Potsdam, Univ., Magisterarbeit, 2008.

A vida de um jovem e seu percurso pelo mundo em busca de sua identidade é o mote do romance de formação, subgênero que teve seu auge entre os séculos XVIII e XIX. Franco Moretti e Esther Labovitz, entre outros críticos por nós considerados, estudaram a fundo o romance de formação o Bildungsroman , sendo que esta última autora focalizou a variante feminina no Bildungsroman do século XX. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o romance da escritora italiana Melania Mazzucco Lei così amata. O romance recorta e focaliza uma parte da vida da escritora suíça Annemarie Schwarzenbach, portanto possui as características do romance biográfico. Contudo, pretendemos, neste estudo, evidenciar principalmente as características que fazem dessa obra um romance de formação. Por meio da conturbada trajetória vivida pela protagonista, buscamos reconhecer, nas viagens empreendidas por ela, ao redor do mundo, as características fundamentais do romance de formação. Em particular, com base nos estudos de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre o cronotopo, analisamos as formas com que o tempo vivido nos diferentes continentes Ásia, América e África marcam o percurso formativo da heroína. / The life of a young man and his way through the world in search of his own identity is the motto of the formation novel, subgenre which had its climax between the 18th and the 19th centuries. Franco Moretti and Esther Labovitz, among other critics considered by us, studied the formation novel in depth the Bildungsroman , this last author focusing on the feminine variant in the Bildungsroman of the 20th century. This study aims at analyzing the novel of the Italian writer Melania Mazzucco Lei così amata. The novel focuses on part of the life of the Swiss writer Annemarie Schwarzenbach, therefore it presents all the characteristics of the biographical novel. However, in this study, our main intention is to demonstrate all the features that make this work a formation novel. Through the troubled trajectory lived by the protagonist, we try to recognize, in her journeys around the world, the fundamental features of the formation novel. In particular, based on the Mikhail Bakhtins studies of the chronotope, we analyze the forms in which the time lived in the different continents Asia, America and Africa determine the heroines formative course.

A vida de um jovem e seu percurso pelo mundo em busca de sua identidade é o mote do romance de formação, subgênero que teve seu auge entre os séculos XVIII e XIX. Franco Moretti e Esther Labovitz, entre outros críticos por nós considerados, estudaram a fundo o romance de formação o Bildungsroman , sendo que esta última autora focalizou a variante feminina no Bildungsroman do século XX. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o romance da escritora italiana Melania Mazzucco Lei così amata. O romance recorta e focaliza uma parte da vida da escritora suíça Annemarie Schwarzenbach, portanto possui as características do romance biográfico. Contudo, pretendemos, neste estudo, evidenciar principalmente as características que fazem dessa obra um romance de formação. Por meio da conturbada trajetória vivida pela protagonista, buscamos reconhecer, nas viagens empreendidas por ela, ao redor do mundo, as características fundamentais do romance de formação. Em particular, com base nos estudos de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre o cronotopo, analisamos as formas com que o tempo vivido nos diferentes continentes Ásia, América e África marcam o percurso formativo da heroína. / The life of a young man and his way through the world in search of his own identity is the motto of the formation novel, subgenre which had its climax between the 18th and the 19th centuries. Franco Moretti and Esther Labovitz, among other critics considered by us, studied the formation novel in depth the Bildungsroman , this last author focusing on the feminine variant in the Bildungsroman of the 20th century. This study aims at analyzing the novel of the Italian writer Melania Mazzucco Lei così amata. The novel focuses on part of the life of the Swiss writer Annemarie Schwarzenbach, therefore it presents all the characteristics of the biographical novel. However, in this study, our main intention is to demonstrate all the features that make this work a formation novel. Through the troubled trajectory lived by the protagonist, we try to recognize, in her journeys around the world, the fundamental features of the formation novel. In particular, based on the Mikhail Bakhtins studies of the chronotope, we analyze the forms in which the time lived in the different continents Asia, America and Africa determine the heroines formative course.

The Swiss author Annemarie Schwarzenbach created literary figures that resist being classified according to a gender binary and heterosexual norm. She thereby, already in the 1930s, imagined something akin to the recent investigative work by Lisa Diamond on gender and sexual fluidity. Schwarzenbach's texts are populated by feminine men and masculine women, a genderswitching that can be interpreted as breaking apart the categories of gender and sexuality. In her novel Flucht nach oben (1933), in which the dichotomy of male and female is proven invalid, gender role models become obsolete, leading to the protagonist's deep uncertainty about his identity. Schwarzenbach’s characters can thus be called “multi–sexual” as they meld both genders as well as homo– and hetero–sexual orientations, thereby exceeding culturally fixed borders. The dichotomy between male and female becomes ever more instable, just as the labels hetero–, homo– and bisexual fall apart. In the end of the novel, the main protagonist forms a queer family together with other characters who do not fit into cultural gender norms. In contrast to earlier studies which interpret Schwarzenbach's texts biographically, I seek to use Diamond’s contemporary model indebted to queer studies. I involve, moreover, theories by Joan Rivière, René Girard, Eve Sedgwick, and Judith Butler. In addition, Flucht nach oben is read alongside Schwarzenbach's other novels – Freunde um Bernhard (1931), Lyrische Novelle (1933) and Eine Frau zu sehen (1929). These works serve as intertexts that contribute to a deeper understanding of the recurring character types and constellations of relationships in Schwarzenbach’s oeuvre.

The Swiss author Annemarie Schwarzenbach created literary figures that resist being classified according to a gender binary and heterosexual norm. She thereby, already in the 1930s, imagined something akin to the recent investigative work by Lisa Diamond on gender and sexual fluidity. Schwarzenbach's texts are populated by feminine men and masculine women, a genderswitching that can be interpreted as breaking apart the categories of gender and sexuality. In her novel Flucht nach oben (1933), in which the dichotomy of male and female is proven invalid, gender role models become obsolete, leading to the protagonist's deep uncertainty about his identity. Schwarzenbach’s characters can thus be called “multi–sexual” as they meld both genders as well as homo– and hetero–sexual orientations, thereby exceeding culturally fixed borders. The dichotomy between male and female becomes ever more instable, just as the labels hetero–, homo– and bisexual fall apart. In the end of the novel, the main protagonist forms a queer family together with other characters who do not fit into cultural gender norms. In contrast to earlier studies which interpret Schwarzenbach's texts biographically, I seek to use Diamond’s contemporary model indebted to queer studies. I involve, moreover, theories by Joan Rivière, René Girard, Eve Sedgwick, and Judith Butler. In addition, Flucht nach oben is read alongside Schwarzenbach's other novels – Freunde um Bernhard (1931), Lyrische Novelle (1933) and Eine Frau zu sehen (1929). These works serve as intertexts that contribute to a deeper understanding of the recurring character types and constellations of relationships in Schwarzenbach’s oeuvre.

Zugl.: Leipzig, Univ., Diss., 2007 u.d.T.: Stempel, Barbara: Bilder jenseits von Europa

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l'écriture de soi dans les récits de voyage d'écrivaines-voyageuses. La première partie de ce mémoire, Je serai partout, est un récit de voyage autofictionnel divisé en 28 courts chapitres. Annick, la narratrice-personnage, évoque ses rencontres, ses amours et ses désirs qui sont à l'image de son existence : en perpétuel mouvement avec une propension à la fuite. Son départ pour l'Inde coïncide avec un évènement personnel bouleversant qui transforme profondément ses convictions et ses projets. Le voyage devient alors une véritable quête de soi où elle remet en question ses choix personnels, ses désirs de tout quitter et son errance constante. Le récit entremêle les temps, oscillant entre les souvenirs de pérégrinations passées et le présent de sa découverte de l'Inde. La narration privilégie une perspective intime en s'attardant aux expériences personnelles du personnage. Le voyage, le changement et la liberté sont les thématiques au cœur de cette histoire. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire porte sur l'analyse de la représentation des écrivaines-voyageuses de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Nous y étudions les cas d'Alexandra David-Néel, d'Ella Maillart, et d'Annemarie Schwarzenbach afin d'observer comment ces écrivaines se définissent et se représentent à travers les thématiques du voyage. Notre hypothèse est qu'elles se construisent comme des êtres entre deux mondes : d'un point de vue social entre les normes du féminin et du masculin, mais aussi d'un point de vue géographique entre l'Orient et l'Occident. C'est pourquoi le premier chapitre présente l'opposition partielle et le détachement à la vie occidentale permis par le voyage. Nous abordons notamment des manifestations de leur liberté, laquelle s'exprime par le brouillage de la frontière entre les genres par leur habillement et leur posture. Dans le second chapitre, nous nous penchons sur l'affirmation et la représentation de soi à travers la découverte de l'Ailleurs. Le clivage Orient/Occident est le rivet de cette analyse. Nous y examinons les différentes façons de parler de soi, de l'expression de la vulnérabilité à l'autohéroïsation, puis nous évoquons la relation de nos auteures avec l'altérité. Ne souhaitant pas nous cantonner à l'étude biographique de nos auteures, l'ensemble de cette recherche et l'analyse textuelle du corpus reposent sur différentes théories, à savoir : la géopoétique, l'orientalisme, les études de genre et bien sûr les études critiques sur le récit de voyage. / This Master's thesis focuses on the self-writing in the travel stories of female traveler-writers. The first part, Je serai partout, is an autofictional travelogue divided into 28 short chapters. The story revolves around Annick, the narrator-character. She evokes a lot about her encounters, especially her lovers and her desires which are a reflection of her existence: in perpetual motion and inclined to flee. Her departure for India coincides with an overwhelming personal event which profoundly transforms her convictions and her projects. Then, the trip becomes a real quest of herself where she questions her personal choices, her desires to leave everything and her constant wandering. The story intertwines the times, oscillating between memories of past wanderings and the present in her discovery of India. The narration favors an intimate perspective by focusing on the character's personal experiences. Travel, change and freedom are the themes at the heart of this story. The second part deals with the analysis of the representation of female traveler-writers of the first half of the 20th century. We study the cases of Alexandra David-Néel, Ella Maillart, and Annemarie Schwarzenbach in order to observe how these writers define and represent themselves through the themes of travel. Our hypothesis is that they construct themselves between two worlds: from a social point of view between the norms of the feminine and the masculine, but also from a geographical point of view between the East and the West. The first chapter presents their partial opposition and detachment from Western life allowed by travel. We discuss in particular with the manifestations of their freedom, which is expressed by blurring the line between genders through their clothing and posture. In the second chapter, we look at self-affirmation and self-representation through the discovery of Elsewhere. The East / West divide is the rivet of this analysis. Then, we examine the different ways of speaking about oneself, from the expression of vulnerability to self-heroization, then we evoke the relationship of our authors with otherness. Not wishing to confine ourselves to the biographical study of our authors, all of this research and the textual analysis of the corpus are based on different theories, namely: geopoetics, orientalism, gender studies and, of course, critical studies on travel narratives.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l'écriture de soi dans les récits de voyage d'écrivaines-voyageuses. La première partie de ce mémoire, Je serai partout, est un récit de voyage autofictionnel divisé en 28 courts chapitres. Annick, la narratrice-personnage, évoque ses rencontres, ses amours et ses désirs qui sont à l'image de son existence : en perpétuel mouvement avec une propension à la fuite. Son départ pour l'Inde coïncide avec un évènement personnel bouleversant qui transforme profondément ses convictions et ses projets. Le voyage devient alors une véritable quête de soi où elle remet en question ses choix personnels, ses désirs de tout quitter et son errance constante. Le récit entremêle les temps, oscillant entre les souvenirs de pérégrinations passées et le présent de sa découverte de l'Inde. La narration privilégie une perspective intime en s'attardant aux expériences personnelles du personnage. Le voyage, le changement et la liberté sont les thématiques au cœur de cette histoire. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire porte sur l'analyse de la représentation des écrivaines-voyageuses de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Nous y étudions les cas d'Alexandra David-Néel, d'Ella Maillart, et d'Annemarie Schwarzenbach afin d'observer comment ces écrivaines se définissent et se représentent à travers les thématiques du voyage. Notre hypothèse est qu'elles se construisent comme des êtres entre deux mondes : d'un point de vue social entre les normes du féminin et du masculin, mais aussi d'un point de vue géographique entre l'Orient et l'Occident. C'est pourquoi le premier chapitre présente l'opposition partielle et le détachement à la vie occidentale permis par le voyage. Nous abordons notamment des manifestations de leur liberté, laquelle s'exprime par le brouillage de la frontière entre les genres par leur habillement et leur posture. Dans le second chapitre, nous nous penchons sur l'affirmation et la représentation de soi à travers la découverte de l'Ailleurs. Le clivage Orient/Occident est le rivet de cette analyse. Nous y examinons les différentes façons de parler de soi, de l'expression de la vulnérabilité à l'autohéroïsation, puis nous évoquons la relation de nos auteures avec l'altérité. Ne souhaitant pas nous cantonner à l'étude biographique de nos auteures, l'ensemble de cette recherche et l'analyse textuelle du corpus reposent sur différentes théories, à savoir : la géopoétique, l'orientalisme, les études de genre et bien sûr les études critiques sur le récit de voyage. / This Master's thesis focuses on the self-writing in the travel stories of female traveler-writers. The first part, Je serai partout, is an autofictional travelogue divided into 28 short chapters. The story revolves around Annick, the narrator-character. She evokes a lot about her encounters, especially her lovers and her desires which are a reflection of her existence: in perpetual motion and inclined to flee. Her departure for India coincides with an overwhelming personal event which profoundly transforms her convictions and her projects. Then, the trip becomes a real quest of herself where she questions her personal choices, her desires to leave everything and her constant wandering. The story intertwines the times, oscillating between memories of past wanderings and the present in her discovery of India. The narration favors an intimate perspective by focusing on the character's personal experiences. Travel, change and freedom are the themes at the heart of this story. The second part deals with the analysis of the representation of female traveler-writers of the first half of the 20th century. We study the cases of Alexandra David-Néel, Ella Maillart, and Annemarie Schwarzenbach in order to observe how these writers define and represent themselves through the themes of travel. Our hypothesis is that they construct themselves between two worlds: from a social point of view between the norms of the feminine and the masculine, but also from a geographical point of view between the East and the West. The first chapter presents their partial opposition and detachment from Western life allowed by travel. We discuss in particular with the manifestations of their freedom, which is expressed by blurring the line between genders through their clothing and posture. In the second chapter, we look at self-affirmation and self-representation through the discovery of Elsewhere. The East / West divide is the rivet of this analysis. Then, we examine the different ways of speaking about oneself, from the expression of vulnerability to self-heroization, then we evoke the relationship of our authors with otherness. Not wishing to confine ourselves to the biographical study of our authors, all of this research and the textual analysis of the corpus are based on different theories, namely: geopoetics, orientalism, gender studies and, of course, critical studies on travel narratives.