Caesarean section is one of the most frequently performed surgery in medicine. The Cesarean section scar in the uterus can lead to a number of pathological conditions which affect the women reproductive health. In industrialized countries, this issue relates to at least 30% of women, which means that it is a major medical problem. Ultrasound examination of the uterus after Cesarean section includes some specific features, resulting from the rapidly changing dimensions of the uterus, as well as from patient compliance in early puerperium. When dealing with postpartum complications, it is necessary to know the normal ultrasound findings and the dynamic changes of the uterus during puerperium, so that we can better distinguish between the pathological course and the normal course of puerperium. The clinical significance of ultrasound assessment of uterine size and area of the scar after Caesarean section during the postpartum is not yet adequately described. The knowledge of normal ultrasound findings in the uterus after Caesarean section could be helpful in choosing the right treatment in severe cases. We were watching the clinical outcomes of treatment of abnormal Cesarean section scars after their laparoscopic reconstruction. In our study, we have shown that the examination of uterus in early...

<p>Burn injuries in the United States account for over one million hospital admissions per year, with treatment estimated at four billion dollars. Of severe burn patients, 30-90% will develop hypertrophic scars (HSc). Current burn therapies rely upon the use of bioengineered skin equivalents (BSEs), which assist in wound healing but do not prevent HSc. HSc contraction occurs of 6-18 months and results in the formation of a fixed, inelastic skin deformity, with 60% of cases occurring across a joint. HSc contraction is characterized by abnormally high presence of contractile myofibroblasts which normally apoptose at the completion of the proliferative phase of wound healing. Additionally, clinical observation suggests that the likelihood of HSc is increased in injuries with a prolonged immune response. Given the pathogenesis of HSc, we hypothesize that BSEs should be designed with two key anti-scarring characterizes: (1) 3D architecture and surface chemistry to mitigate the inflammatory microenvironment and decrease myofibroblast transition; and (2) using materials which persist in the wound bed throughout the remodeling phase of repair. We employed electrospinning and 3D printing to generate scaffolds with well-controlled degradation rate, surface coatings, and 3D architecture to explore our hypothesis through four aims.</p><p> In the first aim, we evaluate the impact of elastomeric, randomly-oriented biostable polyurethane (PU) scaffold on HSc-related outcomes. In unwounded skin, native collagen is arranged randomly, elastin fibers are abundant, and myofibroblasts are absent. Conversely, in scar contractures, collagen is arranged in linear arrays and elastin fibers are few, while myofibroblast density is high. Randomly oriented collagen fibers native to the uninjured dermis encourage random cell alignment through contact guidance and do not transmit as much force as aligned collagen fibers. However, the linear ECM serves as a system for mechanotransduction between cells in a feed-forward mechanism, which perpetuates ECM remodeling and myofibroblast contraction. The electrospinning process allowed us to create scaffolds with randomly-oriented fibers that promote random collagen deposition and decrease myofibroblast formation. Compared to an in vitro HSc contraction model, fibroblast-seeded PU scaffolds significantly decreased matrix and myofibroblast formation. In a murine HSc model, collagen coated PU (ccPU) scaffolds significantly reduced HSc contraction as compared to untreated control wounds and wounds treated with the clinical standard of care. The data from this study suggest that electrospun ccPU scaffolds meet the requirements to mitigate HSc contraction including: reduction of in vitro HSc related outcomes, diminished scar stiffness, and reduced scar contraction. While clinical dogma suggests treating severe burn patients with rapidly biodegrading skin equivalents, these data suggest that a more long-term scaffold may possess merit in reducing HSc.</p><p>In the second aim, we further investigate the impact of scaffold longevity on HSc contraction by studying a degradable, elastomeric, randomly oriented, electrospun micro-fibrous scaffold fabricated from the copolymer poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL). PLCL scaffolds displayed appropriate elastomeric and tensile characteristics for implantation beneath a human skin graft. In vitro analysis using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) demonstrated that PLCL scaffolds decreased myofibroblast formation as compared to an in vitro HSc contraction model. Using our murine HSc contraction model, we found that HSc contraction was significantly greater in animals treated with standard of care, Integra, as compared to those treated with collagen coated-PLCL (ccPLCL) scaffolds at d 56 following implantation. Finally, wounds treated with ccPLCL were significantly less stiff than control wounds at d 56 in vivo. Together, these data further solidify our hypothesis that scaffolds which persist throughout the remodeling phase of repair represent a clinically translatable method to prevent HSc contraction.</p><p>In the third aim, we attempt to optimize cell-scaffold interactions by employing an anti-inflammatory coating on electrospun PLCL scaffolds. The anti-inflammatory sub-epidermal glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA) was used as a coating material for PLCL scaffolds to encourage a regenerative healing phenotype. To minimize local inflammation, an anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody (mAB) was conjugated to the HA backbone prior to PLCL coating. ELISA analysis confirmed mAB activity following conjugation to HA (HA+mAB), and following adsorption of HA+mAB to the PLCL backbone [(HA+mAB)PLCL]. Alican blue staining demonstrated thorough HA coating of PLCL scaffolds using pressure-driven adsorption. In vitro studies demonstrated that treatment with (HA+mAB)PLCL prevented downstream inflammatory events in mouse macrophages treated with soluble TNFα. In vivo studies using our murine HSc contraction model suggested positive impact of HA coating, which was partiall impeded by the inclusion of the TNFα mAB. Further characterization of the inflammatory microenvironment of our murine model is required prior to conclusions regarding the potential for anti-TNFα therapeutics for HSc. Together, our data demonstrate the development of a complex anti-inflammatory coating for PLCL scaffolds, and the potential impact of altering the ECM coating material on HSc contraction.</p><p>In the fourth aim, we investigate how scaffold design, specifically pore dimensions, can influence myofibroblast interactions and subsequent formation of OB-cadherin positive adherens junctions in vitro. We collaborated with Wake Forest University to produce 3D printed (3DP) scaffolds with well-controlled pore sizes we hypothesized that decreasing pore size would mitigate intra-cellular communication via OB-cadherin-positive adherens junctions. PU was 3D printed via pressure extrusion in basket-weave design with feature diameter of ~70 µm and pore sizes of 50, 100, or 150 µm. Tensile elastic moduli of 3DP scaffolds were similar to Integra; however, flexural moduli of 3DP were significantly greater than Integra. 3DP scaffolds demonstrated ~50% porosity. 24 h and 5 d western blot data demonstrated significant increases in OB-cadherin expression in 100 µm pores relative to 50 µm pores, suggesting that pore size may play a role in regulating cell-cell communication. To analyze the impact of pore size in these scaffolds on scarring in vivo, scaffolds were implanted beneath skin graft in a murine HSc model. While flexural stiffness resulted in graft necrosis by d 14, cellular and blood vessel integration into scaffolds was evident, suggesting potential for this design if employed in a less stiff material. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that pore size alone impacts OB-cadherin protein expression in vitro, suggesting that pore size may play a role on adherens junction formation affiliated with the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. Overall, this work introduces a new bioengineered scaffold design to both study the mechanism behind HSc and prevent the clinical burden of this contractile disease.</p><p>Together, these studies inform the field of critical design parameters in scaffold design for the prevention of HSc contraction. We propose that scaffold 3D architectural design, surface chemistry, and longevity can be employed as key design parameters during the development of next generation, low-cost scaffolds to mitigate post-burn hypertrophic scar contraction. The lessening of post-burn scarring and scar contraction would improve clinical practice by reducing medical expenditures, increasing patient survival, and dramatically improving quality of life for millions of patients worldwide.</p> / Dissertation

BACKGROUND: The understanding of facial anatomy and its changes through aging has led to the development of several different facelift techniques that focus on being less invasive and traumatic and, at the same time, providing natural long-lasting results. In this article we describe step by step our facelift technique as it has been done over the past 10 years by the senior author. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive, transversal study in which all patients who underwent a rhytidectomy using our technique from January 2002 to September 2012 were included. All patients were operated on under local anesthesia and superficial conscious sedation. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon. A complete step-by-step description of the surgical technique can be found in the main article. RESULTS: Between January 2002 and September 2012, a total of 113 patients underwent facelift surgery. Of these, 88.9 % were women and 11.1 % were men. The mean age was 55.3 (± 8.66) years. Primary surgeries represented 80.3 % (n = 94), secondary 18.8 % (n = 22), and tertiary 0.85 % (n = 1). Only one major complication, representing 0.8 %, consisting of a right-sided temporal paresis with 2 months complete recovery was seen. The minor complications rate was 23.1 %. The most common minor complication was hypertrophic/keloid scars which made up 77.8 % of all minor complications. CONCLUSIONS: The technique described provides good and long-lasting aesthetic results with shorter scars, smaller areas of dissection (without temporal and postauricular flaps), and a shorter recovery period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .

O histórico de incêndios florestais pode ajudar o gestor na localização de áreas de maior risco e, consequentemente, alocar de maneira mais eficaz os recursos de produção. Este trabalho mostra como o histórico de incêndios em florestas de eucalipto pode ser usado para gerar dois modelos preditivos, um de probabilidade de incêndio em nível de talhão e outro de cicatrizes que identificam áreas com cobertura florestal danificada por incêndio. O ajuste do modelo preditivo de probabilidade anual de incêndio teve como variáveis preditivas, uma combinação de variáveis biométricas (volume comercial com casca), climáticas (face de exposição do terreno, precipitação anual, precipitação total anualizada, temperatura média anual e média de umidade relativa do ar), sociais (distância para área urbana, para estradas e para assentamento rural, população municipal, densidade demográfica, e população da zona rural) e de dados processados de levantamentos a laser aerotransportados (ALS): volume estimado por métricas ALS; índice de área foliar para altura total das árvores (LAI), para frações de altura de 1 a 5 metros (LAI_1_5m) e 1 a 10 metros (LAI_1_10m), e estimativa de sub-bosque (proporção entre LAI_1_5m e LAI). Foram utilizadas como técnicas de ajuste, a regressão logística (LOGIT) e o algoritmo Random Forest (RF), que se mostrou superior após o processo de validação-cruzada (tipo \"k-fold\", com k=10). Dados ALS não se mostraram significativos, e o método RF com as variáveis volume comercial com casca, precipitação total anualizada, distância para áreas urbanas e para assentamentos e população da zona rural foi o de melhor eficácia. Esse resultado se expressou nas medidas de especificidade (classificação correta de áreas com registro de incêndio) e performance (classificação correta de áreas preditas como incendiadas). O melhor resultado revela especificidade e performance de 77%. Dentre as variáveis preditoras, a de maior importância foi a precipitação total anualizada. O modelo preditivo de cicatrizes de áreas com cobertura danificada teve sua classificação baseada em três classes: Incêndio, Colheita/Terra Nua e Plantação. O ajuste utilizou como variáveis preditivas 16 métricas multiespectrais, derivadas do sensor RapidEye, e 29 métricas ALS. A resolução espacial das predições é de 5m. Os algoritmos Support Vector Machine (SVM) e Random Forest foram usados como técnicas de classificação, que após a validação-cruzada (\"k-fold\" com k=10), identificou o RF como superior. Neste caso, a inclusão das métricas ALS ao cenário em que se usam apenas dados multiespectrais, aumentaram a sensibilidade para aspectos estruturais da vegetação, verificado para as classes \"Incêndio\" e \"Plantação\" e melhorou a acurácia das predições de 94%, para 97%, e o índice kappa de 90% para 95%. Por importância de capacidade preditiva de cicatrizes de dano, destacam-se as variáveis banda vermelho e NDVI para o RapidEye e, as variáveis relacionadas à cobertura e densidade do dossel, para os dados ALS. Os modelos gerados são úteis para gestores florestais, pois permitem melhor planejamento das operações de combate a incêndio, podendo, inclusive, reduzir custos na operação devido a melhor eficiência logística. / Historical forest fire data can help managers to locate risk areas and, consequently, allocate more efficiently production resources. This work shows how historical fire data from eucalyptus plantations can be used to generate two predictive models, one for fire probability at stand level and another of scars generated from areas with forest cover damaged by fire. The adjustment of the predictive model for fire probability used, as predictive variables, a combination of biometric (volume), climatic (aspect, annual precipitation, annualized total precipitation, annual mean temperature and mean relative air humidity), social (distance to urban area, to roads and to rural settlement, municipal population, demographic density, and rural population), and LiDAR variables: predicted volume by ALS metrics, leaf area index for tree\'s total height (LAI), and for fractions of 1 to 5 meters heigth (LAI_1_5m) and 1 to 10 meters (LAI_1_10m), and a shrub estimation (fraction between LAI_1_5_m and LAI). Logistic regression (LOGIT) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms were compared and RF achieved better accuracy after the 10-fold cross-validation. Adding LiDAR data resulted non significance, and the best adjustment for RF method used wood volume, annualized total precipitation, distance to urban areas, distance to settlements and rural population. The model predictive performance was evaluated by computing the specificity (correct classification of areas with fire registry) and performance (correct classification of areas predicted as burned). The best model yelds specificity and performance of 77%. Among the predictive variables, the one that presented the greatest importance was the annualized total precipitation. The predictive fire scars model had its classification based on three classes: Fire, Harvest / BareLand and Plantation. The adjustment used as predictive variables, 16 multispectral metrics, derived from the RapidEye sensor, and 29 ALS metrics. The spatial resolution of the predictions is 5m. The algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest were used as classification techniques, and, after the 10-fold cross-validation RF reached the best tune. In this case, combining ALS metrics to the scenario that used only multispectral data, the sensitivity increased for vegetation structure, verified for the \"Fire\" and \"Plantation\" classes, and improved the prediction accuracy from 94% to 97%, and the kappa index from 90% to 95%. Red band and NDVI were the dominant factors from RapidEye to predict fire scars pixels, and variables related to canopy cover and canopy density were the most important variables from the ALS data. The generated models are useful for forest managers, as they allow better planning of fire-fighting operations, and may even reduce operating costs due to better logistics efficiency.

Introdução: As alopecias cicatriciais são subdivididas em primárias e secundárias. Nas alopecias cicatriciais primárias o folículo piloso é o alvo principal da destruição; diferentemente das secundárias onde a destruição folicular não é o evento patológico primário. Objetivo: Revisar os achados histológicos de pacientes com diagnóstico de alopecia cicatricial primária, em uma fase tardia e reclassificá-los em seus respectivos subtipos. Casuística e Métodos: Os espécimes de biópsia de pacientes com diagnóstico histológico prévio de alopecia cicatricial foram revisados e submetidos a colorações por hematoxilina e eosina (HE), ácido periódico-Schiff (PAS) e Weigert, a fim de reclassificá-los de acordo com os diferentes subtipos de alopecia. Foram utilizados para a revisão histológica critérios de infiltrado inflamatório acrescidos de coloração para fibra elástica. Resultados: Os 37 casos de alopecia cicatricial primária foram reclassificados em: lupus eritematoso discóide (16), líquen plano pilar (4), pseudopelada de Brocq (12), foliculite decalvante (3), foliculite abscedante/dessecante (1), e alopecia não-específica (1). Conclusão: Mesmo em uma fase tardia, pauci ou não inflamatória, o exame histológico, utilizando colorações de rotina, PAS e coloração para fibra elástica, permitiu o diagnóstico mais acurado das alopecias cicatriciais primárias / BACKGROUND: Scarring alopecias are classified into primary and secondary according to the initial site of inflammation. In primary scarring alopecias, the hair follicle is the main target of destruction. The term secondary cicatricial alopecia implies that follicular destruction is not the primary pathologic event. AIMS: To review the histopathologic diagnoses of cases of cicatricial alopecia in order to classify them according to the North American Hair Research Society. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with biopsy specimens diagnosed as cicatricial alopecia seen from 2000 to 2005 at the Dermatologic Department of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School had hematoxylin and eosin, Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and Weigert stained slides reevaluated and sub-typed into different primary cicatricial alopecias. RESULTS: Thirty-seven cases of primary cicatricial alopecias were reclassified as: discoid lupus erythematosus (16), lichen planus pilaris (4), pseudopelade of Brocq (12), folliculitis decalvans (3), dissecting folliculitis (1), and non-specific scarring alopecia (1). CONCLUSIONS: Even in late, pauci or noninflammatory phases, an approach with systematic evaluation of a constellation of criteria in routine hematoxylin and eosin stain, PAS and Weigert stain permitted an accurate diagnosis of cicatricial alopecias

Determinadas cicatrizes são inextricavelmente ligadas a experiências de vida dolorosas; também marcam a pessoa, mas em um âmbito que excede o físico. Mulheres que sobreviveram à violência doméstica normalmente passam a conviver com repercussões de longo prazo em decorrência das agressões, e a cicatriz é uma delas. A natureza desse tipo de cicatriz denuncia ao mundo um acontecimento pessoal, doloroso e humilhante, do qual normalmente não se quer falar; assim, evita-se exibi-las de forma a não fomentar a curiosidade alheia e a rememoração da violência sofrida diante da indagação proveniente das relações eu-outro (mundo). A cicatriz é, nesse sentido, a memória corporificada de uma agressão. Convém salientar que o significado das cicatrizes nesta pesquisa não foi compreendido, exclusivamente, à marca visível na pele, mas se estendendo a demais eventos rememorados pelas entrevistadas em suas narrativas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em investigar como o passado, gravado na pele em forma de cicatrizes, afeta a perspectiva de vida de mulheres que passaram por situação de violência doméstica, especialmente, no que diz respeito à forma como a mulher passa a conceber a futuridade; e quais as repercussões físicas e psicológicas que um corpo marcado por cicatrizes traz a mulher, sobretudo, o papel das relações eu-outro (mundo) sobre o processo de significação que se dá em torno das cicatrizes. A metodologia utilizada foi de base qualitativa e idiográfica, por meio de análise e interpretação de estudos de caso. A coleta de dados se deu através de entrevistas narrativas. A análise e a interpretação das narrativas foram embasadas nos pressupostos da perspectiva construtivista semiótico-cultural em Psicologia, balizadas pelas noções filosóficas de temporalidade e alteridade. No âmbito da temporalidade, os resultados indicaram, como esperado, que a experiência de violência doméstica não se encerra quando o último golpe é deferido na mulher: ela sente a extensão das agressões do passado ao conviver com os inúmeros prejuízos vivenciados no presente, que acabam por influenciar, de forma existencialmente negativa, a sua perspectiva de futuro. As entrevistadas mais jovens agem na direção das metas, que envolvem, primordialmente, a garantia da própria segurança material, física e psicológica, bem como a dos seus dependentes, apesar das tensões frente ao desconhecido. As entrevistadas mais maduras percebem-se limitadas ou mesmo impossibilitadas à realização das metas, que abarcam o desejo por um novo relacionamento amoroso. Isso porque, no âmbito da alteridade, todas as entrevistadas apresentaram uma tendência a generalizar todos os homens com base naquele que as agrediu. Além disso, as relações eu-mundo são prejudicadas, de forma geral, na medida em que a figura do outro é a de alguém em quem não se pode confiar. Destaca-se também que a situação da pesquisa pode gerar acolhimento à mulher e à sua narrativa, muitas vezes velada por receio de crítica ou vergonha, pois, na medida em que o pesquisador se coloca como um outro que inspira confiança, abre possibilidades para que a mulher ressignifique a experiência de violência e abra caminho para uma eventual superação / Certain scars are inextricably linked to painful life experiences; it also mark the person, but in a way that exceeds physical limits. Women who have survived domestic violence usually has to deal with long-term repercussions because of the aggression and the scar is just one of them. The nature of this type of scar reveals to the world a personal, painful and humiliating event, of which one does not normally want to speak about; women avoid showing them to inhibit others curiosity and the remembrance of the violence suffered due to the inquiry coming from the other-world relations. The scar is, in a way, the embodied memory of an aggression. It should be noted that the meaning of the scars in this research was not understood exclusively by visible marks on the skin, but leading to other events brought by the interviewees in their narratives. The purpose of the research was to investigate how the past, marked as scars in the skin, affects life perspectives in a woman who lived domestic violence experiences, especially, regarding the way women conceive futurity; and what are the physical and psychological repercussions that a body marked by scars has on a womans life, above all, the role of I-other relations (world) on the process of meaning that occurs considering the scars. We used a qualitative and idiographic methodology, by analysis and interpretation of case studies, The data were composed by narrative interviews. The analysis and interpretation of the narratives were based on the theories of the semiotic-cultural constructivist perspective in Psychology, defined by the philosophical notions of temporality and otherness. In the scope of temporality, the results indicate, as expected, that the aggressions do not end with the last assault suffered by the woman, who feels the consequences of those past aggressions by living with the innumerable losses experienced in the present that end up influencing, in an existentially negative way, her perspective on the future. Younger interviewees are moving towards their goals, which primarily include ensuring their own material, physical and psychological security, as well as of their dependents, despite tensions with the unknown. More mature interviewees perceive themselves limited or even disabled to achieve the goals, which involve the desire of a new relationship. This is because, in the context of alterity, all interviewees showed a tendency to generalize all men based on the one who attacked them. Besides, I-world relations are generally impaired, since the figure of the other is the one not be trusted. It is also worth noting that the research situation can generate a welcome to the woman and her narrative, often veiled by fear of criticism or shame, because, as long as the researcher behaves as a reliable other, it can enable the woman to re-signify the experience and open the way for an eventual overcoming

Os caracóis terrestres são animais capazes de produzir através de glândulas localizadas em toda superfície do seu corpo, uma secreção glicoproteica denominada muco, que dentre outras funções, apresenta poder antibacteriano, que pode auxiliar nos processos de reparação de feridas de origens diversas. Desta forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi o de avaliar macroscópica e histologicamente, os efeitos reparadores do muco dos escargots Achatina fulica e Achatina achatina monochromatica, em lesões provocadas na pele de camundongos da linhagem &quot;hairless&quot;; verificar sua potencialização após a ingestão de uma ração contendo em sua formulação uma planta com propriedades cicatrizantes comprovadas, o Confrei (Symphytum officinale); e analisar bioquimicamente a composição do muco destes caracóis. Foram selecionados caracóis das espécies Achatina fulica (n=30) e Achatina monochromatica monochromatica (n=30), retirado seu muco através de estimulação manual da glândula podal e verificação de seu efeito reparador. Utilizaram-se camundongos da linhagem &quot;hairless&quot; (n=75), submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica e tratados com muco de ambas as espécies de caracóis. As características macroscópicas da lesão foram registradas em protocolo e avaliadas. Fragmentos de pele foram submetidos à biópsia aos 3, 5 e 7 dias de experimento, fixados em Paraformoldeído, processados e incluídos em parafina. Os cortes foram corados com Hematoxilina-Eosina e Tricrômio de Mason. Macroscopicamente, os animais tratados mostraram edemas menores, maior presença de crosta e maior contração das bordas das feridas ao final do experimento, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Histologicamente, os grupos tratados também revelaram melhor reparação da lesão, apresentando edemas menos intensos, grandes quantidades de tecido de granulação e infiltrados inflamatórios. O grupo tratado com muco de caracóis alimentados com ração contendo Symphytum officinale foi o que apresentou melhores resultados. / Land snails are animals able to produce through glands located all over their body surface, a glycoprotein secretion called mucus. This mucus, within other roles, shows an antibacterial power that can help in the healing processes of wounds from several sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate through macroscopic and histological techniques the repairing effects of the mucus in the snails Achatina fulica and Achatina achatina monochromatica in lesions intentionally caused to hairless linage mice skin; to investigate mucus potential effect after snails have been fed with a diet formulation containing a plant with proved scar properties, the Comfrey (Symphytum officinale); and to study the biochemical composition of mucus from these snails. Snails of Achatina fulica (n=30) and Achatina monochromatica monochromatica (n=30) species were sorted, the mucus extracted through manual stimulation of the podal gland and the repairing effect studied. Hairless linage mice (n=75) used in this study went through surgery and then treated with mucus from both species of snails. The macroscopic characteristics of the lesion were recorded and assessed. Fragments of skin were taken to biopsy at 3, 5 and 7 days of trial, fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed and embedded in wax. Sections were stained with Hematoxilin-Eosin and Tricromio of Mason. Macroscopically, treated mice showed minor swelling, higher presence of scabs and higher contraction of wound edges at the end of the trial, when compared with control. Histologically, groups that received treatment also showed better lesion repair, presenting less intense swellings, large amount of scar tissue and inflammatory infiltrates. The group treated with mucus from snails that received a diet containing Symphytum officinale presented the best results.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os estuários são ambientes altamente dinâmicos e concentram a maior parte da população mundial em seu entorno. São ambientes complexos que necessitam de uma gama de estudos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa contribuir para o entendimento dos estuários lagunares, tendo como objetivo comparar duas ferramentas geofísicas acústicas no mapeamento de uma porção submersa do Mar de Cananéia que está inserido no Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape (SP). Os equipamentos utilizados nesta pesquisa são o Sonar de Varredura Lateral e o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn, através da parametrização de amostras de fundo. A comparação do padrão acústico do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com as amostras de fundo da região permitiu o reconhecimento de 6 tipos distintos de padrões acústicos e a relação positiva com o diâmetro médio do grão foi de 50%. A comparação da resposta acústica do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn com o diâmetro médio do grão foi igualmente de 50%. Isto deve-se ao fato de que os valores produzidos pelo eco 1 e pelo eco 2 deste equipamento mostram que, por ser um mono-feixe e por analisar valores de intensidade do retorno acústico, o equipamento em questão pode responder a outros fatores ambientais que não seja somente o diâmetro médio do grão. Ao comparar a resposta acústica do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de fundo RoxAnn obteve-se um resultado positivo de 93%. Isto pode ser explicado pelo fato de o Sonar de Varredura Lateral gerar uma imagem acústica do fundo. Em locais onde tem-se amostra e os valores do eco 1 e do eco 2 do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn são altos, pode-se associar a esses locais a influência da compactação dos sedimentos finos através da análise das imagens do Sonar de Varredura Lateral. Por meio da comparação destes dois métodos foi possível estabelecer um intervalo de valores para o eco 1 que pode ser associado ao diâmetro médio do grão. Assim, valores entre 0.170 a 0.484 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos finos com granulometria até areia fina. Valores entre 0.364 a 0.733 podem ser associados a sedimentos de granulometria entre areia fina a média. Valores acima de 0.805 milivolts até 1.585 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos mais grossos como carbonatos biodetríticos ou areias grossas. E, por fim, valores acima de 2.790 milivolts podem ser associados a afloramentos rochosos. / Estuaries are highly dynamic environments which concentrate the largest part of the world`s population in it`s surroundings. They are complex environments which need a variety of studies. The objective of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the estuarine system, having as a main objective the comparison between two geophysical acoustic methods in the mapping of a submersed portion of the Cananéia Sea, located in the Estuarine System of Cananéia Iguape (SP). The equipment used in this research were the Side Scan Sonar and the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System, through the correlation of the geological bottom samples. The comparison of the acoustic pattern between the Side Scan Sonar and the geological bottom samples enabled the recognition of 6 distinct acoustic patterns and the positive correlation between the medium diameters of the sediments was 50%. The correlation of the acoustic feedback of the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System and the medium diameter of the sediments was equally 50%. This is due to the fact that the data produced by the echo 1 and echo 2 of this system show that because it is a single beam and because it analyses acoustic intensity feedback data, the equipment may also respond to other environmental factors which are not only related to the medium diameter of sediments. When comparing the acoustic feedback taken from the Side Scan Sonar and the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System a positive result of 93% was obtained. This may be explained due to the fact that the Side Scan Sonar generates an acoustic ground image. In areas where one has high value samples from echo 1 and echo 2 and also from the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System, one may correlate to these places the influence of fine sediment compression through the analysis of the images taken from the Side Scan Sonar. By comparing these two methods it was possible to establish an interval of values for echo 1 which can be associated to the medium diameter of the sediments. In this way, values between 0,170 to 0.484 milivolts can be associated to fine sediments with granulometry variating up to very fine sediments. Values between 0.364 to 0.733 can be associated to fine sediments with granulometry variating from medium to fine sediments. Values above 0.805 milivolts to 1.585 milivolts can be associated to coarser sediments such as biodetritic carbonates or thick sediments. Finally, values above 2.790 milivolts can be associated to rocky emergences.

Le terme « chaos ondulatoire » désigne l'étude du comportement des ondes dans des sys- tèmes fermés dont la limite géométrique des rayons exhibe une dynamique chaotique. Cette dernière est révélée notamment par l'extrême instabilité de trajectoires que sont les orbites pé- riodiques. Comment les ondes se comportent-elles dans un système dont la limite géométrique suit une dynamique chaotique ? Dans certaines conditions particulières, elles peuvent figer le développement de la dynamique chaotique et concentrer leur énergie le long d'orbites pério- diques instables, donnant lieu à l'existence de modes singuliers, les « Scars », présentant des surintensités localisées le long de ces trajectoires. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse résulte d'une volonté de contrôler activement les modes d'un système chaotique, dans le but de faire émerger expérimentalement les modes scar. Nous introduisons un milieu à gain dans une fibre optique multimode à section transverse chaotique, système privilégié pour l'étude du chaos ondulatoire. La localisation spatiale de ce gain nous permet de contrôler l'émergence d'une fa- mille de « scars » en les amplifiant sélectivement. Nous présentons des simulations numériques validant le processus physique d'amplification, suivies d'une étude expérimentale démontrant l'amplification sélective de modes « scar » dans une fibre optique multimode.