monoobjetivo, showed the best method, Direct calculations or interpolation, and timely statistics, mean or median, which was more appropriate to the performance stages of the model calibration and verification of resulting parameters. It was concluded that besides the existing faults influence on rainfall averages and medians obtained by direct calculations, the median is a statistic that well represents the volume of rainfall occurring in the basin, because it produced lower scores in the model and parameter values without physical meaning to rural basins. We observed an improvement in the two point statistics, after calculating the mean and median rainfall based on the values of the nodes of regular grid within the basin, estimated by the Natural Neighbor interpolation. The occasional use of statistics obtained by this method produced good performance of the model in steps of calibration and verification. The average rainfall obtained by interpolation from the Natural Neighbor was statistically more representative for most of the scales analyzed. This work also showed the possibility of making the transfer of model parameters HPI II, using the best statistical point of basins larger for smaller basins, in order to check conditions for obtaining flows in smaller basins that have no measurements gauged.
28

Estimativa de precipitação pontual em diferentes escalas para uso em modelo concentrado chuva-vazão

Silva, Vitor Souza Viana January 2011 (has links)
A precipitação é uma das principais variáveis hidrológicas analisadas antes de ser fornecida como dado de entrada aos modelos chuva-vazão. As dificuldades para quantificar o valor da chuva, de modo a representar o evento que verdadeiramente ocorre na bacia hidrográfica, provêm principalmente da alta variabilidade espacial da precipitação, da quantidade de postos distribuídos em uma área, das falhas existentes nas séries pluviométricas (falhas nos aparelhos, no processamento dos dados e por perdas dos dados). Uma das formas de quantificar o valor da chuva em uma determinada área para uso em modelos concentrados chuva-vazão, a partir de uma rede de pluviômetros, pode ser com base na Media Aritmética ou na Mediana, que foi uma das propostas desta pesquisa. Os métodos para se obter estas estatísticas pontuais seriam mediante a utilização dos cálculos diretos aplicados nos postos presentes dentro dos limites da bacia, ou através dos valores dos nós de uma grade regular localizados no interior da bacia, com os valores destes nós estimados por interpolação de medidas pontuais posicionadas no interior e fora dos limites da bacia. Os interpoladores utilizados foram o Inverso do Quadrado da Distância, O Vizinho mais Próximo, O Vizinho Natural e a Triangulação Linear. O método de interpolação mais adequado, para as situações encontradas nas séries de precipitação, foi selecionado com o uso da Técnica da Validação Cruzada, ao qual, o método do Vizinho Natural apresentou melhor desempenho. As séries das precipitações médias e medianas diárias obtidas pelos Cálculos Diretos, e após a espacialização com o Interpolador Vizinho Natural, foram utilizadas como dados de entrada no modelo chuva-vazão concentrado conceitual IPH II, versão WIN_IPH II, em diferentes escalas de bacias hidrográficas embutidas (9426 a 19,5 Km² ). Os resultados das vazões simuladas pelo modelo, após os processos de calibração, com o uso da calibração monoobjetivo SCE-UA, evidenciaram o melhor método, Cálculos Diretos ou Interpolação, e a estatística pontual, Media ou Mediana, que foi mais adequada a partir do desempenho do modelo nas etapas de calibração e de verificação dos parâmetros resultantes. Concluiu-se que além das falhas existentes influenciarem nas chuvas médias e medianas obtidas por cálculos diretos, a mediana não é uma estatística que representa bem o volume de chuva ocorrente na bacia, pois produziu baixo desempenho no modelo e valores de parâmetros sem significado físico para bacias rurais. Observou-se uma melhora nas duas estatísticas pontuais, após o cálculo da chuva média e da mediana com base nos valores dos nós da grade regular no interior da bacia, estimados pelo interpolador Vizinho Natural. O uso das estatísticas pontuais obtidas por este método produziu bom desempenho do modelo nas etapas de calibração e de verificação. A chuva média obtida por interpolação com o Vizinho Natural foi a estatística mais representativa para a maior parte das escalas analisadas. Este trabalho também mostrou a possibilidade de se fazer à transferência de parâmetros do modelo IPH II, com o uso da melhor estatística pontual, de bacias maiores para bacias menores, com o intuito de verificar situações para obtenção de vazões em bacias menores que não possuem medições fluviométricas. / Precipitation is a key hydrological variables analyzed before being supplied as input to rainfall-runoff models. The difficulties to quantify the amount of rain in order to truly represent the event that occurs in the watershed, primarily come from the high spatial variability of precipitation, the number of stations distributed in an area of flaws in the rainfall series (faults in apparatus in data processing and for loss of data). One way to quantify the amount of rainfall in a given area for use in concentrated rainfall-runoff models, from a network of rain gauges, can be based on the arithmetic mean or median, which was one of the purposes of this research. The methods to obtain these statistics would be off by using the direct calculations applied in these posts within the limits of the basin, or through the values of the nodes of a regular grid located inside the basin, we estimated these values by interpolation offs positioned inside and outside the boundaries of the basin. The interpolators used were the Inverse Square Distance, Nearest Neighbor, The Natural Neighbor and Linear Triangulation. The interpolation method most appropriate to the situations found in the precipitation series, was selected by using the Cross Validation technique, which the Natural Neighbor method showed better performance. The series of daily precipitation means and medians obtained by direct calculations, and after the spatial interpolator with Natural Neighbor, were used as input to rainfall-runoff model focused conceptual HPI II, version WIN_IPH II, at different scales of watersheds embedded (9426 to 19.5 km ²). The results of the simulated flows by the model after the calibration procedures, calibration using the SCE-UA monoobjetivo, showed the best method, Direct calculations or interpolation, and timely statistics, mean or median, which was more appropriate to the performance stages of the model calibration and verification of resulting parameters. It was concluded that besides the existing faults influence on rainfall averages and medians obtained by direct calculations, the median is a statistic that well represents the volume of rainfall occurring in the basin, because it produced lower scores in the model and parameter values without physical meaning to rural basins. We observed an improvement in the two point statistics, after calculating the mean and median rainfall based on the values of the nodes of regular grid within the basin, estimated by the Natural Neighbor interpolation. The occasional use of statistics obtained by this method produced good performance of the model in steps of calibration and verification. The average rainfall obtained by interpolation from the Natural Neighbor was statistically more representative for most of the scales analyzed. This work also showed the possibility of making the transfer of model parameters HPI II, using the best statistical point of basins larger for smaller basins, in order to check conditions for obtaining flows in smaller basins that have no measurements gauged.
29

Modélisation du comportement mécanique des grands CFRD : Identification des caractéristiques des enrochements et comportement du masque d'étanchéité amont

Chen, Yuguang 19 December 2012 (has links)
Une modélisation numérique des grands barrages en enrochement à masque amont (CFRD) a été entreprise pour mieux comprendre les pathologies observées sur ces ouvrages récemment construits, principalement des fissures horizontales et verticales sur le masque amont en béton en phase de construction et de mise en eau. Le but de cette modélisation est ensuite de confirmer, préciser ou compléter les solutions proposées par les experts pour éviter ces désordres.D‟abord, une loi de comportement développée au sein d‟EDF-CIH appelée L&K-Enroch a été présentée. Il s'agit d'un modèle élastoplastique qui prend en compte les déformations irréversibles de l‟enrochement sous sollicitation déviatorique et isotrope dans les grands CFRD. Cette thèse propose aussi une méthode de calage des paramètres de ce modèle.Deux modélisations des barrages sont également présentées dans cette thèse afin de vérifier la fiabilité de la loi de comportement L&K-Enroch et de mieux comprendre les pathologies sur le masque amont en béton du CFRD. La modélisation en déformation plane (2D) est d‟abord entreprise et a comme support le barrage d‟Aguamilpa (180,5 m), au Mexique. Une modélisation plus poussée en 3D prenant en compte de l'effet de la vallée est ensuite entreprise. Elle a comme support le barrage de Mohale (145 m) au Lesotho.L'effet d‟échelle de l'enrochement est également étudié en comparant les résultats de simulation pour les matériaux de différentes tailles. L'impact de l‟effet d‟échelle sur le comportement du barrage est aussi analysé.Les simulations présentées en 2D et 3D sont une contribution à l'analyse du comportement mécanique des grands CFRD. Les résultats de la modélisation 2D montrent généralement une bonne correspondance avec les mesures in-situ. La modélisation 3D explique, d'une manière plus convaincante, l‟apparition des fissures sur le masque amont en béton des CFRD. Certaines mesures constructives sont finalement proposées afin de limiter ou d'éviter ces désordres dans le masque. / A numerical modeling of high concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) has been considered in order to better understand the pathology of cracks observed in the recently constructed high CFRD, especially the horizontal and vertical cracks detected on the concrete face slab during the construction and the impoundment. The purpose of this modeling is then to confirm, clarify or complete the solutions proposed by the experts to avoid these disorders.This PhD thesis presents a constitutive model developed by EDF-CIH known as L&K-Enroch. It is an elastoplastic model that takes into account the irreversible deformations of rockfill under deviatoric and isotropic loading in high CFRD. A first attempt of proposing a parameter calibration approach has been made as well.Two dam modellings are also presented in this thesis in order to verify the reliability of the constitutive model and to better understand the pathology of cracks observed on the concrete face slab of CFRD. A 2D modeling is compared to the behaviour of the 180.5 m Aguamilpa Dam, Mexico; a 3D modeling taking into account the valley effect is compared to the behaviour of the 145 m Mohale Dam, Lesotho.This thesis also studies the scale effect of rockfill through a comparison of the simulation results of materials of different sizes. The impact of the scale effect on the dam behavior is analyzed as well.The presented 2D and 3D simulations are a contribution to the analysis of the mechanical behaviour of high CFRD. The results of the 2D modeling show a relatively good agreement with the monitored data. The 3D modeling explains, in a rather convincing way, the pathology of cracks on the slab face of CFRD. Some measures are proposed to limit or avoid these different kinds of cracks.
30

Multi-fissuration des structures en béton armé : analyse par corrélation d'images et modélisation / Multi-cracking of Reinforced Concrete Structures : Image Correlation Analysis and Modelling

Handika, Nuraziz 01 February 2017 (has links)
La modélisation de la fissuration du béton armé à l'aide de la méthode des éléments finis nécessite de prendre en compte, outre l'endommagement du béton, trois phénomènes : la spécificité de la liaison acier-béton, l’autocontrainte due au retrait, et l'effet d'échelle probabiliste dû à l'hétérogénéité du béton. Cette recherche s'appuie sur une campagne expérimentale pour obtenir le comportement de la liaison et les caractéristiques des fissures sur des éléments de structures. La technique de corrélation d'images numériques a été utilisée pour observer l'espacement et l'ouverture des fissures.La liaison acier-béton est considérée dans la modélisation à l'aide d'éléments d'interface élasto-plastiques basés sur les résultats expérimentaux des tests de pull-out. Les effets du retrait sont pris en compte via un cadre poro-mécanique. Enfin, l'effet d'échelle probabiliste est intégré dans la modélisation via une méthode de champs aléatoires, puis de maillon faible. La modélisation est appliquée à l'élément de structure en béton armé étudié en laboratoire ce qui permet de quantifier l'importance relative de la liaison acier-béton, des contraintes induites par le retrait empêché, et de l'hétérogénéité du matériau. / The modelling of cracking of reinforced concrete using the finite element method requires taking into account, in addition to the concrete damage, three phenomena: the specificity of the steel-concrete bond, the self-stress due to shrinkage, and the probabilistic scale effect due to the heterogeneity of concrete. This research is based on an experimental campaign to obtain the behaviour of the bond and the characteristics of the cracks on structural elements. The technique of digital image correlation was used to observe the spacing and opening of the cracks.The steel-concrete bond is considered in modelling using elastoplastic interface elements based on the experimental results of the pull-out tests. The effects of shrinkage are taken into account via a poro-mechanical framework. Finally, the probabilistic scale effect is integrated into the modelling via a random field method and then a weakest link one. Modelling is applied to the reinforced concrete structural element studied in the laboratory, which makes it possible to quantify the relative importance on cracking of the steel-concrete bond, the stresses induced by shrinkage, and the tensile strength heterogeneity of the material.

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