The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between reserved seats for ethnic groups in national legislatures and corruption. In 2008, over 30 countries were reserving seats for ethnic groups in their national legislature. The share of seats that was reserved ranged from a 2 percent reserved seats arrangement for a small ethnic minority, to a 100 percent reserved seats power-sharing arrangement between two or more ethnic groups. By applying theories of informal power, this essay hypothesizes that reserving seats reduces corruption. In contrast to the theory, an initial bivariate regression shows that reserved seats are associated with higher levels of corruption. However, when controlling for conflict history, democracy, ethnic fractionalization, GDP/capita, fuel exports, newspaper circulation, and region, this association turns into a negative one, indicating that reserved seats might reduce corruption. The main finding of the study is that having less than 25 percent of the total amount of legislative seats reserved for ethnic groups reduces corruption more than having no reserved seats at all or more than 25 percent reserved seats. This suggests that certain types of reserved seats arrangements are useful for fighting corruption.

Music ensembles have made a concerted attempt to reach out through social media platforms to the communities surrounding their concert venues in order to attract young adults to replace aging audiences. By observing opera and symphony orchestra audience members’ social media engagement through Twitter and Facebook Live, this dissertation endeavors to better understand how technology has changed the culture of classical music concert attendance. The music organizations utilizing social media considered for this study include the Los Angeles Opera, San Francisco Opera, and Boston Lyric Opera for Tweet Seats, and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra on Facebook Live. Consideration of live-tweets, Facebook Live concerts and comments, and personal interviews with social media users and music ensemble personnel provides insight to the changing experience of concert attendance. Interviews with online users who are actively participating in Tweet Seats on Twitter and chatrooms on Facebook Live during live-streamed concerts reveal that integrating social media during live performances enhances their sense of community, and their musical and social experiences. Participants indicate that prior classical music experience affects their motivation to participate and engage with other users. For many interviewees, affordability and VIP perks were initial incentives for their online involvement, but the overall experience for these users is complex. Interacting online allowed classical music fans to connect and/or reconnect to the ensembles and their music, and to an existing wired community, while negotiating with changes to the long-standing conventions of classical music culture. These alternative concert-going experiences made possible by social media reconstruct liveness within a digital world, cultivate classical music fandom, and enrich the live listening experience through collective engagement.

No description available.

The "Actively Caring for KIDS Process," a multi-component program that taught retail store sales associates to act as behavior-change agents for child passenger safety, was implemented at a nationwide-chain discount store and evaluated with an interrupted time series design and a similar control site for comparison. Key components of the KIDS Process included a) training of sales associates to act as behavior-change agents at the point-of-purchase, b) the use of in-store awareness and supportive materials such as posters and sales associate buttons, and c) incentives for participation in checkpoints. Safety-seat checks (n = 31) were held in store parking lots, where caregivers' safety-seat installations (n = 241) were recorded as safe or at-risk for a variety of criteria and then the seats were reinstalled correctly. Research assistants posing as child caregivers visited the retail stores (n = 156) with the purported objective of obtaining information about selecting and installing a safety seat. Information given by sales associates was systematically recorded as safe or at-risk on a checklist. A 2 (Store) x 2 (Phase) ANOVA on sales associates' percent safe information scores revealed a significant interaction and no main effects. The Control store did not differ across the two phases, but scores at the intervention store were significantly higher after the intervention than during pre-intervention and when compared to the Control store during post-intervention. The training of sales associates resulted in an average 65% increase in percent safe scores. At the parking lot checks, 93 percent of seats checked were misused in one or more ways, with an average of four errors per seat. ANOVA and Chi-square analyses indicated that the intervention failed to have an impact on child safety-seat misuse observed or on the number of participants attending the checkpoints. This is likely a result of few parents attending the checkpoints who had talked to our trained associates. To target more parents, this intervention might be better placed at well-baby checkups. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Thermoplastic composites (TPCs) have shown significant advantages over thermosetting composites. They have only been put into use recently and global knowledge in TPCs is often proprietary, therefore a study into the application, processing and properties is of importance. The aim of the study is to contribute knowledge in TPCs for South African industry and academic institutions. This thesis studies continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs), focussing on the autoclave processing of commingled CFRTPs. A literature study provided background knowledge to CFRTPs regarding processing techniques and mechanics. Flexural testing and impact testing were performed on a variety of CFRTPs and thermosetting composites (TSCs). These tests were performed to further understand CFRTPs as well as to compare CFRTPs and TSCs. The flexural testing revealed that CFRTPs have comparable strength and stiffness to the TSCs that were tested. They also revealed that pre-consolidated sheets showed better and more consistent properties than sheets made from commingled fabric. The impact testing revealed that the tested CFRTPs and TSCs had similar impact resistance even though thermoplastic composites are supposed to be more impact resistant. The tests also showed that thick unreinforced thermoplastics had much higher impact resistance than the reinforced materials. Manufacturing experiments were performed to establish sound processing methods of CFRTPs. It was realised here that the high temperatures required to process the materials require specific processing consumables and tooling. The experiments began by processing flat panels in a convection oven with vacuum bagging techniques. They then progressed to autoclave processing of parts with complex geometry. An airline seat backrest was chosen as the case study in the application of CFRTPs. This application requires structural strength and stiffness and also has strict fire, smoke, toxicity and heat release (FSTH) requirements. Its geometry was sufficiently complex to demonstrate the use of commingled CFRTP material. Backrests were made from both CFRTPs and TSCs so that a comparison could be made between the two types. The backrest was modelled using finite element methods (FEM) to determine an adequate lay-up. This lay-up was then used for both the CFRTP and TSC backrests to ensure similarity between the backrests of both materials. LPET (modified polyethylene terephthalate) was the chosen thermoplastic matrix as it was more attainable than PPS (polyphenylene sulphide) CFRTPs. The backrests of both materials were manufactured in an autoclave with a vacuum bag method and then assembled using adhesives and bonding jigs. Testing revealed that the stiffness and mass of the CFRTP backrests were very similar to the epoxy backrests. This implies that commingled CFRTPs can replace the use of TSCs in similar applications. A basic cost comparison was also performed to compare the manufacture of CFRTP backrests to TSC backrests. Further work is needed to optimise processing time of these materials to make them more competitive with TSCs. The processing time of commingled materials will probably never be as quick as that of press formed pre-consolidated sheets. Their ability to be formed into more complex parts does however make their use advantageous. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Termoplastiese saamgestelde materiale (Engels: thermoplastic composites (TPCs)) toon beduidende voordele bo termoverhardbare saamgestelde materiale. Hulle word eers sedert onlangs benut en algemene kennis in TPCs is dikwels patentregtelik, dus is ’n studie van die aanwending, prosessering en eienskappe daarvan van belang. Die doel van hierdie studie is om ’n bydrae te lewer tot die kennis van TPCs vir die Suid-Afrikaanse industrie en akademiese instellings. Hierdie tesis ondersoek kontinue veselversterkte termoplastieke (Engels: continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs)) en fokus op die outoklaafprosessering van vermengde (Engels: commingled) CFRTPs. ’n Literatuurstudie het die agtergrondkennis rakende die prosesseringstegnieke en meganika van CFRTPs verskaf. Buigtoetsing en impaktoetsing is op ’n verskeidenheid CFRTPs en termoverhardbare saamgestelde materiale (Engels: thermosetting composites (TSCs)) uitgevoer. Hierdie toetse is uitgevoer om CFRTPs beter te verstaan asook om CFRTPs en TSCs te vergelyk. Die buigtoetsing het onthul dat CFRTPs ooreenstemmende sterkte en styfheid het as die TSCs wat getoets is. Dit het ook getoon dat vooraf-gekonsolideerde plate beter en meer konsekwente eienskappe getoon het as plate wat van vermengde materiaal gemaak is. Die impaktoetsing het onthul dat die CFRTPs en TSCs wat getoets is soortgelyke impakweerstand gehad het, selfs al is termoplastiese saamgestelde materiale veronderstel om meer impakweerstand te toon. Die toetse het ook getoon dat dik onversterkte termoplastieke veel hoër impakweerstand gehad het as die versterkte materiale. Vervaardigingseksperimente is uitgevoer om betroubare prosesseringsmetodes vir CFRTPs vas te stel. Daar is besef dat die hoër temperature wat vereis word om die materiale te prosesseer ook spesifieke prosesseringsverbruiksware en -gereedskap benodig. Die eksperimente het begin met die prosessering van reguit panele in ’n konveksie-oond met vakuumsaktegnieke. Daar is toe aanbeweeg na die outoklaafprosessering van onderdele met komplekse geometrie. Die rugleuning van ’n vliegtuigsitplek is gekies as die gevallestudie in die gebruik van CFRTPs. Hierdie toepassing vereis strukturele sterkte en styfheid en is ook onderhewig aan streng vereistes t.o.v. brand, rook, toksisiteit en hittevrystellimg (Engels FSTH). Die geometrie daarvan was kompleks genoeg om die gebruik van vermengde CFRTP-materiaal te demonstreer. Rugleunings is gemaak van beide CFRTPs en TSCs sodat ’n vergelyking tussen die twee tipes gemaak kon word. Die rugleuning is gemodelleer deur eindige element metodes (EEM) te gebruik om ’n aanvaarbare oplegging te bepaal. Hierdie oplegging is toe gebruik vir beide die CFRTP en TSC rugleunings om die gelykvormigheid tussen die rugleunings van beide materiale te verseker. LPET (Engels: modified polyethylene terephthalate) was die gekose termoplastiese matriks aangesien dit meer verkrygbaar was as PPS (Engels: polyphenylene sulphide) CFRTPs. Die rugleunings van beide materiale is vervaardig in ’n outoklaaf met ’n vakuumsakmetode en toe geintegreer deur die gebruik van kleefstowwe en setmate. Toetsing het getoon dat die styfheid en massa van die CFRTP rugleunings baie soortgelyk was aan die epoksie rugleunings. Dit impliseer dat vermengde CFRTP die plek van TSCs in soortgelyke gebruike kan inneem. ’n Basiese kostevergelyking is ook gedoen om die vervaardiging van CFRTP-rugleunings teenoor TSC-rugleunings te vergelyk.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Suspension seats are commonly used for earth moving machinery to isolate vehicle operators from vibrations transmitted to the vehicle body. To provide the required stiffness and damping for these seats, air-springs are typically used in conjunction with dampers. However, to eliminate the need for additional dampers, air-springs can be used in conjunction with auxiliary air volumes to provide both spring stiffness and damping. The damping is introduced through the flow restriction connecting the two air volumes. In this study, simplified models of an air-spring were derived followed by a model including the addition of an auxiliary volume. Subsequent to simulations, tests were performed on an experimental apparatus to validate the models. The air-spring models were shown to predict the behaviour of the experimental apparatus. The air-spring and auxiliary volume model followed the trend predicted by literature but showed approximately 27 % lower transmissibility amplitude and 21 % lower system natural frequency than obtained by tests when using large flow restriction diameters. This inaccuracy was assumed to be introduced by the simplified mass transfer equations defining the flow restriction between air-spring and auxiliary volume. The models however showed correlation when the auxiliary volume size was decreased by two thirds of the volume actually used for the experiment. This design of a prototype air-spring and auxiliary volume is presented for a suspension seat used in articulated or rigid frame dump trucks. The goal of this study was to design a suspension seat for this application and to obtain a SEAT value below 1,1. The design was optimised by varying auxiliary volume size, flow diameter and load. A SEAT value of less than 0,9 was achieved.

Tecnologia Assistiva é o termo atualmente utilizado para definir uma enorme variedade de produtos e serviços destinados a pessoas com deficiências. O design de produto de equipamentos de tecnologias assistivas segue diferentes rotas tecnológicas, com produtos fabricados em série ou personalizados. Tais equipamentos objetivam otimizar e potencializar as funções corporais alteradas e, com isso, reconduzir essas pessoas às mais variadas atividades sociais. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve como proposta contribuir na construção de novas rotas tecnológicas para a fabricação de assentos e encostos personalizados para pessoas deficientes e usuários cadeira de rodas. A metodologia conceitual incluiu nesta pesquisa as ferramentas de digitalização tridimensional, usinagem CNC e termografia para realizar medidas e analisar os assentos e encostos personalizados fabricados a partir de dados antropométricos individualizados. Os protótipos projetados, fabricados e sistematicamente testados geraram resultados indicativos de que os modelos personalizados propostos são válidos, visto que agregam diferenciais como; uma maior distribuição das cargas, e também pela distribuição das temperaturas corporais obtidas pelas superfícies e contornos reproduzidos pelos equipamentos segundo a anatomia de cada pessoa estudada. Assim, as principais contribuições deste estudo estão na otimização e simplificação do processo de fabricação, e no baixo custo das matérias primas utilizadas na pesquisa. Finalmente, os resultados indicam que os produtos obtidos, assentos personalizados, podem beneficiar inúmeras pessoas deficientes, mesmo que apresentem uma anatomia diferenciada, sobretudo os cadeirantes por passarem vários períodos sentados, e esta tecnologia assistiva possibilita a redução dos riscos de lesões teciduais por aumentarem a área de contato, e assim distribui com eficácia a temperatura e peso corporal. / Assistive technology is the currently used term to define a wide range of services and products aimed at disabled persons. Design for assistive technology devices is seen in two different technology pathways, with serial and personalized products. These devices seek to optimize impaired body functions and, thus, reinsert these persons in various social activities. This study aims to contribute to the construction of new technology ruts for the production of personalized seats and backrests for wheelchairs. The methodology includes the application of the concepts of three-dimensional digitalization, CNC Machining, and thermography in order to create and analyze personalized seats and backrests produced from individualized anthropometric data. The results obtained show that the proposed models are valid, because they permit a wider distribution of bodily weight and temperature through the outlines inserted in the equipments according to each person’s anatomy. The greatest contribution of this study is its simplicity of production and the low cost of materials used in the research, which may benefit numerous wheelchair users who present unique anatomies, reducing the risks of tissue lesions by enlarging the area of contact, which results in a more effective distribution of bodily temperature and weight.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Vergani / Banca: Eunice Teresinha Giampaolo / Banca: João Henrique Nogueira Pinto / Resumo: O objetivo desta investigação foi determinar a resistência de união e limite de fadiga de nichos confeccionados em resina composta e ionômeros de vidro. Setenta e cinco corpos-de-prova (incisivos mandibulares humanos hígidos) com etiquetas adesivas com perfurações de 3,5mm de diâmetro foram adaptadas sobre a superfície lingual de cada dente. Esta delimitação tinha como objetivo padronizar a área da superfície de esmalte a ser condicionada e, posteriormente, mantida em contato com os materiais restauradores. Para realização dos nichos, matrizes foram realizadas para cada corpo-de-prova onde o material restaurador foi inserido. Os corpos-de-prova foram imersos em água destilada a 37ºC por um período de 30 dias. Para os ensaios de resistência à união, a máquina de testes mecânicos MTS modelo 810 foi calibrada utilizando uma velocidade de deslocamento de 0,5mm/min. Para os testes de limite de fadiga a máquina de testes foi calibrada para submeter cada corpo-de-prova a 10.000 ciclos constantes, com uma freqüência de 5 Hz, amplitude inicial de 0,5 mm e velocidade de rampa inicial de 100N/s. Os valores originais do experimento foram convertidos de N para MPa em função da área da base do nicho (circular) previamente calculada. Os corpos-de-prova após a fratura foram avaliados através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura com aumento de 500 vezes. A médias de resistência à união e limite de fadiga foram comparadas estatisticamente usando o teste de Análise de Variância a um Critério. Nos teste de cisalhamento, a resina composta Z-100 produziu maior valor de resistência de união (12,25 MPa) ao esmalte dentário que o ionômero de vidro convencional Fuji IX (7,21MPa). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os valores do material Fuji II LC (10,29MPa) e os demais materiais. Para todos os materiais, os corpos-de-prova testados por meio de ensaio dinâmico de ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the bond strength and fatigue limit of rest seats prepared with composite resin and glass ionomer cements. The lingual aspect of seventy-five specimens (intact human mandibular incisors) was delimited by adhesive tags with 3.5-mm diameter perforations. This delimitation aimed at standardizing the area of enamel surface to be etched and later kept in contact with the restorative materials. For preparation of the rest seats, matrixes were obtained for each specimen on which the restorative material was placed. The specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37ºC for a period of 30 days. For the bond strength assays, the mechanical assay machine MTS model 810 was calibrated at a displacement speed of 0.5mm/min. For the fatigue limit tests, the assay machine was calibrated so as to submit each specimen to 10,000 constant cycles, at a 5-Hz frequency with an initial range of 0.5mm and initial sloping speed of 100N/s. The original values of the experiment were converted from N to MPa according to the previously calculated circular area of the base of the rest seat. After fracture, the specimens were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy with magnification of 500x. The means of bond strength and fatigue limits were statistically compared through the one-way variance analysis. For the shear resistance test, the composite resin Z-100 yielded a higher value of bond strength (12.25 MPa) to the dental enamel than the conventional glass ionomer cement Fuji IX (7.21MPa). No differences could be found between Fuji II LC (10.29MPa) and the further materials. For all materials, the specimens submitted to dynamic fatigue assay tests yielded lower mean values than those achieved through static shear assays. Regarding the fatigue limit values, all materials presented different behaviors, being that Fuji II LC obtained the higher mean value (6.4MPa), ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Tecnologia Assistiva é o termo atualmente utilizado para definir uma enorme variedade de produtos e serviços destinados a pessoas com deficiências. O design de produto de equipamentos de tecnologias assistivas segue diferentes rotas tecnológicas, com produtos fabricados em série ou personalizados. Tais equipamentos objetivam otimizar e potencializar as funções corporais alteradas e, com isso, reconduzir essas pessoas às mais variadas atividades sociais. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve como proposta contribuir na construção de novas rotas tecnológicas para a fabricação de assentos e encostos personalizados para pessoas deficientes e usuários cadeira de rodas. A metodologia conceitual incluiu nesta pesquisa as ferramentas de digitalização tridimensional, usinagem CNC e termografia para realizar medidas e analisar os assentos e encostos personalizados fabricados a partir de dados antropométricos individualizados. Os protótipos projetados, fabricados e sistematicamente testados geraram resultados indicativos de que os modelos personalizados propostos são válidos, visto que agregam diferenciais como; uma maior distribuição das cargas, e também pela distribuição das temperaturas corporais obtidas pelas superfícies e contornos reproduzidos pelos equipamentos segundo a anatomia de cada pessoa estudada. Assim, as principais contribuições deste estudo estão na otimização e simplificação do processo de fabricação, e no baixo custo das matérias primas utilizadas na pesquisa. Finalmente, os resultados indicam que os produtos obtidos, assentos personalizados, podem beneficiar inúmeras pessoas deficientes, mesmo que apresentem uma anatomia diferenciada, sobretudo os cadeirantes por passarem vários períodos sentados, e esta tecnologia assistiva possibilita a redução dos riscos de lesões teciduais por aumentarem a área de contato, e assim distribui com eficácia a temperatura e peso corporal. / Assistive technology is the currently used term to define a wide range of services and products aimed at disabled persons. Design for assistive technology devices is seen in two different technology pathways, with serial and personalized products. These devices seek to optimize impaired body functions and, thus, reinsert these persons in various social activities. This study aims to contribute to the construction of new technology ruts for the production of personalized seats and backrests for wheelchairs. The methodology includes the application of the concepts of three-dimensional digitalization, CNC Machining, and thermography in order to create and analyze personalized seats and backrests produced from individualized anthropometric data. The results obtained show that the proposed models are valid, because they permit a wider distribution of bodily weight and temperature through the outlines inserted in the equipments according to each person’s anatomy. The greatest contribution of this study is its simplicity of production and the low cost of materials used in the research, which may benefit numerous wheelchair users who present unique anatomies, reducing the risks of tissue lesions by enlarging the area of contact, which results in a more effective distribution of bodily temperature and weight.

Tecnologia Assistiva é o termo atualmente utilizado para definir uma enorme variedade de produtos e serviços destinados a pessoas com deficiências. O design de produto de equipamentos de tecnologias assistivas segue diferentes rotas tecnológicas, com produtos fabricados em série ou personalizados. Tais equipamentos objetivam otimizar e potencializar as funções corporais alteradas e, com isso, reconduzir essas pessoas às mais variadas atividades sociais. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve como proposta contribuir na construção de novas rotas tecnológicas para a fabricação de assentos e encostos personalizados para pessoas deficientes e usuários cadeira de rodas. A metodologia conceitual incluiu nesta pesquisa as ferramentas de digitalização tridimensional, usinagem CNC e termografia para realizar medidas e analisar os assentos e encostos personalizados fabricados a partir de dados antropométricos individualizados. Os protótipos projetados, fabricados e sistematicamente testados geraram resultados indicativos de que os modelos personalizados propostos são válidos, visto que agregam diferenciais como; uma maior distribuição das cargas, e também pela distribuição das temperaturas corporais obtidas pelas superfícies e contornos reproduzidos pelos equipamentos segundo a anatomia de cada pessoa estudada. Assim, as principais contribuições deste estudo estão na otimização e simplificação do processo de fabricação, e no baixo custo das matérias primas utilizadas na pesquisa. Finalmente, os resultados indicam que os produtos obtidos, assentos personalizados, podem beneficiar inúmeras pessoas deficientes, mesmo que apresentem uma anatomia diferenciada, sobretudo os cadeirantes por passarem vários períodos sentados, e esta tecnologia assistiva possibilita a redução dos riscos de lesões teciduais por aumentarem a área de contato, e assim distribui com eficácia a temperatura e peso corporal. / Assistive technology is the currently used term to define a wide range of services and products aimed at disabled persons. Design for assistive technology devices is seen in two different technology pathways, with serial and personalized products. These devices seek to optimize impaired body functions and, thus, reinsert these persons in various social activities. This study aims to contribute to the construction of new technology ruts for the production of personalized seats and backrests for wheelchairs. The methodology includes the application of the concepts of three-dimensional digitalization, CNC Machining, and thermography in order to create and analyze personalized seats and backrests produced from individualized anthropometric data. The results obtained show that the proposed models are valid, because they permit a wider distribution of bodily weight and temperature through the outlines inserted in the equipments according to each person’s anatomy. The greatest contribution of this study is its simplicity of production and the low cost of materials used in the research, which may benefit numerous wheelchair users who present unique anatomies, reducing the risks of tissue lesions by enlarging the area of contact, which results in a more effective distribution of bodily temperature and weight.