Syfte: Att undersöka på vilket sätt postpartum depression identifieras hos nyblivna föräldrar och på vilket sätt screening med EPDS och påföljande stödjande samtal tillämpas av distriktssköterskor tjänstgörande på BVC i Uppsala län. Metod: Samtliga 98 distriktssköterskor som arbetar med BVC i Uppsala län inkluderades i enkätstudien. Svarsfrekvens utgjorde 60%. Enkäten bestod av 35 frågor. Resultat: Studien fann att EPDS-användning bland BVC-sjuksköterskor var hög, 51 av 59 använde EPDS och visade, bland de som hade besvarat enkäten, att det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan EPDS-användning och vilken kommun distriktssköterskor arbetade i, och att det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan EPDS-användning och erhållen utbildning. Det fanns inget signifikant samband mellan EPDS-användning och tillgång till handledning. Riktlinjer för screening fanns på de flesta arbetsplatser, dock enbart för svensktalande mödrar. Screening av icke svensktalande mödrar var bristfällig och något strukturerat sätt att identifiera pappornas sinnesstämnings fanns inte. De flesta distriktssköterskor erbjöd mödrar stödjande samtal vid utfall efter screeningen. Avsatt tid och tidpunkten för EPDS-screeningen och avsatt tid för och antal av stödjande samtal varierade något. De flesta distriktssköterskor hade valt att utföra screeningen och stödjande samtalen på mottagningen. Dokumentationen av screeningen och de följande åtgärderna varierade. Slutsats: EPDS och påföljande stödjande samtal tillämpades rutinmässigt av de flesta BVC-sjuksköterskor i Uppsala län. Rutin för screeningen av icke svensktalande mödrar och fäder saknades på merparten av BVC.

Abstract Introduction: "Pap smear" was first proposed in 1928 by Dr. Papanicolaou in USA as a screening test for cervical cancer. In most developed, higher-educated country,the majority of the female population receive regular Pap smear, and hence the incidence of invasive or late stage cervical cancer is relative low. In contrast, in those developing,or under-developed country ,the percentage of women receiving regular Pap smear is lower, and cervical neoplasm is more often diagnosed in the invasive or even later stage.General speaking,the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in a country may be recognized as a relative indicator for the quality of public health care. The higher the percentage of women receiving regular Pap smear is ,the lower the incidence of invasive cervical cancer. In Taiwan, the annual incidence of newly-diagnosed invasive cervical cancer remains high, and cervical cancer stand as the top one of the most lethal female cancer. In theory,since the incubation period from the pre-cancer stage(cervical intraepithelial neoplasm) to frank malignancy in cervix is rather long, allowing adequate opportunity and timing for Pap smear screening, more cervical neoplasm may be diagnosed and treated in the pre-cancer stage, and hence lower the incidence of cancer death from treatment failure. Disappointingly, even being a major program of public health care, and being supported by national institute, the Pap smear rate in Taiwan is far from ideal. We try to find out the causes of low Pap smear rate via analyzing the pattern and availability of health care, medical knowledge, and attitude of those cervical cancer patients. These factors may be of benefit to promote modifying public health program, and thus increase the receptivity and popularity of regular Pap smear in general population. Material and method: This is a retrospective study, focusing on the cervical cancer patients (including carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer of cervix), which were confirmed pathologically and treated successfully in a single hospital in the recent 3 years. Totally, 155 cases were enrolled. All these patients were interviewed face to face, and data were collected (focusing on basic data and the possible factors influencing Pap smear rate) according to a fixed form. SPSS for Windows Ver. 10.0 was used for data analysis. Percentage, distribution was used for descriptive statistics. Cross table analysis, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis were used for comparing group difference. Results: The data analysis revealed: 1)Most cervical cancer patients didn¡¦t receive regular annual Pap smear 2)Most cervical cancer patients didn¡¦t realize the importance of regular Pap smear before 3)Though some of the cervical cancer patients did have the concept and importance of regular screening, they didn¡¦t receive regular annual Pap smear 4)Invasive cancer rate was higher than CIS rate in this study group 5)The government public health program ¡§¤»¤ÀÄÁÅ@ ¤@¥Í¡¨ (¡§only 6 min, and away from threat of cervical cancer¡¨) seemed to have no major effect in those Taiwanese-speaking, older, and less-educational subpopulation 6)The government public health program ¡§¤»¤ÀÄÁÅ@ ¤@¥Í¡¨ (¡§only 6 min, and away from threat of cervical cancer¡¨) seemed to be insufficient for promoting active participating of the Pap smear program in general population Conclusion: Despite the effort from government health institute, Pap smear rate remained far from ideal in Taiwan, leaving many cases of cervical neoplasm diagnosed and treated in the later and advanced stage. From the result of this study, we can see that some sub-population was prone to be missed in the health care program. The major lithotomy include poor knowledge (¡§language barrier¡¨), naive, wrong attitude (fear and shame of facing health provider under lithotomy position for Pap smear). There¡¦s still much to do to increase the Pap smear rate. The knowledge about cervical cancer and the importance of the Pap smear screening can never be over-emphasized. The education and the resource information should be provided via multiple pathways, including Internet source, regular seminars, or pronouncement in the TV, radio or magazines. The first-line health providers (local doctors, nurses, or even social workers) should be well-trained. The public education should be started right from lithotomy which is the important time point in cervical cancer carcinogen sis (HPV infection and integration). For those with lower socio-economic status, and those in urban area, the Pap smear may be promoted by way of free charge (financial support from national health institute), or packed with other general health examination program. The whole health-care system should be integrated well, and function well, to raise the Pap smear rate in our country. We hope that through the routine screening program, the incidence of invasive cervical cancer can be lowered, shifting most of the cases in the pre-cancer or in situ stage, and can be treated effectively

In this work, we present mathematical and artistic techniques for the easy creation of artistic screening animations in video resolution by extending the artistic screening technique of adapting various patterns as screen dots for generating halftones. For video dithering, three different animations are needed. One is for screen dots which is a simple black and white animation; another is for the goal (or perceived) animation on the screen; and the other animation is for controlling the color and the size of screen dots. By combining three different animations with video dithering techniques, two animations appear simultaneously on the result video screen and provide complex and unique animation. Our techniques assure creating of aesthetic looking movies by providing frame to frame coherence and avoiding spatial and temporal aliasing that can be caused by low quality of video images. We shows how this technique is a powerful and effective way to create artistic results, by demonstrating variety of video dithering.

The development of a versatile system capable of providing rapid, portable, and inexpensive detection of explosives and energetic compounds is needed critically to offer an enhanced level of protection against current and future threats to homeland security, as well as to satisfy a wide range of applications in the fields of forensic analysis, emergency response, and industrial hazards analysis. The hand-held nanocalorimeter will serve as a first-of-its-kind screening tools for explosive and energetic compounds directly in the settings where they are needed with high efficiency, reduced cost, and simplicity with ease of use. Unlike current explosives detectors, this system is based on calorimetric techniques that are inherently capable of providing direct measurements of energy release potential and therefore do not depend on prior knowledge of familiar compounds. The microfabricated calorimetry instrument consists of (i) a thermal control module incorporating arrays of microfabricated heaters and temperature sensors, as well as any necessary electronic interconnections, and (ii) a sample encapsulation module incorporating etched enclosures designed to accommodate either solid or liquid samples. Initial work has led to successful fabrication of a chip capable of sampling nano-sized solid or liquid compounds. Control algorithms incorporating the DSC principle have also been written using LabVIEW. Device performance of the original and redesigned chips were tested by studying the thermal transitions associated with the boiling points of acetone and pentane. With the redesigned chip, the heat loss issue was reduced: the measured input heat was reduced from 32 times of the required energy to 5 times of the required energy. Future work will focus on modifying the chip design and control algorithm to improve accuracy and sensitivity, developing a trace analysis software to link it to a database of explosive information, and adapting different fabrication procedures for high temperature operation and large scale production.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women in the United States. Women with chronic disabling conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are less likely to participate in routine mammography screening than women without disabilities due to multiple barriers. Underuse of mammography screening may lead to a diagnosis of a later stage breast cancer and consequently higher breast cancer mortality rate. This study examined the influence of several factors including, severity of MS-related functional limitations, demographic characteristics, family history of breast cancer, beliefs related to mammography screening and breast cancer, and personal resources on usual screening mammography in a sample of women with MS. The conceptual framework guiding this study was synthesized from The Explanatory Model of Health Promotion and Quality of Life in Chronic and Disabling Conditions and the Health Belief Model. Data from an ongoing longitudinal study (R01NR003195) focused on health promotion of persons with MS were combined with primary data for this prospective descriptive correlational study. The nonprobability sample consisted of 274 women ages 39-85 years who were primarily White (92%), married (66.1%), and unemployed (64.1%) with a 22 year average length of diagnosis with MS. Data were collected over two years using a mailed survey. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used to address the research questions. The annual mammography rate in this sample was 62%. Perceived susceptibility to breast cancer (AOR = 3.0, p < .05), family history (AOR = 2.5, p < .05), economic adequacy (AOR = 1.6, p < .05), and perceived barriers to mammography (AOR = .98, p < .05) significantly predicted mammography use, adjusted for severity of functional limitations. Though severity of limitations was negatively associated with mammography, it was not a significant predictor in the overall model. These findings suggest that for women with chronic disabling conditions, health beliefs, family history, and personal resources influence mammography screening. Clinicians need to continue to eliminate the barriers to mammography screening to improve screening and reduce overall breast cancer mortality rate in this vulnerable population. / text

Kollberg, S. Torbjörnsson, E. (2012). The lived experience in patients with screening-diagnosed abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).     ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe the patients’ experiences of living with the knowledge of having an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) that was found during screening. Eleven patients from two different screening centers, with initially measured aneurysms of 40-46 mm, were invited to participate in the interview study. Three of the men declined to participate, so in total eight men were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis.  Four categories were identified: the informant’s reasons for taking part in the screening program for abdominal aortic aneurysm, the experience of the screening, the experience of living with their abdominal aortic aneurysm and the thoughts on the present screening program. The result showed that the men joined the screening program (SCP) with very little knowledge of both aneurysms and the purpose of the screening. In connection with the ultrasound the men became upset over the information about them having an AAA. After they had received information about the diagnose from the vascular surgeon , all of the men felt soothed and understood that despite of their aneurysm, they could continue to live their life as they used to do. The men didn’t believe that the AAA affected their lives, though most of them had made changes in their way of living.   The result of this interview study shows that the men experience a lack of information between the ultrasound and the appointment with the physician. It could be of interest to investigate if an aortic nurse with the same function as the breast nurse in the mammography screening could be the solution of this problem.   Keywords: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, screening, information / Kollberg, S. Torbjörnsson, E. (2012). The lived experience in patients with screening-diagnosed abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).   SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med den här studien var att beskriva patienternas upplevelse av att leva med kunskapen av att ha en förstorad kroppspulsåder som är hittat via screening. Elva patienter från två olika screeningcenter, med en ursprunglig diameter på sin aorta uppmätt till 40 – 46 mm, bjöds in för deltagande i studien. Tre avböjde att delta, så totalt utfördes åtta intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Fyra kategorier identifierades: Informanternas anledning till att delta i screeningprogrammet, upplevelsen av screeningen, upplevelsen av att leva med AAA och patienternas tankar om det nuvarande screeningprogrammet. Resultatet visade att männen deltog i screeningsprogrammet (SCP) med en begränsad kunskap både om vad aneurysm är och vad syftet med screeningen är. I samband med ultraljudsundersökningen blev männen upprörda över beskedet att de har ett förstorat aneurysm, men efter besöket hos en kärlkirurg som gav information om diagnosen blev de lugnade och förstod att det går bra att fortsätta leva som vanligt trots deras diagnos. Männen i studien tyckte inte att diagnosen påverkade de i deras dagliga liv, trots att många av dem hade genomfört förändringar. Resultatet av den här studien visar att männen upplever en brist i informationen mellan ultraljudsundersökningen och besöket hos läkaren. Det skulle vara intressant att se om en aortasjuksköterska, med samma funktion som en bröstsjuksköterska inom mammografiscreeningen har, skulle kunna vara en lösning på problemet.   Nyckelord: Abdominellt aorta aneurysm, screening, information   Abstraktet är justerat efter instruktioner i Journal of Vascular Nursing

Background: In 2010, immigrants comprised 20% of the Canadian population. Canada has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the world. This study seeks to explore factors that are associated with CRC screening and to determine whether immigrants are less likely to be screened for CRC compared to non-immigrants. Methods: Data were obtained from Statistics Canada Canadian Community Health Survey, 2008. The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use was used as a theoretical framework. Chi-square statistics and multiple logistic regression models were employed. Results: Recent immigrants were less likely to be screened by endoscopy within 5 years (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29 – 0.77), endoscopy within 10 years (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.24 - 0.60) and be up-to-date with screening (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37 - 0.91) compared to non-immigrants. Conclusions: A formal screening program and patient navigators may address disparities among recent and non-immigrants.

The effectiveness of a vision screening programme in government schools in the Durban Functional Region under the jurisdiction of the House of Representatives was evaluated. For the purpose of the study a Comprehensive Vision Screening Programme (CVSP) was developed based on the Modified Clinical Technique (MCT) used in the Orinda Study. Of the represetative sample of 419 children assessed, the CVSP classified 85 (20.3%) as referrals. In comparison, the school health nurses referred 35 (9.6%) of the children for a complete ocular examination, 40 per cent of which were unwarranted. Analysis of the usable records showed that the school vision screening programme (SVSP) correctly categorised 307 (83.9%) of the children and incorrectly categorised 59 (16.1%) of them. The latter consisted of 3.8% over-referrals and 12.3% under-referrals. The school vision screening programme did not detect with a reasonable degree of accuracy those children with visual disorders. The effectiveness of the SVSP, as determined by the phi coefficient, was 0.35. Approximately two thirds of the children with visual disorders were not detected by the SVSP. One in every eight children classified as having no visual problem by the SVSP was an under-referral and two in every five children referred by the SVSP were over-referred. The high incorrect referral rates was attributed to the use of inappropriate screening techniques. The prevalence of visual disorders in the children was 20.3%; in boys 18.7% and 21.9% in girls. The relative risk of visual disorders in girls compared to boys was 1.2 (95% CI = 0.8 - 1.7). The prevalence of eye co-ordination disorders was 11.2%, refractive error problems 10.3%, visual acuity 4.5%, perceptual status (colour vision and stereopsis) 4.0% and organic disorders 1.2%. The binocular disorders were characterised as convergence insufficiencies and the disorders of accommodation were described as accommodative insufficiencies. Referable myopia (6.7%) was more prevalent than referable hyperopia (2.1%). Myopia was more prevalent in girls and hyperopia was more prevalent in boys. The clinical findings of the refractive error was compared to that measured by an autorefractor. The findings were remarkably similar and the study concluded that the difference between the two measures was not clinically significant. The study recommended that the MCT be used as the method of choice in school vision screening protocols. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1992.

The management of women with mild and moderate dyskaryosis remains controversial. Any strategy must aim to be safe, efficient and cost effective. Two alternative strategies consist of immediate colposcopy for all women or a policy of cytological surveillance with colposcopy reserved for women with persistent dyskaryosis. Instead of a blanket policy for all women, selective approaches might be useful if accurate predictors of underlying high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were identified. Finally the effective treatment of women is important to prevent the development of invasive cancer. Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone or LLETZ is a relatively new treatment modality which has rapidly been established as the preferred treatment for women with CIN but it's efficacy has not been studied beyond a period of six months. The core of the thesis is description of a large prospective randomised study carried out in the University of Aberdeen. This was a four year project sponsored by the charity Birthright (now Well-being). Nine hundred and two women with a single smear showing mild or moderate dyskaryosis were recruited and allocated in a random fashion to either an immediate treatment group and one of three surveillance groups with periods of up to 24 months before treatment. Outcome measurements included the cytological and histological results. The cost effectiveness of two alternate management strategies for women with mild dyskaryosis is also described. The use of social factors and virological tests as secondary screening techniques is examined to determine if they might select women with high grade disease. Finally, the outcome of treatment of women including 400 women from the Birthright study using large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) is assessed.

No description available.