Zielsetzung: Die diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung ist wesentlicher Bestandteil der Magnetresonanz-tomographie des Prostatakarzinoms (PCa). Aus entsprechenden Rohdaten, aufgenommen bei verschie-denen b-Werten (Diffusionswichtungsfaktoren), kann der Diffusionskoeffizient (apparent diffusion coefficient - ADC) abgeschätzt werden, der ein sensitiver Indikator für maligne Veränderungen der Gewebearchitektur ist. Die absoluten ADC-Werte sind allerdings stark von der Wahl der zugrundeliegenden b-Werte abhängig und darüber hinaus gibt es Hinweise, dass die Wahl der b-Werte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die visuelle Analyse, insbesondere auf die Abgrenzbarkeit der Läsion von der Umgebung und auf den Kontrast hat. Es wurde daher untersucht, inwieweit die Wahl der b-Werte den diagnostischen Wert des ADC im Hinblick auf die Detektion und Beurteilung des PCa hat. Methodik: 41 konsekutive Patienten mit gesichertem PCa erhielten eine multiparametrische, endorektale MR-Bildgebung bei 3 Tesla. Die ADC-Karten wurden retrospektiv auf Basis vier verschiedener Kombinationen von b-Werten (0-800 s/mm2) berechnet. Drei Untersucher bestimmten die „führende“ Läsion und beurteilten dann den diagnostischen Wert der jeweiligen ADC-Karten (Visual Score - VS) mit sehr gut (2), befriedigend (1) oder schlecht (0). Für die quantitative Auswertung wurden der mittlere ADC für gesundes und für Tumorgewebe bestimmt. Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von den gewählten b-Werten wurden mittels statistischer Tests (einseitige ANOVA, Faktor Methode, Signifikanzniveau 5 %) ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: 85 % der Tumoren wurden von den Auswertern richtig erkannt. Die Wahl der b-Werte hatte hochgradig signifikanten (P<0,001) Einfluss auf die absoluten ADC-Werte in gesundem und verändertem Gewebe. ADC-Karten auf Basis von b=[50, 800] und [0, 800] wurden am besten (VS=1,6±0,3) und zweitbesten (VS=1,1±0,3; P<0,001) bewertet. Insbesondere für niedrig-gradige Karzinome (Gleason Score ≤ 6, 13/41 Patienten), wurde nur die Kombination [50, 800] besser als befriedigend (VS=1,4±0,3) bewertet. Der mittlere Tumor-ADC zeigte eine moderate aber signifikant negative Korrelation (Spearman ρ: -0,38 bis -0,46; P<0,05) mit dem Gleason Score. Schlussfolgerung: Absolute ADC-Werte sind stark von der Wahl der zugrundeliegenden b-Werte abhängig und eignen sich daher nicht zur allgemeingültigen Charakterisierung von Prostatakarzinomen. Ein minimaler b-Wert > 0 s/mm2 wird für die Berechnung der ADC-Karten im Hinblick auf eine nachweislich verbesserte visuelle Auswertbarkeit empfohlen.

Hur ska resultatet av ett krig mätas, på vilket sätt är det möjligt att opartiskt bedöma vem som vunnit eller förlorat. I många fall är resultatet uppenbart, ingen tvivlar t.ex. på att Storbritannien vann Falklandskriget, utfallet på slagfältet motsvarar uppfattning av vem som vann kriget. Men i många moderna krig är situationen en annan, utgången kan vara omtvistad, eller så är det svårt att uppfatta om kriget överhuvudtaget har avslutats. I uppsatsen används score-keeping teorin som är ett sätt att analysera resultatet av ett krig, vilken aktör vann? Fallet som analyseras är Libanonkri-get 2006 som utkämpades mellan Israel och Hizbollah och är intressant då resultatet dels är om-tvistat samt att det skedde mellan en stat och en organisation som är grupperad inom och verkar ifrån en annan stat. Uppsatsens syfte är därför att utifrån score-keeping teorin analysera Libanonkriget 2006. Den vetenskapliga frågan som skall besvaras är: Vilken aktör kan sägas ha vunnit Libanonkriget 2006 utifrån score-keeping teorin. Designen för undersökningen är en teorikonsumerande studie av Libanonkriget 2006 där av teorin givna variabler operationaliseras för att kunna ställas mot ett urval ur empirin. Undersökningens resultat visar att utifrån score-keeping teorin kan Hizbollah anses vara vinnare i Libanonkriget 2006. Vidare visar undersökningen på ett antal utmaningar med att tillämpa score-keeping teorin på Libanonkriget 2006 med hänsyn till den asymmetri som rådde mellan aktörerna. / How can the outcome of a war be measured, in what way is it possible to impartially determine who won or lost. In many cases the result is obvious, as there is no doubt that Great Britain won the Falklands war, the outcome on the battlefield was equivalent of the perception of who won the war. But in many modern wars the situation can be different, the outcome may be disputed, or it is even hard to understand if the war has finished at all. This essay is using score-keeping theory, which is a way to analyze the outcome of a war, who won? The case analyzed in this essay is the Lebanon war in 2006 which was fought between Israel and Hezbollah and is interesting because the result is both much-disputed and it was fought between a government and an organization that was deployed within and acting from another state. The purpose of this essay is therefore to analyze the 2006 Lebanon war by applying the score-keeping theory. The scientific question to be answered is: Which participant can be stated to have won the 2006 Lebanon war on the basis of score-keeping theory. The design of the study is a theory-consuming survey of the 2006 Lebanon war, where the given variables from the theory are operationalized to be set against a selection from the empirics. The survey´s result shows that according to the score-keeping theory Hezbollah is considered to have won in the 2006 Lebanon war. Furthermore, the survey shows a number of challenges in applying the score-keeping theory in the 2006 Lebanon war, given the asymmetry that prevailed between the participants.

Measures of temperament including exit velocity (EV) and pen score (PEN) and were compared over 3 repeated observations (60-d interval) of yearling Brahman bulls (initial BW = 320 ± 4 kg; n = 66). Exit velocity measures were correlated; EV1 to EV2 (r = 0.32, P = 0.01), EV1 to EV3 (r = 0.31, P = 0.02), and EV2 to EV3 (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). Both EV and PEN were correlated with serum cortisol (CS) within Time 1 and Time 3; EV1 to CS1 (r = .26, P = 0.04), PEN1 to CS1 (r = 0.29, P = 0.02), and EV3 to CS3 (r = 0.44, P < 0.001). Two-year old Brahman heifer were given an ACTH challenge. The calm (C) and temperamental (T) groups consisted of 6 slow (EV=1.05 ± 0.05 m/sec) and 6 fast (EV = 3.14 ± 0.22 m/sec) heifers. Prior to ACTH challenge, T heifers had elevated CS (T = 48.97 ± 3.42, C = 29.60 ± 5.46 ng/mL). Basal CS was higher (P < 0.001) in T heifers (18.20 ± 2.63, C = 4.30 ± 0.58 ng/mL). Following ACTH (0.1 IU ACTH per kg BW) area under the response curve (AUC) was greater (P = 0.07) in C heifers (T = 69.08 ± 10.69, C = 95.87 ± 7.24 ng·h/mL). After declining below basal concentrations, CS in T heifers were again greater (P = 0.02) than in C heifers. The same heifers were subjected to a CRH challenge (0.1 µg bCRH per kg BW). Prior to CRH area under the ACTH curve was greater (P = 0.025) in T heifers (T = 385.72 ± 49.97, C = 239.24 ± 24.04 pg·h/mL). Basal ACTH did not differ (P = 0.10) between temperament groups. Area under the ACTH response curve was greater (P = 0.057) in C heifers (C = 66.72 ± 10.65, T = 38.11 ± 6.44 pg·h/mL). These data demonstrate that cattle with poor temperament exhibit increased stress responsiveness to handling, increased baseline adrenal function but not increased basal pituitary function, and a muted responsiveness to pharmacological stimulus. Thus functional characteristics of the HPA axis vary with animal temperament.

The music of Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809-47) has earned a prominent position in the orchestral repertoire. One of his greatest works, and certainly one of the most performed, is his Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64. The work enjoys much popularity with, and recognition by, soloists, orchestras, and conductors alike. Even with its fame and familiarity, it remains a work that must be carefully studied and prepared by the conductor. This document presents an examination of a conductor’s performance preparation of the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto. The purpose of this examination is to equip the conductor with a depth of knowledge that will yield rehearsals and performances of the concerto that are stylistically appropriate, well informed, and efficient. Major sections include an examination of the concerto’s 1844 and 1845 versions and available performance materials, tempo selection and execution, size, balance and composition of the orchestra, stylistic traits, and aspects of performance practice.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1980.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1980.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) indicates presence of CAD. Absence of CAC is associated with very low risk of having CAD but not equal to zero. In this study, we aim at developing a clinical prediction tool to predict presence of obstructive CAD among patients with zero calcium score. We developed two models. A full prespecified model with 7 variables based on input from clinical experts, and a reduced model with 4 variables based on univariate screening. Both models showed an acceptable performance (c-statistics of 0.68 for both). Both models performed well when validated, externally for the full model and internally for the reduced one. We derived a clinical risk score of 20 points from the full model. We found that a score threshold of ≥ 14 is associated with presence of obstructive CAD with positive likelihood ratio of 5.5.

Nous avons essayé dans le cadre de cette thèse de comprendre le processus de notation des entreprises de différentes zones géographiques et secteurs d'activité. Pour ce faire, nous avons décidé de ventiler notre étude en trois phases principales, en l'occurrence une première phase réservée à l'étude du processus de notation en tenant compte de la durée des épisodes, une seconde phase consacrée à l'étude de l'effet de la crise sur ce processus et une troisième phase consacrée à l'étude de la contagion. / These four years were devoted to argument on the one hand in search of information (financial data ...), development of tools (specific econometric methods) and the drafting of a research paper. Specifically, for 2009-2010, we performed the following steps: - Collection of documents and information from credit rating agencies and companies, particularly to collect various opinions on the recent financial crisis - paper submitted to several conferences: 'ACD Model for Credit Ratings Migration' - Preparation of another research article on the migration of credit ratings before and after the financial crisis.

abstract: The volume and frequency of cyber attacks have exploded in recent years. Organizations subscribe to multiple threat intelligence feeds to increase their knowledge base and better equip their security teams with the latest information in threat intelligence domain. Though such subscriptions add intelligence and can help in taking more informed decisions, organizations have to put considerable efforts in facilitating and analyzing a large number of threat indicators. This problem worsens further, due to a large number of false positives and irrelevant events detected as threat indicators by existing threat feed sources. It is often neither practical nor cost-effective to analyze every single alert considering the staggering volume of indicators. The very reason motivates to solve the overcrowded threat indicators problem by prioritizing and filtering them. To overcome above issue, I explain the necessity of determining how likely a reported indicator is malicious given the evidence and prioritizing it based on such determination. Confidence Score Measurement system (CSM) introduces the concept of confidence score, where it assigns a score of being malicious to a threat indicator based on the evaluation of different threat intelligence systems. An indicator propagates maliciousness to adjacent indicators based on relationship determined from behavior of an indicator. The propagation algorithm derives final confidence to determine overall maliciousness of the threat indicator. CSM can prioritize the indicators based on confidence score; however, an analyst may not be interested in the entire result set, so CSM narrows down the results based on the analyst-driven input. To this end, CSM introduces the concept of relevance score, where it combines the confidence score with analyst-driven search by applying full-text search techniques. It prioritizes the results based on relevance score to provide meaningful results to the analyst. The analysis shows the propagation algorithm of CSM linearly scales with larger datasets and achieves 92% accuracy in determining threat indicators. The evaluation of the result demonstrates the effectiveness and practicality of the approach. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2017

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto da restrição ao crédito rural sobre a produtividade da terra e a produtividade do trabalho para os agricultores familiares do Brasil. Para estimar esse impacto, foram utilizados os dados do Censo Agropecuário de 2006 por município. Para diferenciar os diferentes agricultores familiares, foi utilizado o índice de mercantilização, separando a população em quartis. As estimativas do impacto da restrição ao crédito sobre a produtividade da terra e a produtividade do trabalho foram calculadas a partir da comparação entre o grupo que recebeu crédito e o que não recebeu crédito, obtido através do escore de propensão (propensity score matching). As estimativas do efeito médio de tratamento sobre os tratados, quando apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos, evidenciaram os diferentes grupos formados dentro da agricultura familiar. Por exemplo, na região Centro-oeste municípios com crédito tiveram maior produtividade da terra e do trabalho quando pertencentes ao quarto quartil. Os resultados obtidos no modelo estimado mostram que os efeitos da restrição ao crédito rural são diferentes para municípios mais ou menos mercantilizados e, portanto, requerem políticas distintas. / The overall objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the restriction of rural credit on land and labor productivity for family farmers in Brazil. In order to estimate this impact, we have used data from Brazil\'s 2006 Agricultural Census at the municipal level. To differentiate among family farmers, a trade index was used, separating the population into quartiles. Estimates of the impact of credit restriction on the productivity of land and the productivity of labor were calculated through propensity score matching. Estimates of the average treatment effect on the treated, when presenting statistically significant results, highlight the differences among groups formed within the family farm. For example, in the Midwest of Brazil, municipalities with credit and belonging to the fourth quartile presented higher land and labor productivity. The results of the estimated model confirm that the effects of rural credit restriction are different for municipalities with smaller or larger trade indices, requiring therefore specific policies for each group.