Considering the long term target set by the Swedish government of having an energy system basedexclusively on renewable sources, the potential for different renewable sources need to beinvestigated. When analyzing the sources used for electricity production in Sweden today, solarPV represents a very small share. This relatively small share also mainly consists of grid-connecteddistributed PV systems, and to analyze the possibilities of making solar energy a larger share inthe electricity production in Sweden this study will focus on grid-connected centralized PV farms.The main purpose of the study is to identify the potential for grid-connected centralized PVsystems for large scale production in Sweden. This will include an identification of the mostimportant key factors influencing the profitability, an investment calculation to be aware of theprofitability, a prediction of the future development of the PV industry in Sweden and lastly themain challenges that the PV industry is facing.To conduct this study a collaboration with Vattenfall Vind AB has been made, where a case studybased on three specific locations has been implemented when analyzing both the profitability andthe key factors. These three cases are based on places where Vattenfall has existing wind farms orhas assigned for upcoming ones. These areas could be seen as a potential benefit since the companyalready has started to inspect the land area, and that wind and PV farms might be able to sharenecessities such as infrastructure.The results of the study mainly indicate that the PV industry most likely will continue develop andgrow, but the profitability of investing in grid-connected centralized PV farms does not lookpromising today or in the next coming years. This mainly due to low prices for electricity anduncertainties in the future development of the financial support policy. The location is also veryimportant for this type of installation. There are places in southern Sweden with enough insolation,but these areas can be seen as limited. To make solar energy a larger share of the electricityproduction in Sweden in a profitable way today, more investments should be made in gridconnecteddistributed PV systems rather than grid-connected centralized PV farms. PV farms forlarge scale production might though be more profitable in the future when the prices for modulesand inverters will decrease further and when the spot price increases.

Les secteurs manufacturiers de nombreux pays ont vu leurs parts dans les économies nationales décliner depuis plus de 20 ans, et le Québec n’en fait pas exception. Bouleversé par des ralentissements économiques et des signatures d’accords de libre-échange, ce secteur autrefois prédominant dans la province a vu son pourcentage de produit intérieur brut et sa proportion d’emploi continuellement diminué lors des dernières décennies. Plusieurs causes permettent d’expliquer ce déclin, telles que la libéralisation du commerce international, l’appréciation des devises et la délocalisation d’entreprises manufacturières. Cependant, les crises récentes, comme la pandémie de COVID-19 et les perturbations dans les chaînes d’approvisionnement internationales, ont démontré la pertinence d’avoir accès à des systèmes de productions locales afin de soutenir la résilience économique locale et une plus grande autonomie lors de ces crises. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire cherche à explorer les leviers et les freins de la production locale de meubles et d’objets de maison au Québec, en s’attardant aux petites entreprises utilisant des échelles de production de moyenne série, une échelle particulièrement utilisée chez les PME, qui constitue la majorité des entreprises du secteur manufacturier québécois. Plus précisément, il pose la question suivante : quelles leçons tirer d’expériences d’entreprises œuvrant dans le secteur manufacturier de meubles produit localement au Québec à des échelles de production de moyenne série ? Afin de répondre à cette question, une recherche qualitative mettant de l’avant l’analyse documentaire et des entretiens semi-dirigés avec des personnes œuvrant dans des entreprises différentes possédant des expériences riches et pertinentes dans les mises en production de moyennes séries a permis de documenter ce secteur. Cette collecte de données a permis, dans un premier temps, de caractériser le domaine de production de meubles conçu et fabriqué localement, et, dans un second temps, d’identifier les grandes lignes de modèles de production viables dans une échelle de production de moyenne série. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les d’entreprises intégrant l’ensemble des activités de fabrication à l’interne, et mettant de l’avant des types de productions variées (comme la fabrication à l’ordre combiné à la fabrication pour inventaire) sont en mesure d’être plus résilientes. De plus, celles qui entretiennent des partenariats avec des entreprises concurrentes seraient plus autonomes et entretiendraient des relations plus pérennes avec des fournisseurs locaux. / The manufacturing sectors in many countries have seen their share of national economies decline over the past 20 years, and Quebec is no exception. Shaken by economic downturns and the signing of free trade agreements, this once-dominant sector in the province has seen its percentage of gross domestic product and its share of employment decline steadily over the past few decades. There are several reasons for this decline, such as the liberalization of international trade, currency appreciation and the relocation of manufacturing companies. However, recent crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and disruptions in international supply chains, have demonstrated the relevance of having access to local production systems to support local economic resilience and greater autonomy during these crises. In this context, this paper seeks to explore the levers and obstacles of local furniture and object production in Quebec, focusing on small firms using medium-scale production, a scale particularly used by SMEs, which constitute most firms in the Quebec manufacturing sector. More specifically, it asks the following question: what lessons can be learned from the experiences of firms operating in the manufacturing sector of locally produced furniture and objects in Quebec at medium production scales? To answer this question, a qualitative research based on documentary analysis and semi-directed interviews with people working in different companies with rich and relevant experiences in the production of medium-sized series allowed to document this sector. This data collection allowed, firstly, to characterize the field of production of locally designed and manufactured objects, and, secondly, to identify the main lines of viable production models in a scale of medium series production. The results of this study show that firms that integrate all manufacturing activities in-house and put forward various types of production (such as make-to-order combined with make-to-stock) are able to be more resilient. In addition, those that partner with competitive firms would be more self-sufficient and have more sustainable relationships with local suppliers.

The industry is facing major challenges today. The challenges are tougher global competition, customers who require individualized products and shorter product lifecycles. The predicted industrial revolution is a way to deal with these challenges. Industry 4.0 includes strategies linked to several technologies that will meet the new needs. Smart factory is a central concept in industry 4.0, which involves connected technologies of various kinds. Such as digital manufacturing technology, network communication technology, computer technology, automation technology and several other areas. In this work, these were defined as smart factory technologies. Implementing such technologies will result in improved flexibility, resource productivity and efficiency, quality, etc. But, implementing smart factory technologies poses major challenges for the companies. Laboratory environments can be utilized to address the challenges. This results in a new problem, how to transfer a smart factory technology developed in a laboratory environment to a full-scale production system. In the literature study no, structured approach was identified to handle this challenge. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to: create a work process that supports the technology transfer from a smart factory compliant laboratory environment to a full-scale production system. To justify the purpose, the following research questions were answered: RQ1: What are the differences in the operating environment between the laboratory and the full-scale production system? RQ2: How is a smart factory technology determined ready to be implemented into a full-scale production system? RQ3: What critical factors should a work process for the implementation of smart factory technologies include? The research questions were answered by conducting a multiple-case study in collaboration with Scania CV AB. During the case studies, interviews, observations and other relevant types of data collection were conducted. The results were as follows: RQ1: How difficult it is to transfer a technology from a laboratory environment to a full-scale production system depends on how large the differences between these are. The general difference is that laboratory environments are used to experiment and develop technologies and a full-scale production system is used to produce products. Some want the laboratory environment to be an exact copy of a full-scale production system, but this is not appropriate because it means you lose the freedom of experimentation and it would be much more expensive. RQ2: Determining whether a smart factory technology is ready consists of two parts, laboratory activities and pilot testing. A structured assessment method has been developed. The laboratory operations reduce the risks and contribute to raising the degree of maturity of the technology. In pilot testing, it is important not to interfere with the full-scale production system stability. This is the reason for doing pilot testing in a delimited area first and checking that the technology works as desired. RQ3: The critical factors identified were: competence and knowledge, technology contributing to improvements, considering risks with implementation, cost versus potential improvement, clear goals and reason for implementation and communication.

<p> Soybean seed cost has dramatically increased in recent decades which has led to producer interest in lowering input cost through reductions in seeding rate. Fifty-eight seeding rate trials of soybean were conducted at field-scale in Indiana from 2010 to 2021 to update recommendations of seeding rates and plant population. The objectives were to determine the agronomic optimal seeding rate (AOSR) and plant population (AOPP) based on planting equipment, tillage practices, and planting date. Economic optimal seeding rate (EOSR) was also determined based on these field scenarios. Harvest AOPP was not influenced by planting equipment (~212,000 plants ha-1) or tillage (~239,000 plants ha-1), but AOSR varied. Soybean seeded with a row-crop planter optimized grain yield with 352,600 seeds ha-1; whereas, the grain drill required 75,200 more seeds ha-1. Soybean seeded into conventional tillage maximized grain yield at 380,400 seeds ha-1; whereas, under no-till conditions 41,400 more seeds ha-1 were required. Timely planting required 417,300 seeds ha-1 to optimize grain yield, which resulted in harvest AOPP of 216,700 plants ha-1. Conversely, late plantings required 102,800 fewer seeds ha-1 but 36,200 more plants ha-1 than timely planting. Depending on seed cost and soybean market price, seeding rates could be reduced 13,700 to 92,800 seeds ha-1 below AOSR to maximize profit.</p> <p>Secondly, digital imagery with high spatial resolution was collected with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to develop a simple and practical method to segment soybean from non-plant pixels. The best vegetation indices were selected to segment young soybean plants (VC to V6). Two field-scale trials of soybean were planted in 2020 with the agronomic trial design of two varieties x five seeding rates with three replications. The imagery was collected during this period as it coincides with the time for determining whether a soybean stand should be replanted. Five relative vegetative indices based on the red, green, and blue (RGB) imagery were evaluated: excess greenness index (ExG), excess redness index (ExR), green leaf index (GLI), normalized green-red difference index (NGRDI) and visible atmospheric resistance index (VARI). Both GLI and ExG were superior in overall accuracy compared to all other vegetative indices with very small soybean plants (VC to V1 growth stages). VARI and NGRDI had relatively poor overall accuracy at VC and V1, but had similar overall accuracy to GLI as soybean plants grew larger (V2 to V6 growth stages). Across all growth stages and locations, ExR performed the poorest. Moreover, GLI had consistent performance across the range of growth stages, suggesting its suitability for early soybean stand assessment methods.</p> <p>Six field-scale trials were established in 2020 and 2021 in Indiana with two varieties seeded from 123,000 to 618,000 seeds ha-1. Canopy cover was calculated using GLI to create binary segmentation of plant pixels and non-plant pixels. UAV-derived canopy cover measurements were correlated with plant population of soybean from VC to V4 and growing degree days (GDD) after planting. Yield potential (75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100%) was correlated with canopy cover from VC to V4 and GDD after planting. Canopy cover of 2.1, 5.0, 8.9 and 13.8% by 150, 250, 350, and 450 GDD°C after planting, respectively, would maximize yield. Canopy cover for 75% yield potential was one-fourth as much as the 100% yield potential. Recommended threshold for replant decisions should be based on canopy cover to attain 95% yield potential. Field observations below a canopy cover of 1.8, 4.2, 7.4, and 11.5% canopy cover by 150, 250, 350, and 450 GDD°C after planting respectively, would consider replanting. </p>

В 1-й главе изучены особенности единичного и мелкосерийного типа производства; изучены основы управления резервами производства, изучены подходы трёх концепций по управлению предприятием к управлению резервами. Во 2-й главе проведен анализ процесса производства продукции цеха №23 ПАО «Завод №9». В 3-й главе предложены мероприятия по мобилизации резервов производства продукции, рассчитана их экономическая эффективность; даны рекомендации по мобилизации резервов. / In the 1st chapter, the features of a single and small-scale type of production were studied; studied the basics of managing reserves of production, studied the approaches of three concepts for managing an enterprise to managing reserves. In the 2nd chapter, an analysis of the production process of workshop No. 23 of PJSC Plant No. 9 was carried out. The 3rd chapter proposes measures to mobilize product production reserves, their economic efficiency is calculated; recommendations for the mobilization of reserves are given.