Adaptações da estrutura urbana visando incentivar as viagens por modos sustentáveis, bem como a seleção e a implantação de ações e políticas com o mesmo propósito, são ainda desafios para técnicos e gestores. O Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (IMUS) foi aqui adotado como base de uma estratégia para contornar esses problemas. Cada um de seus 87 indicadores foi avaliado por especialistas, os quais apontaram potenciais dificuldades para a implementação de melhorias. Com base nestas avaliações foi possível desenvolver, aplicar e analisar os resultados de um método de planejamento através de cenários, com a finalidade de obter alternativas para adaptar cidades ao conceito de mobilidade sustentável. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação na cidade de São Carlos apontam o método como uma estratégia promissora de planejamento urbano, pois se mostrou capaz de indicar diversos possíveis conjuntos de ações práticas com grande potencial para conduzir a cidade à meta de mobilidade urbana sustentável. Estas ações puderam ser escolhidas com base em critérios claros, tais como: custo de execução, períodos de tempo (múltiplos de 4 anos, de forma a coincidir com o período de gestão dos prefeitos) ou ainda, o risco político decorrente da execução das ações. A análise dos resultados conduziu à conclusão de que o método é adequado para fins de planejamento urbano, uma vez que foi consistente não apenas com os problemas observados, mas também com as soluções previstas para muitos dos desafios da mobilidade urbana. Além disso, os indicadores que influenciam indiretamente na Geração de Viagens Sustentáveis (GVS), e que estavam associados a ações classificadas como viáveis em todos os quesitos, foram os que apresentaram maior potencial para alterar o valor geral do índice. Adicionalmente, embora alguns domínios tenham tido vários indicadores com avaliações ruins (por exemplo, os domínios \"Modos Não-motorizados\" e Sistemas de Transporte Urbano\"), eles também concentraram um grande número de indicadores associados a ações viáveis. Isso parece indicar que esses indicadores podem ser facilmente melhorados, se estimulados por políticas adequadas. / Adaptations of the urban structure for encouraging trips by sustainable modes, as well as the selection and implementation of actions and policies with the same objective, are still challenges to technicians and urban managers. The Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM) was adopted here as the basis of a strategy to deal with those problems. Each one of the 87 indicators of I_SUM was evaluated by experts, who pointed out potential difficulties for the implementation of improvements. The evaluations provided elements for the development, application and analysis of the results of a scenario-based planning method. The goal of the method is the search of alternatives to adapt cities to the concept of sustainable urban mobility. The results obtained with the application in the city of São Carlos suggest that the method is a promising urban planning strategy, given that it can indicate several sets of practical actions with clear potential to conduct the city to the goal of sustainable mobility. That selection of actions was based on clear criteria, such as: implementation costs, time (in multiples of four years, in order to match the time available to the elected mayors), and the political risk of the proposed actions. The analyses of the outcomes led to the conclusion that the method is appropriate for urban planning purposes, given that it was consistent not only with the observed problems but also with the anticipated solutions to many of the urban mobility challenges. Also, indicators that simultaneously have an indirect influence on the generation of sustainable trips, and were associated to actions meeting all feasibility criteria, have shown a clear potential to change the overall index value. Furthermore, although some Domains have had several indicators with poor evaluations (e.g., the Domains Non-Motorized Modes and Urban Transport Systems), they also have concentrated a large number of indicators associated to feasible actions. It seems to indicate that these indicators could be easily improved, if stimulated by adequate policies.

Adaptações da estrutura urbana visando incentivar as viagens por modos sustentáveis, bem como a seleção e a implantação de ações e políticas com o mesmo propósito, são ainda desafios para técnicos e gestores. O Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (IMUS) foi aqui adotado como base de uma estratégia para contornar esses problemas. Cada um de seus 87 indicadores foi avaliado por especialistas, os quais apontaram potenciais dificuldades para a implementação de melhorias. Com base nestas avaliações foi possível desenvolver, aplicar e analisar os resultados de um método de planejamento através de cenários, com a finalidade de obter alternativas para adaptar cidades ao conceito de mobilidade sustentável. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação na cidade de São Carlos apontam o método como uma estratégia promissora de planejamento urbano, pois se mostrou capaz de indicar diversos possíveis conjuntos de ações práticas com grande potencial para conduzir a cidade à meta de mobilidade urbana sustentável. Estas ações puderam ser escolhidas com base em critérios claros, tais como: custo de execução, períodos de tempo (múltiplos de 4 anos, de forma a coincidir com o período de gestão dos prefeitos) ou ainda, o risco político decorrente da execução das ações. A análise dos resultados conduziu à conclusão de que o método é adequado para fins de planejamento urbano, uma vez que foi consistente não apenas com os problemas observados, mas também com as soluções previstas para muitos dos desafios da mobilidade urbana. Além disso, os indicadores que influenciam indiretamente na Geração de Viagens Sustentáveis (GVS), e que estavam associados a ações classificadas como viáveis em todos os quesitos, foram os que apresentaram maior potencial para alterar o valor geral do índice. Adicionalmente, embora alguns domínios tenham tido vários indicadores com avaliações ruins (por exemplo, os domínios \"Modos Não-motorizados\" e Sistemas de Transporte Urbano\"), eles também concentraram um grande número de indicadores associados a ações viáveis. Isso parece indicar que esses indicadores podem ser facilmente melhorados, se estimulados por políticas adequadas. / Adaptations of the urban structure for encouraging trips by sustainable modes, as well as the selection and implementation of actions and policies with the same objective, are still challenges to technicians and urban managers. The Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM) was adopted here as the basis of a strategy to deal with those problems. Each one of the 87 indicators of I_SUM was evaluated by experts, who pointed out potential difficulties for the implementation of improvements. The evaluations provided elements for the development, application and analysis of the results of a scenario-based planning method. The goal of the method is the search of alternatives to adapt cities to the concept of sustainable urban mobility. The results obtained with the application in the city of São Carlos suggest that the method is a promising urban planning strategy, given that it can indicate several sets of practical actions with clear potential to conduct the city to the goal of sustainable mobility. That selection of actions was based on clear criteria, such as: implementation costs, time (in multiples of four years, in order to match the time available to the elected mayors), and the political risk of the proposed actions. The analyses of the outcomes led to the conclusion that the method is appropriate for urban planning purposes, given that it was consistent not only with the observed problems but also with the anticipated solutions to many of the urban mobility challenges. Also, indicators that simultaneously have an indirect influence on the generation of sustainable trips, and were associated to actions meeting all feasibility criteria, have shown a clear potential to change the overall index value. Furthermore, although some Domains have had several indicators with poor evaluations (e.g., the Domains Non-Motorized Modes and Urban Transport Systems), they also have concentrated a large number of indicators associated to feasible actions. It seems to indicate that these indicators could be easily improved, if stimulated by adequate policies.

The Envision Central Texas (ECT) scenario-based regional planning process formulated its preferred vision for future growth in Central Texas in 2004. While the process was successful in developing a unified vision for future development for a region undergoing rapid growth, it is questionable whether any implementation has been seen on the ground since. Utilizing the performance indicators originally used to assess the alternative growth scenarios during the ECT planning process, this study attempts to monitor the region’s growth trajectory since that time. In other words, is the region realizing its preferred vision for new population growth and urban development? An analysis using remote sensing of satellite imagery, GIS and available data was undertaken to calculate eleven performance measures for the current regional context. Results of the indicator analysis helped to form a better understanding of the region’s growth since the ECT vision was adopted. For the most part, the region is continuing to grow in its “baseline” or “business as usual” pattern of development, characterized by low-density, separate use development on the urban fringe. Although the ECT vision is still in its early stages of implementation, the region faces challenges in realizing its fulfillment. The findings of this study are the product of the only quantifiable monitoring efforts of ECT implementation to date. They should be used in conjunction with qualitative monitoring already undertaken by ECT to better understand the region’s growth trajectory, and be used as a model for monitoring ECT implementation in the future. Additionally, the analysis offers a discussion of how the use of performance indicators can be improved in future scenario-based planning processes. / text

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Contemporary terrorism is becoming increasingly indiscriminate, and rail bound traffic appears to be vulnerable and at high risk for terrorist attacks. An attack targeting a train or subway system can have enormous implications, both in terms of human suffering and long-term societal consequences. This dissertation aims to analyze how public and private organizations prepare for and respond to crises emanating from terrorism targeting rail bound traffic. It also examines different practices, networks and ideas related to interorganizational collaboration. Contemporary research emphasizes the importance and advantages of collaborative action in crisis management, and the idea of inter-organizational collaboration is also embedded in policy documents and has support among practitioners. Despite this, interorganizational collaboration often turns out to be difficult in practice, and it stands out as a critical factor in many crisis situations. Hence, it is crucial to identify and better understand the challenges associated with interorganizational collaboration in the context of terrorist-induced crises. This dissertation is a contribution to this endeavor. In order to capture the inherent complexity of the topic this dissertation combines and merges literature from three research fields: crisis management research, disaster medicine research and terrorism studies. The dissertation examines international experiences of terrorist attacks directed against rail bound traffic. It identifies the way in which attacks have changed over time and analyzes the main challenges of providing pre-hospital care following a mass-casualty attack. In addition, Sweden is used to provide empirical focus in an analysis of preparedness. Relying on scenario-based interviews with central crisis management actors and actors from rail bound traffic, current preparedness practices for responding to a multi-site terrorist attack on rail bound traffic in Sweden is analyzed. The research shows that both public and private organizations have developed risk awareness about terrorist-induced crises. However, their preparedness practices are characterized by significant variations and substantial uncertainty. Scare resources are a critical factor, and actors find it difficult to invest in preparedness for seldom-occurring crises. This difficulty is accentuated by the fact that no major mass-casualty attack has taken place in Sweden. A terrorist attack differs from a routine event and poses new and different challenges for inter-organizational collaboration. A large number of organizations are supposed to work together under severe time constraints, and their work can be delayed by particular security concerns. It is assumed that rail bound traffic actors engage in collaborative crisis management; however, there appear to be few mechanisms to prepare them, in a systematic way, for managing this particular type of crisis. Among actors, inter-organizational collaboration is understood primarily from a normative view rather than from the point of view of its practical meaning. As a consequence, it is difficult to turn risk awareness and a commitment to working together into actual practical action. In addition, collaboration between different levels in the crisis management system is particularly challenging. This dissertation also identifies a tension between viewing crisis management as an example of policy-as-usual or from a crises-as-exceptions perspective.

CHDS State/Local / Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The planning methodologies used today by most U.S. fire departments are excellent for traditional missions, but wholly inadequate for the threats posed by terrorism. Planning in the fire service and the rest of the first responder community historically has relied on a one-dimensional approach that uses a scenario-based planning (SBP) methodology. This thesis argues that the fire service and others in the first responder community will be able to contribute to homeland security missions much more effectively, and efficiently, by switching to specially adapted versions of capabilities-based planning. This thesis proposes a new integrated planning methodology that combines the planning strengths of scenariobased planning, threat-based planning, and capabilities-based planning. The new method identifies capabilities that could be used to manage and mitigate the consequences of the different types of contingencies within the various response spectrums. It allows an organization to perform analysis and efficiency studies to evaluate the different spectrums of contingencies against existing capabilities and create a menu of capabilities necessary for the first responder to respond to all its missions, including immediate threats and terrorism, in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. / Battalion Chief, Fire Department City of New York