No description available.

No description available.

A expansão do setor sucroenergético favoreceu o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de etanol de segunda geração (2G). No entanto, este é um processo que leva à geração de altíssimos volumes de resíduos, bem como o processo de primeira geração (1G). O principal deles é a vinhaça, que também apresenta elevado potencial poluidor. Nesse contexto, vê-se, portanto, a necessidade de se dar uma finalidade adequada ao resíduo. A digestão anaeróbia se tornou uma tecnologia muito disseminada e valorizada em outros países. Isso se deve às vantagens em gestão de resíduos e na geração de energia proporcionadas por essa tecnologia. O potencial de aplicação da vinhaça para produção de biogás é enorme, dado que é um resíduo muito rico em matéria orgânica e de grande disponibilidade no Brasil. A digestão anaeróbia precisa também ser desenvolvida para o resíduo do processo de etanol 2G, pois espera-se que as características da vinhaça gerada sejam diferentes. É importante a investigação da influência que a composição da vinhaça 2G pode ter sobre o processo da digestão anaeróbia e produção de biogás, e este foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Para isso, realizou-se inicialmente a caracterização de vinhaça 1G e de vinhaça 2G obtidas para o experimento deste estudo. A composição das duas vinhaças apresentou as principais diferenças para as concentrações de DQO, ácidos orgânicos (sobretudo o ácido acético), compostos fenólicos e sulfato. Foram obtidas concentrações de DQO de 30.732,80 mg O2 L-1 e 19.038,13 mg O2 L-1 para vinhaça 1G e vinhaça 2G, respectivamente. As concentrações de ácido acético e compostos fenólicos totais foram, respectivamente, 88,14% e 84,10% maiores na vinhaça 2G do que na vinhaça 1G. A concentração de sulfato na vinhaça 2G foi 28,11% menor que a concentração obtida na vinhaça 1G. A avaliação de processo de produção de biogás foi realizada em dois reatores metanogênicos, um utilizando vinhaça 1G como substrato e outro, utilizando vinhaça 2G. Os processos foram monitorados segundo a produção de biogás por DQO removida, produção de ácidos orgânicos, alcalinidade, remoção de compostos fenólicos, remoção de ânions e retenção de sólidos. Os efluentes dos reatores metanogênicos também foram caracterizados segundo o teor de cátions. O processo com vinhaça 2G teve produção de biogás quatro vezes maior que o processo com vinhaça 1G. Foram obtidos valores médios de 0,32 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 2G e 0,08 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 1G. De acordo com o monitoramento dos processos por alcalinidade e concentração de ácidos orgânicos, o processo com vinhaça 2G também se mostrou mais eficiente do que o processo com vinhaça 1G no que diz respeito ao consumo de matéria orgânica. A remoção de compostos fenólicos totais teve eficiência média de 56,96% para o processo utilizando vinhaça 2G, enquanto que o processo com vinhaça 1G não foi capaz de removê-los. Infere-se que a elevada concentração de ácido acético na vinhaça 2G tenha contribuído para o processo de produção de biogás. A alta disponibilidade de acetato favorece a atividade metabólica de arqueas metanogênicas, o que é fundamental para o equilíbrio químico da conversão de matéria orgânica em biogás. / The Sucroenergetic sector expansion has favored the development of second generation ethanol technology. However, the process leads to the production of large amounts of residues, as well as the first generation process. The main residue is the vinasse, which is very pollutant. In this context it becomes clear the need of giving an appropriate application for vinasse. Anaerobic digestion has turned into a very disseminated and very well accepted technology in many countries, which is mainly due to its results as an efficient waste management and energy generation. Vinasse has a great potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion, since it is a residue with high organic matter and in large availability in Brazil. Such technology has to be developed also for the residues obtained through second generation ethanol process. With a different process, it is expected that residues composition might also be different. It is important to look into the influence that second generation vinasse composition may bring to anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of second generations vinasse composition over the biogas production process. Before experiments, first and second generation vinasses were characterized. The most remarkable differences for vinasses composition were obtained for COD concentration, organic acids concentration (specially for acetic acid), phenolic compounds and sulphate. COD concentrations were 30,732.80 mg O2 L-1 and 19,038.13 mg O2 L-1 for first generation vinasse and second generation vinasse, respectively. Acetic acid and total phenolic compounds were, respectively, 88.14% and 84.10% higher for second generation vinasse than those found for first generation vinasse. Sulphate concentration for second generation vinasse was 28.11% lower than first generation vinasse\'s concentration. Biogas production process was evaluated for two different methanogenic reactors: first generation vinasse was used as substrate for one reactor and second generation vinasse was used as substrate for the second one. Processes were monitored according to biogas production by removed COD, organic acids production, alkalinity, phenolic compounds removal, anions removal and solids retention. Both reactors had their effluents characterized by cations content. In the process carried out with second generation vinasse the biogas production was four times higher than in the process carried out with first generation vinasse. The average values were 0.08 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 and 0.32 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 for first and second generation, respectively. Considering processes monitoring by alkalinity and organic acids concentrations, the process carried out with second generation vinasse was more efficient in regards to organic matter consumption. The average efficiency for total phenolic compounds removal was 56.96% for the process using second generation as substrate. On the other hand, the process with first generation vinasse was not capable of consuming them. The results obtained in this study suggest that the high acetic acid concentration in second generation vinasse have contributed to biogas production. High acetate availability promotes archaeas metabolic activity, which is fundamental for chemical balance in converting organic matter into biogas.

A expansão do setor sucroenergético favoreceu o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de etanol de segunda geração (2G). No entanto, este é um processo que leva à geração de altíssimos volumes de resíduos, bem como o processo de primeira geração (1G). O principal deles é a vinhaça, que também apresenta elevado potencial poluidor. Nesse contexto, vê-se, portanto, a necessidade de se dar uma finalidade adequada ao resíduo. A digestão anaeróbia se tornou uma tecnologia muito disseminada e valorizada em outros países. Isso se deve às vantagens em gestão de resíduos e na geração de energia proporcionadas por essa tecnologia. O potencial de aplicação da vinhaça para produção de biogás é enorme, dado que é um resíduo muito rico em matéria orgânica e de grande disponibilidade no Brasil. A digestão anaeróbia precisa também ser desenvolvida para o resíduo do processo de etanol 2G, pois espera-se que as características da vinhaça gerada sejam diferentes. É importante a investigação da influência que a composição da vinhaça 2G pode ter sobre o processo da digestão anaeróbia e produção de biogás, e este foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Para isso, realizou-se inicialmente a caracterização de vinhaça 1G e de vinhaça 2G obtidas para o experimento deste estudo. A composição das duas vinhaças apresentou as principais diferenças para as concentrações de DQO, ácidos orgânicos (sobretudo o ácido acético), compostos fenólicos e sulfato. Foram obtidas concentrações de DQO de 30.732,80 mg O2 L-1 e 19.038,13 mg O2 L-1 para vinhaça 1G e vinhaça 2G, respectivamente. As concentrações de ácido acético e compostos fenólicos totais foram, respectivamente, 88,14% e 84,10% maiores na vinhaça 2G do que na vinhaça 1G. A concentração de sulfato na vinhaça 2G foi 28,11% menor que a concentração obtida na vinhaça 1G. A avaliação de processo de produção de biogás foi realizada em dois reatores metanogênicos, um utilizando vinhaça 1G como substrato e outro, utilizando vinhaça 2G. Os processos foram monitorados segundo a produção de biogás por DQO removida, produção de ácidos orgânicos, alcalinidade, remoção de compostos fenólicos, remoção de ânions e retenção de sólidos. Os efluentes dos reatores metanogênicos também foram caracterizados segundo o teor de cátions. O processo com vinhaça 2G teve produção de biogás quatro vezes maior que o processo com vinhaça 1G. Foram obtidos valores médios de 0,32 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 2G e 0,08 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 1G. De acordo com o monitoramento dos processos por alcalinidade e concentração de ácidos orgânicos, o processo com vinhaça 2G também se mostrou mais eficiente do que o processo com vinhaça 1G no que diz respeito ao consumo de matéria orgânica. A remoção de compostos fenólicos totais teve eficiência média de 56,96% para o processo utilizando vinhaça 2G, enquanto que o processo com vinhaça 1G não foi capaz de removê-los. Infere-se que a elevada concentração de ácido acético na vinhaça 2G tenha contribuído para o processo de produção de biogás. A alta disponibilidade de acetato favorece a atividade metabólica de arqueas metanogênicas, o que é fundamental para o equilíbrio químico da conversão de matéria orgânica em biogás. / The Sucroenergetic sector expansion has favored the development of second generation ethanol technology. However, the process leads to the production of large amounts of residues, as well as the first generation process. The main residue is the vinasse, which is very pollutant. In this context it becomes clear the need of giving an appropriate application for vinasse. Anaerobic digestion has turned into a very disseminated and very well accepted technology in many countries, which is mainly due to its results as an efficient waste management and energy generation. Vinasse has a great potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion, since it is a residue with high organic matter and in large availability in Brazil. Such technology has to be developed also for the residues obtained through second generation ethanol process. With a different process, it is expected that residues composition might also be different. It is important to look into the influence that second generation vinasse composition may bring to anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of second generations vinasse composition over the biogas production process. Before experiments, first and second generation vinasses were characterized. The most remarkable differences for vinasses composition were obtained for COD concentration, organic acids concentration (specially for acetic acid), phenolic compounds and sulphate. COD concentrations were 30,732.80 mg O2 L-1 and 19,038.13 mg O2 L-1 for first generation vinasse and second generation vinasse, respectively. Acetic acid and total phenolic compounds were, respectively, 88.14% and 84.10% higher for second generation vinasse than those found for first generation vinasse. Sulphate concentration for second generation vinasse was 28.11% lower than first generation vinasse\'s concentration. Biogas production process was evaluated for two different methanogenic reactors: first generation vinasse was used as substrate for one reactor and second generation vinasse was used as substrate for the second one. Processes were monitored according to biogas production by removed COD, organic acids production, alkalinity, phenolic compounds removal, anions removal and solids retention. Both reactors had their effluents characterized by cations content. In the process carried out with second generation vinasse the biogas production was four times higher than in the process carried out with first generation vinasse. The average values were 0.08 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 and 0.32 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 for first and second generation, respectively. Considering processes monitoring by alkalinity and organic acids concentrations, the process carried out with second generation vinasse was more efficient in regards to organic matter consumption. The average efficiency for total phenolic compounds removal was 56.96% for the process using second generation as substrate. On the other hand, the process with first generation vinasse was not capable of consuming them. The results obtained in this study suggest that the high acetic acid concentration in second generation vinasse have contributed to biogas production. High acetate availability promotes archaeas metabolic activity, which is fundamental for chemical balance in converting organic matter into biogas.

I denna undersökning är syftet att undersöka och analysera hur andragenerationsinvandrare beskriver skapandet av sin identitet samt hur de beskriver tillhörighet i samhället. Insamlingen av studiens data har skett via kvalitativa intervjuer genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Studien har genomsyrats av ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. I empirin framkom det att andragenerationsinvandrare upplever svårigheter i sitt identitetsskapande samt att tillhörighet beskrivs som ett kontextuellt begrepp. Slutsatsen av studien resulterade i att majoriteten av respondenterna beskriver känslan av att vara bikulturell.

This paper analyzes the effect of culture – measured by aggregate levels of an immigrant parent’s home country educational attainment – on the educational attainment of second-generation immigrants in America. I use 2005-2014 October U.S. Current Population Surveys (CPS) data and the Barro-Lee data set to match the educational attainment of second-generation immigrants to the educational attainment averages of the respective home country from which their parents emigrated. Overall, I find that second-generation immigrants’ educational attainment is significantly and positively affected by their immigrant parent’s home country educational attainment. This suggests that cultural norms, particularly those regarding education, may persist in immigrant families even after resettling in America. I also find that the effects of home country educational attainment on second-generation outcomes do not differ by the gender of the second-generation immigrant.

Background: It is widely acknowledged that Uganda was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to experience a significant decline in HIV seroprevalence in the 1990s. Framed as the initial ‘success story’ in the history of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, the behavioural mechanisms and policies accounting for the Ugandan HIV decline have been extensively debated over the past 25 years. With reference to broader debates about the role of evidence in policy, this thesis aims to examine contested explanations for the decline in HIV prevalence in Uganda and the role of evidence in the development of global HIV prevention policy in the 1990s. The thesis examines diverse explanations for Uganda’s HIV decline and how these came to be framed in the context of the emergence of Second Generation Surveillance (SGS), a global HIV/AIDS surveillance framework introduced by UNAIDS/WHO in 2000. Official accounts describe SGS as having been developed on the basis of Ugandan behavioural evidence presented during a key meeting of HIV/AIDS policymakers which took place in Nairobi in 1997. This meeting provides a focal point for examining the role of evidence in global HIV prevention policy and the relationship between evidence and policy pertaining to low income countries in the 1990s. Methods: A review of UNAIDS/WHO documents and 29 in-depth interviews with HIV/AIDS experts from Uganda and international organisations were analysed. Results: UNAIDS documents present SGS as a technocratic, problem-solving response to limitations in established HIV surveillance approaches, developed at a UNAIDS-sponsored workshop in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1997. These official accounts present the emergence of SGS as evidence-based and reflecting a clear consensus that developed during the Nairobi workshop. While interview data suggest agreement around the need for improved HIV surveillance systems, they indicate a more complex picture in terms of the extent to which SGS was evidence-based and highlight contested interpretations of this evidence among HIV experts. Findings from interviews suggest that the introduction of SGS by UNAIDS/WHO may be understood as serving both technical and broader strategic purposes. As indicated in UNAIDS/WHO policy documentation, SGS was intended to improve older global HIV surveillance methodologies via the triangulation of multiple data sources. The introduction of SGS also appears to have served two broader purposes, functioning as something akin to a marketing tool to help promote the institutional identity of UNAIDS, while also signalling a shift towards a ‘multisectoral’ approach that aimed to unify epidemiological and social scientific disciplinary approaches. While interviewees’ accounts coincide in describing a decline in HIV prevalence during the 1990s, they present divergent interpretations of this evidence which became significant in the development of SGS. One interpretation focused on a reduction in multiple partnerships within the Ugandan population as the key change driving the decline in HIV prevalence, while a contrasting explanation focused on increased use of condoms as the primary cause of this decline. Interviewees’ accounts suggest a process of competition, whereby different actors sought to secure the primacy of their interpretation in institutional understandings of Uganda’s HIV decline and in the development of SGS. Claims of disciplinary bias and institutional marginalisation appear to have contributed to the subordination of explanations focused on a decline in multiple sexual partners, while the policy entrepreneurship of one key actor appears influential in explaining the ascendency of explanations focused on increased condom use. Despite these contestations around the evidence used to inform the development of SGS, UNAIDS documents and peer-reviewed publications from this period emphasise one interpretation (that of increased condom uptake) which thus appears as the official explanation for the success of HIV control in Uganda. The transition from the WHO’s Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) to UNAIDS, and the initiation of a multisectoral HIV prevention approach, appear as important contextual and institutional influences in the interpretation of evidence for Uganda’s HIV decline. The failure of the partnership reduction explanation to align with the evolving institutional and political orthodoxy, and the potential for this explanation to challenge UNAIDS’ new focus on multisectoral HIV prevention, may help to explain why it did not inform subsequent HIV/AIDS policy and does not appear in official accounts of SGS’s development. In contrast, explanations focused on increased condom use were consistent with UNAIDS’ HIV prevention policy agenda (including its emphasis on multisectoral approaches) and appeared to reinforce the organisation’s need for increased financial resources to mitigate HIV/AIDS via the distribution and promotion of condoms. Discussion: This study demonstrates that the development of SGS, and the politics of evidence supporting its introduction, are more complex than existing UNAIDS/WHO accounts describe. Official explanations of the development of SGS provide a simplistic account of how evidence informed policy in a linear and rational way. In contrast, findings from this thesis suggest that SGS served multiple policy functions (i.e. marketing, promotion of institutional credibility, and a demonstration of disciplinary integration) in the context of the recently-formed UNAIDS, and that the role and interpretation of evidence in this context were highly contested. Consistent with the work of Kingdon (1995) and more recently Stevens (2007), this study suggests that personal, political and institutional factors play important roles in shaping how evidence is presented and linked with policy. These findings suggest that more nuanced understandings of the relationship between evidence and policy are needed to explain HIV/AIDS policy development within both sub-Saharan African and at a global level.

n/a

This thesis focuses on college-aged second-generation Americans whose parents emigrated to the U.S. from India. The purpose of the study is to examine the ethnic and cultural identities of second-generation Indian Americans in the Atlanta area. This exploratory study is meant to interrogate cognitive boundaries to suggest that identity is not a fixed state but a fluid process that is continually shaped both by the individual and by society. I have amassed data through both video-recorded ethnographic interviews and self-video ethnography yielding visual ethnographic material that supplements the written thesis. During the research period, I posted regularly at www.kellyshonorsthesis.wordpress.com, providing updates on my progress with the research project. Through creating a visual project that is public from the very beginning, I have aimed to achieve transparency as a researcher and to increase visibility for the field of anthropology. In addition, I demonstrate that research collaboration using self-video ethnography can be an effective ethnographic method to give voice to research participants and to reveal nuances not otherwise accessible.

The research question for this study is: how do religious and ethnic identities intersect for second-generation Americans? Is religious identification consistently coupled with strong ethnic identity among second-generation Americans, as posited by the current literature on is this issue, or are there other extant patterns that need to be further examined? I considered this question by comparing religious and non-religious second-generation Americans from Muslim-origin families from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. I interviewed 44 individuals across a range of religious and ethnic identification, and found six main patterns in how ethno-religious identities do and do not map on to one another. I titled these six patterns thusly: "Religion > Ethnicity; Higher Religion, Higher Ethnicity," "Religion > Ethnicity; Higher Religion, Lower Ethnicity," "Religion = Ethnicity," "Religion < Ethnicity," "Somewhat Ethnic, Somewhat Religious," and "Critics of Religion and Ethnicity."The case of second-generation Muslim Americans is particularly interesting, given that what may actually be occurring is the growing importance of a "pan-religious" identity, rather than the continued dominance of specific ethnic identities at the group level. Indeed, the primary function of the congregation vis-à-vis ethnicity may not be to maintain the ascendancy of a particular ethnic identity, as the sociology of religion literature claims; rather, for second-generation Muslims, religiosity may encourage a "pan-ethnicity" based on shared religious identity. This is borne out in the presence of two forms of the "Religion > Ethnicity" category, and the differentiation in how segmented assimilation occurs between the highly religious and the less religious.