La thèse décrit les mesures de températures ioniques (Ti) dans la Scrape-Off-Layer (SOL) – un paramètre important cependant rarement mesuré – à l'aide d'une sonde Analyseur à Retard de Champ (RFA) installée sur le Tokamak Tore Supra. La thèse s'organise en 4 chapitres. Dans le premier sont brièvement rappelés les enjeux de la fusion nucléaire, la géométrie des limiteurs et la physique la SOL, le principe des sondes de Langmuir, etc. Sont aussi adressés les différents diagnostics dédiés aux mesures de Ti dans la SOL, utilisés dans le passé. Le second chapitre est consacré au RFA. Le principe de l'analyseur, les détails techniques et opérationnels sur Tore Supra ainsi que les effets instrumentaux sur les mesures y sont abordés. Il est conclut que l'influence instrumentale sur les mesures RFA de Ti sont relativement faibles. Dans le troisième chapitre, les mesures systématiques de Ti (ainsi que d'autres paramètres) dans la SOL de Tore Supra sont présentées. Il est montré que le rapport Ti / Te > 1 (Te étant la température électronique) dans la SOL, mais aussi dans le plasma confiné ; et que ce rapport augmente avec le rayon plasma. Un autre résultat important est que Ti dans la SOL change significativement, suivant étroitement les paramètres centraux, alors que Te dans la SOL n'évolue presque pas. Dans le dernier chapitre est présenté le statut actuel de trois projets en cours visant à valider indépendamment la mesure de Ti dans la SOL de Tore Supra : le développement d'une tête de sonde à tunnel segmenté permettant une mesure des fluctuations de Ti dans la SOL ; la mesure de Ti au bord des plasmas du Tokamak Joint European Torus (JET) ; et la comparaison des mesures de RFA avec les mesures de spectroscopie d'échange de charge et recombinaison (CXRS) sur Tore Supra. / The thesis describes measurements of the scrape-off layer (SOL) ion temperature Ti – an important but yet rarely measured parameter – with a retarding field analyzer (RFA) probe in the limiter tokamak Tore Supra. The thesis is organized in four chapters. In the first chapter, some well known facts about nuclear fusion, limiter SOL, Langmuir probes, etc. are briefly recalled. Various diagnostics for SOL Ti measurements developed in the past are addressed as well. The second chapter is dedicated to the RFA. The principle of the RFA, technical details and operation of the Tore Supra RFA, and the influence of instrumental effects on RFA measurements are addressed. It is concluded that the influence of instrumental effects on RFA Ti measurements is relatively small. In the third chapter, the systematic measurements of Ti (as well as other parameters) in the Tore Supra SOL are presented. It is shown that Ti / Te >1 (with Te being the electron temperature) in the SOL but also in the confined plasma, and increases with radius. Also important result is that while SOL Ti changes significantly, following the core properties rather closely, SOL Te hardly changes at all. In the final chapter the present status of three ongoing projects aimed at the independent validation of SOL Ti measurements in Tore Supra is presented: the development of the segmented tunnel probe for fast SOL Ti measurements, the measurement of edge ion temperature in Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak, and the comparison of RFA with charge exchange recombination spectroscopy in Tore Supra.

This is a report on the development of a free open-source framework. The framework is meant to be used to mainly black-box test and/or scrape information from a geographic service like Google Places, Facebook Places or Foursquare. In reality any service that is based on geographic coordinates can be used with the framewok. Amongst others, the framework offers functionalities like visualisation on-the-fly and logging of different aspects of the service. There are a few similar tools scattered on the world-wide web, but they usually are hard to find and if they are found, they either are not open-source, free or they lack in functionality. Another major drawback is that the available solutions are very generic, and thus limiting their capabilities. The work described here is an attempt for a concise, easy to use, extendible framework solely focused on geographic services. In this report, the technologies used are demonstrated, while at the same time the reasons are given as to why a specific technology was selected in each case. Some documentation is also presented and a few references to the actual code-base in case someone wants to extend Geoexplorer or use it at their organization.

La fusion nucléaire est une solution technologique prometteuse pour une nouvelle source d'énergie. Cependant, utiliser la par fusion nucléaire confinement magnétique comme source d'énergie constitue un challenge scientifique et technologique car cela requière à la fois un bon confinement du plasma de cœur et un contrôle des flux de chaleurs arrivant à la paroi. Ce travail est motivé par la problématique de la gestion des flux de chaleur dans les réacteurs de fusion. Cela est nécessaire pour éviter d'endommager les coûteux composants faisant face au plasma. La compréhension des mécanismes physiques régissant le transport de la chaleur dans le plasma de bord est une tâche critique pour le design des futures machines. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de faire des prédictions fiables de l'étalement de la chaleur dans le but de dimensionner correctement ces futures machines. Cela appelle à un fondement théorique décrivant la manière dont l'énergie s'échappe du plasma. Des études théoriques et expérimentales ont tenté aboutir à cette fin, cependant les mécanismes en jeux ne sont toujours pas clairs. Pour atteindre ce but, la modélisation numérique est un complément nécessaire aux expériences. Ce travail de thèse est dédié à l'étude numérique des différents aspects du transport de la chaleur dans le plasma de bord un utilisant les approches fluides. Une attention particulière est porté à deux mécanismes suspectés de joué un grand rôle dans le transport de la chaleur : le transport intermittent due à la turbulence et le transport convectif à large échelle par les vitesses dérives. Le problème a été traité avec une approche graduelle en utilisant différent outils numériques. / Fusion devices are a promising solution for a new source of energy. However, using fusion reaction to produce power within a magnetic confinement is a scientific and technological challenge as it requires a high confinement in the core plasma at the same time as a good control of plasma exhaust on the material walls. This work is motivated by the key problematic of power handling in fusion power plants necessary to avoid damaging the expensive plasma facing components (PFC). The understanding of the physics underlying the heat transport, and more specifically is a critical task for the engineering design of future Tokamak devices. In this context, it is mandatory to make reliable predictions of the power spreading in order to correctly size the future Tokamaks. This calls for a theoretical ground describing the way energy escapes the core plasma through the separatrix and deposits on the PFCs. Some theoretical and experimental studies attempt to achieve such a task, however no definitive conclusion have been drawn yet. To achieve this goal, numerical modelling is a necessary complement to experimental results. This PhD work has been dedicated to the study of the different aspects of the heat transport in the edge plasma using a numerical fluid approach. Special focus was devoted to two types of mechanisms suspected to play an important role in the heat transport: intermittent turbulence; the large-scale convective transport.

Plasma Heat Flux to Solid Structures in Tokamaks Petr Vondráček Energy and particle exhaust is the key issue for future fusion reactors based on magnetic plasma confinement, namely for tokamaks. Good understanding of processes controlling plasma heat fluxes impinging the first wall of tokamaks is of a main concern for fusion research. This doctoral thesis is focused on experimental investigation of plasma heat fluxes in different locations of the COMPASS tokamak. A new infrared thermography system was built for this purpose as a part of this PhD research. There are four main topics studied using the system. First of all, a narrow near-SOL heat flux channel with a very steep radial profile is characterised in HFS limited discharges. It is shown that the near-SOL heat flux decay length is consistent with the drift-based model of the SOL heat transport. Secondly, heat loading of leading edges of misaligned limiters is broadly studied. The optical approximation of the heat flux distribution around a poloidal leading edge is confirmed as a valid approach. Heat loading of a magnetically shadowed side of a toroidal limiter gap is observed experimentally for the first time confirming predictions of particle-in-cell code simulations. Thirdly, localised hot-spots caused by the impact of runaway electrons as well as...

BACKGROUND: Cell migration is a vital process for growth and repair. In vitro migration assays, utilized to study cell migration, often rely on physical scraping of a cell monolayer to induce cell migration. The physical act of scrape injury results in numerous factors stimulating cell migration - some injury-related, some solely due to gap creation and loss of contact inhibition. Eliminating the effects of cell injury would be useful to examine the relative contribution of injury versus other mechanisms to cell migration. Cell exclusion assays can tease out the effects of injury and have become a new avenue for migration studies. Here, we developed two simple non-injury techniques for cell exclusion: 1) a Pyrex® cylinder - for outward migration of cells and 2) a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) insert - for inward migration of cells. Utilizing these assays smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) migratory behavior was studied on both polystyrene and gelatin-coated surfaces. RESULTS: Differences in migratory behavior could be detected for both smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) when utilizing injury versus non-injury assays. SMCs migrated faster than HUVECs when stimulated by injury in the scrape wound assay, with rates of 1.26 % per hour and 1.59 % per hour on polystyrene and gelatin surfaces, respectively. The fastest overall migration took place with HUVECs on a gelatin-coated surface, with the in-growth assay, at a rate of 2.05 % per hour. The slowest migration occurred with the same conditions but on a polystyrene surface at a rate of 0.33 % per hour. CONCLUSION: For SMCs, injury is a dominating factor in migration when compared to the two cell exclusion assays, regardless of the surface tested: polystyrene or gelatin. In contrast, the migrating surface, namely gelatin, was a dominating factor for HUVEC migration, providing an increase in cell migration over the polystyrene surface. Overall, the cell exclusion assays - the in-growth and out-growth assays, provide a means to determine pure migratory behavior of cells in comparison to migration confounded by cell wounding and injury.

Intense heat fluxes from the divertor incident on material surfaces represent a “bottleneck” problem for the next generation of tokamaks. Advanced divertors, such as the X-Divertor (XD) and Super X-Divertor (SXD), offer a magnetic solution to the heat flux problem by (a) increasing the plasma-wetted area via flux expansion at the targets, and (b) possibly opening regimes of stable, detached operation of the divertor via flux tube flaring, as quantified by the Divertor Index. The benefits of the XD and SXD are derived from their unique magnetic geometries, foregoing the need for excessive gas puffing or impurity injection to mitigate divertor heat fluxes. Using the CORSICA magnetic equilibrium code, XDs and SXDs appear feasible on current- and next-generation tokamaks, with no required changes to the tokamak hardware, and respecting coil conductor limits. Divertor heat and particle transport modeling is performed in SOLPS 5.1 for XD or SXD designs in NSTX-Upgrade, Alcator C-Mod, and CFNS/FNSF. Incident heat fluxes at the targets are kept well below 10 MW/m², even for narrow SOL widths in high-power scenarios. In C-Mod and CFNS, parallel temperature profiles imply the arrestment of the detachment front near the targets. Finally, an X-Divertor for ITER is presented. / text

Some of the outflowing ions in the plasma edge have sufficient energy to access orbits which allow them to free-stream out of the confined plasma region and be lost to the wall or divertor. The effects of this ion-orbit-loss (IOL) on the poloidal distribution of ion, energy and momentum fluxes from the plasma edge into the tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL) are analyzed for a representative DIII-D H-mode discharge. IOL yields large fluxes of particle, energy and momentum, distributed poloidally over the SOL, but predominantly into the outboard SOL, significantly changing the fluxes due to transport processes for confined ions within the edge plasma. An intrinsic co-current rotation in the edge of the plasma is produced by the preferential loss of counter-current ions

Title: Development and application of methods for measurement of magnetic field on tokamaks Author: Ing. Karel Kovařík Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i. Supervisor: Ing. Ivan Duran, PhD. (Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i.) Abstract: Thesis describes two parts of my work in frame of magnetic confined fusion research. First part describes irradiation testing of the Hall sensors based on InSb semiconductor. It evaluates radiation effects of fast and thermal neutrons on the Hall sensors sensitivity. Tests indicate low level of changes for fluence lower only by order of magnitude than expected in the whole lifetime of ITER tokamak. Second part describes measurement of turbulent plasma structures parameters in scrape--off layer of the COMPASS tokamak, particularly the parallel electric current flowing along them. Design of novel combined probe allowing measurement of not only electrostatic parameters but also the parallel electric current is presented. Evaluation of parallel electric current is discussed and compared with experiment. Statistical analysis of the plasma structures is presented. Empirical formulas of the...

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24008号 / エネ博第444号 / 新制||エネ||83(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 長﨑 百伸, 教授 中村 祐司, 准教授 小林 進二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Il est maintenant accepté expérimentalement que les filaments de plasma alignés sur le champ magnétique, appelés “blobs”, jouent un rôle important dans le transport dans le plasma de bord. Dans cette thèse, les phénomènes fondamentaux du transport dans le plasma de bord sont étudiés en mettant l'accent sur le phénomène de filaments plasma. Dans un premier temps, les mécanismes de propagation de blobs uniques sont envisagés. Puis la génération de blobs par la turbulence de bord est étudiée, et le transport turbulent est discuté entant que phénomène collectif. Des particularités du transport turbulent, incluant les blobs auto-organisés, sont reliées à un transport de type Bohm (c'est à dire des perturbations avec des corrélations radiales longues, et un coefficient de transport effectif quisuit la dépendance Bohm). De plus, en prolongement de ce travail, un effort initial vers une transposition du transport non-local au plasmade bord est décrite. / Recently, it has been accepted that magnetic field aligned plasma filaments, referred to as "blobs" play important roles in the transport of Scrape-off Layer (SoL) plasmas. In this thesis, putting an emphasis on the plasma blob phenomenon, we study fundamental processes of SoL transport using numerical simulation. At first, weinvestigate the propagation mechanisms of single and isolated blobs.Next, we study the generation of blobs from edge turbulence, and discuss the SoL turbulent transport as a collective phenomenon. Features of turbulent transport, which includes the self-organized blobs in SoL, are identified as Bohm-like transport (i.e., the perturbation with long radial correlations and the effective transport coefficient that follows the dependence of Bohm-like transport). Additionally, as an advancement of study, we describe an initial effort to extend the view of non local transport to edge plasmas.