Orientador: Léa Silvia Sant'Ana / Banca: Maria Regina Barbieri de Carvalho / Banca: Maria Célia Martins de Souza / Resumo: Em diversas pesquisas foram observadas as alterações sazonais e sua influência na composição química do pescado. Por outro lado, peixes cultivados e silvestres apresentam alterações e estas podem determinar a qualidade do pescado. Estudos relacionados à composição química das espécies podem ser úteis para agregar valor ao pescado. O estudo do cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), teve o objetivo de analisar a composição química em diferentes zonas de corte denominadas frontal, médio e caudal, para peixes cultivados e silvestres capturados em dois períodos sazonais: seca e chuva e análise sensorial de aceitação global em escala hedônica em postas cozidas e troncos defumados de peixes cultivados e silvestres. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas da composição química nas zonas de corte para todos os grupos; para os peixes cultivados foram observadas diferenças da composição nos dois períodos sazonais. Foram observadas diferenças para a composição química dos peixes cultivados, enquanto para os peixes silvestres os resultados foram uniformes. A comparação da composição dos peixes cultivados e silvestres mostrou níveis de umidade 77,79 e 79,39%, proteína 20,50 e 19,36% e lipídios 0,56 e 0,18%, para cultivados e silvestres, respectivamente no período sazonal de chuvas. No período de seca os peixes de cultivo e silvestres não apresentaram diferenças na composição química. Os níveis de energia apresentaram diferenças somente nas zonas de corte frontal nos peixes cultivados e silvestres nos dois períodos sazonais. Os valores das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRATB) não apresentaram diferenças entre cultivados e silvestres nos dois períodos sazonais. Na análise sensorial os peixes submetidos ao cozimento apresentaram médias de aceitação global: 7,06 e 7,27%, enquanto os defumado ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Several researches were observed seasonal changes and their influence on the fish chemical composition. Furthermore, cultured and wild fish present changes and they can determine fish quality. Studies related to the chemical composition of the species may be useful to enhance the value added. The study of cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), aimed to analyse chemical composition in different areas called front, middle and tail to farmed and wild fish. The fish was caught in two seasons: dry and rain period. Sensory analysis of global acceptance in hedonic scale in boil and cooking smoked fish. There were no statistical differences in chemical composition in the different for all groups; for fish farmed differences were observed in the composition in the two seasons. Two seasons differences Were observed in the chemical composition of fish farmed, while for wild fish results were uniform. The comparison of farmed and wild fish composition showed humidity levels of 77.79 and 79.39%, 20.50 and 19.36% protein and lipids 0.56 and 0.18% for farmed and wild, respectively in rain seasonal period. During the dry season, chemical composition farmed and wild showed no differences. The energy levels showed differences front areas for farmed and wild fish fro both seasons. The values of the reactive substances to the thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) showed no differences between farmed fish. Sensory analysis for cooking had averages of global acceptance: 7.06 and 7.27%, while for smoked had higher values for acceptance, 8.04 and 7.86%, respectively, for cultivated and wild. The results show that the chemical composition of farmed and wild fish can influence the quality of the fish and smoking is a technology process that increases the value added to the fish. / Mestre

O tratamento biológico anaeróbio aparece como uma opção importante para remover a carga orgânica poluidora da vinhaça, e vem despertando interesse entre pesquisadores do mundo todo devido aos sucessos já alcançados, principalmente em trabalhos científicos. O interesse científico aponta para o aprimoramento do processo de degradação desse efluente em taxas elevadas, além de promover a produção de biogás, com potencial para produção de energia. A tecnologia de tratamento anaeróbio mais utilizada para o tratamento da vinhaça é o reator UASB, apresentando resultados satisfatórios inclusive em unidades em escala plena. A interrupção do funcionamento do reator em períodos de entressafra é, indubitavelmente, um problema a ser enfrentado na operação do reator UASB, cujo período de partida é lento. A repartida do sistema é agravada nos reatores de alta taxa, requerendo estratégias adequadas para reduzir o período necessário permitindo mitigar prontamente os efeitos do aporte de vinhaça ao ambiente e recuperar energia a partir dessa matriz. Diante disso, um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) em escala piloto foi utilizado para o estudo da repartida do sistema e do tratamento da vinhaça e do melaço, sendo o último utilizado como fonte de carbono no período relativo à entressafra. O reator UASB foi operado durante 335 dias. Na Fase I utilizou-se a vinhaça como afluente, na Fase II o melaço de cana-de-açúcar e na Fase III novamente a vinhaça. Após período de interrupção de 30 dias, o período de repartida do sistema em estudo foi de 69 dias. Logo no início da repartida do reator, a eficiência de remoção de DQO foi superior a 80%, alcançando eficiência de 89,95 % em apenas oito dias de operação. O reator UASB apresentou valor médio de eficiência de remoção de DQO para as Fases I (vinhaça), II (melaço) e III (vinhaça) de 84 ± 3,35%; 82 ± 5,12% e 80 ± 9,22%, para cargas aplicadas de 5 a 34 kgDQO.m-3.d-1, 33 kgDQO.m-3.d-1 e 5 a 19 kgDQO.m-3.d-1, respectivamente. Em relação à produção de metano, de todo o período operacional, a Fase I referente à repartida do reator utilizando vinhaça como substrato após um mês sem alimentação foi a que apresentou a maior produção média no período, 7,93 LCH4. (L.d) -1, devido aos maiores valores de carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicadas (5 a 34 kgDQO.m-3.d-1). A Fase II referente ao período de entressafra utilizando o melaço, foi de 7,28 LCH4. (L.d) -1 devido ao acúmulo de ácidos voláteis totais. A Fase III com retorno da safra utilizando a vinhaça, foi de 1,23 LCH4. (L.d) -1 devido aos menores valores de carga aplicada ao reator (5 a 8,5 kgDQO.m-3.d-1). As análises microbiológicas mostraram elevada diversidade microbiana e permitiu observar que com a utilização do melaço ocorreu alteração da população de microrganismos presente no reator, que apresentaram longo período de adaptação quando submetidos novamente à vinhaça, na última fase de operação. De forma geral, os resultados apontam que a tecnologia UASB é adequada no tratamento de vinhaça e melaço de alta carga orgânica e na geração de biogás. A substituição por melaço permitiu obter produção de biogás semelhante ao uso da vinhaça, entretanto dificultou a repartida, quando substituído pela vinhaça novamente (Fase III). / Biological anaerobic treatment systems are a promising approach for the removal of organic loading content of vinasse. Previous studies have demonstrated the optimization of the vinasse degradation process at high rates, promoting the biogas production with potential for energy use. Upflow anaerobic with sludge blanket (UASB) is the most applied anaerobic technology for the treatment of vinasse. Such reactor configuration presents satisfactory results even in full-scale units. The interruption of reactor operation during the off-season is undoubtedly an operational problem to be faced, whose restarting period is slow. The system restarting is intensified in high-rate reactors, requiring adequate strategies to reduce the time needed to mitigate the environmental effects of vinasse supply and to recover energy from that matrix. Therefore, a pilot-scale UASB was used to investigate the system restart and the treatment of vinasse and molasses. Sugarcane molasses was used as the carbon source during the off-season period. The system was operated during 335 days. The operational procedure consisted of three phases, in which different streams were used as carbon source: vinasse (Phases I), sugarcane molasses (Phases II) and vinasse (Phases III). After an interruption period of 30 days, the restarting period was 69 days. At the beginning of the restarting period, the average COD removal efficiency was higher than 80%, reaching COD removal efficiencies of 89.95% in only eight days of operation. The average COD removal efficiencies for Phases I (vinasse), II (molasses) and III (vinasse) were 84 ± 3.35%; 82 ± 5,12% and 80 ± 9,22%, respectively. Those removal efficiencies were achieved with organic loading rate 5 to 34 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 , 33 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 and 5 to 19 kgCOD.m-3.d-1, respectively. Regarding methane (CH4) production, Phase I (vinasse as substrate after one month without feeding) presented the highest average CH4 production (7.93 LCH4. (L.d) -1), due to the higher values of OLR (5 to 34 kgCOD.m-3.d-1). The CH4 production during Phase II (off-season using molasses as substrate) was 7.28 LCH4. (L.d) -1, due to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA). In Phase III, in which vinasse was applied again as substrate the CH4 production was 1.23 LCH4.(L.d)-1, due to the lower values of organic loading rate to the reactor (5 to 8.5 kgCOD.m-3.d-1). Microbiological analyses showed high microbial diversity in biomass developed at UASB reactor. Moreover, it was possible to observe that with molasses used as carbon source probably promotes changes in the microorganisms population, After period with molasses feeding, such microbiota presented a long adaptation period when resubmitted to vinasse, as the main carbon source in the feeding. In general, the results indicate that the UASB configuration was adequate for the vinasse and molasses treatment at high organic loading rate, resulting in high biogas production. In which the feeding with sugarcane molasses resulted in a biogas production similar to that obtained by vinasse feeding, but it made it difficult to divide when replaced by vinasse (Phase III).

Species distributions reflect the suite of resources and range of environmental conditions required by a species. Distributions of many species change seasonally, however, in response to changes in resource availability and environmental conditions, many of which are projected to shift in response to climate change. We sought to identify environmental and anthropogenic factors associated with seasonal changes in the distribution of vertebrates that inhabit the Madrean Archipelago in southern Arizona, which is important for identifying mechanisms through which climate change may affect these species. From July 2012 to February 2015 (966 days), we used remote cameras to survey 200 sites across 16 mountain ranges for a total of 69,434 trap days and used dynamic occupancy models to determine how landscape features, vegetation composition, and anthropogenic factors influenced the distributions and seasonal rates of local colonization and extinction of 13 vertebrates. For these 13 species, we recorded 37,888 detections, with gray foxes, skunks, and squirrels detected most frequently. Bobcats, cottontails, gray foxes, skunks, squirrels, javelina, puma, and coatimundis were all detected across the entire range of elevations surveyed, from 935 to 2395 m. Black bears and wild turkeys were never detected below 1270 m, Sonoran opossums never detected above 1980 m, and coyotes and ringtails never detected above 2020 m. Composition and structure of vegetation in the understory, midstory, and overstory influenced initial occupancy of several species, including skunks, coatimundis, Sonoran opossums, and cottontails. Season, either directly or as an interaction with the estimated amount of solar radiation reaching a site, influenced local extinction rates of all 13 target species and local colonization rates of 9 of 13 species. Elevation influenced local colonization rates of black bears and coatimundis positively, and coyotes, Sonoran opossums, and cottontails negatively, and local extinction rates of skunks negatively and coyotes and black bears positively. These patterns indicate that the distributions of many species in this region change seasonally, likely as a mechanism to meet dietary, behavioral, or physiological needs in response to shifts in environmental conditions and resource availability. Therefore, species that depend on seasonal resources may be at higher risk of distributional shifts or range contractions if the distribution and phenology of these resources change in response to changes in climate.

Abstract A longitudinal follow-up study of postnatal depression was performed in the years 1995-2000 in the University of Oulu. A volunteer, ramdomly selected group of 187 mothers from maternal wards of the University Hospital of Oulu were studied with different questionnaires in the first postpartum week. Depressive symptoms were re-assessed with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale four months postpartum when paternal depression was evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory. 16.2% of the women were immediately after delivery screened as being depressed. Four months postpartum 13.0% of the mothers were depressed whereas 5.1 % of the fathers were having depressive symptoms. The cumulative incidence of maternal postnatal depression within the first four months was 22.2%. These mothers who immediately showed depressive symptoms were at a higher risk to be depressed later. Maternal age 30 years or less predicted postnatal depression. The occurrence of maternal postnatal depression varied slightly during different seasons; during dark time immediate depressive symptoms increased and the spring seemed to protect from later postnatal depression. Analgesia during vaginal delivery, e.g. nitrous oxide, epidural analgesia or paracervical blockade, protected from postnatal depression as well. Caesarean section, either elective or emergency, did not predict postpartum mental well-being. Scores from the GHQ and the EPDS were strongly interrelated. Seven (5%) fathers were depressed four moths postpartum. They all were men whose partners also scored high in the EPDS. Those mothers who were depressed interpreted infant facial signals differently, seeing less joy, disgust and anger, but more sadness in the infant facial pictures. Cultural variability was found in complex blended facial features of emotions, e.g. distress, in the Infant Facial Expression from Looking at Picture scale, although remarkable agreement was achieved and reinforced. In the videotaped early mother-infant interaction small, but essential, changes were observed at 10 months postpartum. Overall, mothers who had had persistent depressive symptoms showed less negative expressions and had less anger and anxiety in their interaction. Their children were slightly less impulsive and seemed to have less visual and communicative contact with their mothers. The dyad was characterised by short periods of uninvolvement between the mother and the infant; e.g. the moments of reciprocity were less frequent than in the non-depressed mothers. At 42 months postpartum, the children of the persistently depressed mothers scored lower on the Expressive language scale than the children of the mothers who were depressed in one measurement or never.

Class of 2016 Abstract / Objectives: To evaluate the level of accuracy of medical information presented in the seventh season of the medical drama, House M.D. To assess the accuracy of the presentation, diagnostic procedures and treatment presented in season seven. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective assessment of the accuracy of all the episodes of the seventh season of House M.D. Three reviewers independently rated the accuracy (on a scale of one to four) for the presenting signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treatment in each episode. A rating of one meant a correct and usual representation while a rating of two indicated a correct but somewhat unusual representation. A three was given for a correct but extremely unusual representation and a rating of four indicated an incorrect representation. Each researcher independently rated the episodes, and an average for each rating was used for analysis. Results: Results of the ANOVA test demonstrated no statistically significance differences between the three dependent variables (p=0.0782), therefore the Tukey HSD post-hoc test was unnecessary. The average rating for the treatment variable was 2.17 (±1.19), whereas the average ratings for the signs and symptoms and diagnosis variables were 2.74 (±0.92), and 2.87 (±1.14), respectively. The ratings for the treatment variable were more accurate compared to the other two variables. Conclusions: All three dependent variables observed in season seven of House, MD were similar in regards to accuracy falling between a rating of 2.0-3.0 representing a correct but somewhat unusual to a correct and extremely unusual representation.

Nearly 20 studies conducted in the last 40 years indicate that tuberculosis (TB) represents a major health concern among migrant farm worker (MFW) populations, but their role in the transmission of TB within the broader community is poorly understood. To this end an ecological study was undertaken which examined 67 Florida counties between years 2009 through 2013. Its aims were as follows: (1) to describe the demographic, geographic, and temporal distribution of the incidence of active TB, (2) to examine the effect of agriculturally relevant seasonal periods on the incidence of active TB, and (3) to quantify the strength and direction of the association between the incidence of active TB and the quantity of MFWs at the county-level, while adjusting for known ecological risk factors. Secondary data was obtained from a total of eight government resources. Statistical analyses began with univariate and bivariate statistics, and this was followed by choropleth maps, Moran’s I, and hot spot analyses during the geographic analysis. Temporal analyses consisted of graphical methods examining TB incidence on annual, quarterly, monthly, and seasonal bases as well as regression modelling with repeated measures. Multivariate analyses were performed with a series of negative binomial regression models, one for each year of the study time period. The results indicated a lack of any geographic relationship between the clustering of high incidence counties and those with larger MFW populations. Incidence rates in counties with larger MFW populations seemed to follow a cyclic pattern in which increases occurred during the spring and early summer, but this seasonal pattern was neither consistent nor prominent throughout the study time frame. Similarly, multivariate analyses yielded no associations between TB incidence and the quantity of MFWs during the 5-year study period, although relationships were detected between TB incidence and other demographic and socioeconomic variables. Altogether there was insufficient evidence to conclude that MFW populations contribute to TB transmission in the broader communities that they occupy. In the absence of standard, reliable data sources reporting on MFW numbers, future inquiries into this matter would benefit from improved estimation strategies of MFW population sizes. Also, modelling may be enhanced by techniques adapted to spatial autocorrelation, and spatial scales finer than the county-level should be examined.

The phenomenon of seasonality of birth in schizophrenia is important in the study of the etiology of this mental disorder because it helps to give directions for further research. Patients' hospital files from 1981 to 1991 of two of the largest hospitals with psychiatric wards in Taiwan were reviewed, and dates of birth collected on 3346 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. After adjusting for the variations of the total monthly births in the population, an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied. Results support a seasonality phenomenon and indicate a disproportional excess of births in schizophrenia in the cold months (Nov. to Feb.) compared to the hot months (May to Aug.). These findings are compatible with many other studies in other countries and climates. Further investigations of season-related environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia are recommended.

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations have continually declined across much of their native range due to changes in land use and habitat. This notable decline causes concern for the future of this important game bird species and highlights the need for research on how habitat influences bobwhite vital rates. My research, conducted during 2018-2020 at Burning Star State Fish and Wildlife Area, addressed the following two objectives to provide information on how landcover characteristics influence bobwhite populations: (1) investigate how landcover characteristics influence annual bobwhite home range size, and (2) investigate how landcover characteristics influence bobwhite breeding season survival. For Objective 1, I radio-marked 113 individuals of which 50 bobwhites (31 males and 19 females) had ≥25 independent tracking locations and were used in my analyses. I modeled landcover types related to bobwhite habitat selection, habitat avoidance, foraging habitat, and protective cover to annual bobwhite home range size. Landcover types related to foraging habitat formed the most parsimonious model, with the proportion of grassland having the greatest negative influence on bobwhite home range size. As expected, landcover types that are thought to be beneficial to bobwhite fitness were negatively related to bobwhite home range size, suggesting those landcover types provide necessary resources for bobwhites throughout their full annual cycle. For Objective 2, I radio-marked 113 individuals of which 50 bobwhites (31 males and 19 females) had ≥25 independent tracking locations and were used in my analyses. I used a known fate model of the influence of landcover types, in a stepwise fashion, on bobwhite breeding season survival at two scales, home range and landscape. At the home range scale, the univariate model including early successional forest was the most parsimonious model, wherein the proportion of early successional forest negatively influenced bobwhite breeding season survival. Other competitive models included agriculture and early successional forest + scrub shrub where agriculture positively influenced breeding season survival while early successional forest and scrub shrub negatively influenced breeding season survival. The negative influence of landcover types thought to provide necessary protective cover for bobwhites on breeding season survival is inconsistent with the current paradigm that woody cover is an important habitat component that provides protective and escape cover, thermoregulatory functions, and midday loafing sites for bobwhites. Early successional forest provides visually appealing woody protective cover but appears to expose bobwhites to a higher predation risk because trees provide perch habitat for avian predators. Agriculture positively influenced breeding season survival because during the breeding season, agriculture provides overhead cover and bare ground that provides protective cover, foraging opportunities, and enables ease of movement. At the landscape scale, the null model was the most parsimonious model, but there was weak evidence that the proportion of grassland positively influenced breeding season survival. My study demonstrates how landcover composition influences annual home range size and breeding season survival at different scales.

High tunnels are used to modify the crop environment by trapping solar energy, providing protection from unfavorable weather events, and extending the growing season in temperate regions. This project assessed yield and quality in three independent cultivar trials of warm-season crops tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown under high tunnel production compared with an outdoor field in eastern and western North Dakota. Tomato yields in the high tunnel were increased by 1.4 times over the field trial yields. Yields from the pepper cultivar trials both inside the high tunnel and outside field were comparable to one another at 1.24 kg plant-1 and 1.06 kg plant-1, respectively. Cucumber yields in the high tunnel were increased by 1.7 times over the field trial yields. Results indicate that in North Dakota, high tunnels extended the growing season, and increased production relative to field conditions.

Rehabilitation of deteriorated and abused range lands is being accomplished with greater success each year by the aid of better methods of seeding which include seedbed preparation, intensities of seeding, implements for planting and improvised methods of eliminating competition. Much more information is needed however in order to recommend suitable methods and species for seeding various vegetation types and genes with reasonable reliability. Throughout the arid and semi-arid range lands, moisture is the principal factor limiting satisfactory seedling establishment. Special attention should therefore be given to more efficient utilization of the moisture supply. Closely related species of species with similar growth characteristics are said to compete for more water, for space and for nutrients; therefore, studies dealing with the effect of spacing and intensity of seeding upon seedling establishment are of paramount importance.