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This study has focused development and management strategies at different levels within the school system in four Swedish municipalities. The overall aim of the study was to gain knowledge about how development is staged in municipalities where changes emerge without incentives, such as financial support from the state. The questions cancern how school development is conceived of at different levels in the school system, what role ICT plays in school development, and what strategies of management that prevail as regards the connection between ICT and school development. School development in the four municipalities has been analysed by using 1) Englund's three conceptions of school development over time; 2) Berg, Nytell & Söderberg's four types of management in Swedish schools that have been brought to the före <luring the 1990's; and 3) . House's three perspectives on school development. The study demonstrates that conceptions of school development vary in the four municipalities among administrators and school leaders, from interpreting development in a technological/scientific, rational perspective, to interpreting it in a political/cultural and democratic perspective. The philosophy behind management also varies between municipalities, and different pattems bave emerged, i.e., management may be directed by goals, rules, results, or"'frame factors. However, the teachers in all four municipalities demonstrate, with few exceptions, a common view about school change, irrespective of what philosophy of management is represented at administration and school leader leve!. In House's terms, the teachers seem to have a political/cultural perspective. One explanation rnight be that teachers are independent in their choice of instructional contents and methods.

Du primaire au secondaire, les enfants d’enseignant(s) obtiennent les meilleurs résultats scolaires. Pour autant, rares sont les recherches qui interrogent les processus familiaux par lesquels cette singulière réussite se construit. Fondée sur la démonstration du lien entre « réaliser les meilleures performances scolaires » et « être enfant de parents dont l’un au moins est enseignant », cette étude vise à établir les facteurs familiaux et notamment les pratiques éducatives parentales que recouvre ce significatif « effet enseignant ». De l’analyse économétrique de l’enquête du Panel 95, ressort, d’une part, que les enfants d’enseignant(s) sont les plus nombreux à bénéficier des pratiques de socialisation et d’accompagnement de la scolarité les plus profitables au succès scolaire et, d’autre part, qu’un « effet enseignant » « résiduel », non expliqué par les pratiques étudiées, persiste en influant positivement la réussite scolaire. L’exploitation descriptive de l’enquête « Education et Famille 2003 » de l’Insee, complète l’analyse et met en évidence trois spécificités du modèle éducatif de ces familles : la construction d’un être complet par l’éclectisme et la maximisation des pratiques culturelles, la construction d’un être équilibré par le travail de perspectives éducatives aux objectifs a priori opposés et la gestion experte de la carrière scolaire de l’enfant par l’installation d’une grande continuité éducative, la constitution puis la valorisation d’informations scolaires non génériques et le contrôle de l’offre pédagogique de l’établissement fréquenté. L’étude se conclut sur le remarquable travail de transmission éducative qu’opèrent les familles d’enseignant(s). / From primary to secondary school, teachers’ children get the best results. However, very little research has looked in to the family processes on which this singular success is built. Based on the demonstration of the link between "achieve the best school performance" and "being a child of whom at least one parent is a teacher", this study aims to establish family factors, in particular parental educational practices, that explain this significant "teacher effect". From econometric analysis of the Panel 95 survey, it transpires that, on the one hand, teachers’ children are the most likely to benefit from the best practices of socialization and support at school and, on the other hand, that a "residual" "teacher effect" unexplained by the practices studied, still has a positive influence on school success . The descriptive use of INSEE survey " Education and Family 2003" completes the analysis and highlights three specific educational models of these families: the construction of a complete human being by eclecticism and maximizing cultural practices, the construction of a balanced being by the work on educational opportunities with a priori opposed objectives, and an expert management of the child’s school career by establishing a significant continuity of education, building up then placing a value on non-generic educational information and assessing the institution’s educational work. The study concludes with the remarkable educational transmission work performed by teachers’ families.

I denna kunskapsöversikt är syftet att undersöka hur det sociala samspelet jämfört med ettpragmatiskt förhållningssätt kan främja språkutveckling i SO-undervisningen. Detta hargenomförts genom att jämföra olika vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna vi valde att undersöka,hämtades från olika databaser, Ebsco, Eric och Google Scholar. Vi valde att bryta ner detsociala och det pragmatiska förhållningssättet i mindre lärandemetoder för att kunnaundersöka vad forskningen säger om språkutvecklande arbetssätt inom SO-undervisningen.Kunskapsöversiktens resultat och slutats visar att det sociala samspelet och det pragmatiskaförhållningssättet kompletterar varandra och går att koppla samman.