This dissertation project aimed to demonstrate that pulmonary delivery of two anorectic gut secreted peptides, peptide YY (PYY) and oxyntomodulin (OXM) enabled food intake suppression and reduced body weight gain in rats via their systemic absorption from the lung and interaction with the brain. After PYY and OXM were administered to the lungs at varying doses, food intake and body weight gain were monitored in freely feeding rats. Significant 30-35 % food intake suppression was achieved for 4-6 h following pulmonary administration of endogenously active PYY3-36 and OXM1-37 at 0.80 and 0.50 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, when administered daily for 7 days, these peptides enabled significant reduction of body weight gain by 39.4 and 62.3 %, respectively. However, neither of their active fragment peptides, PYY13-36, OXM30-37 and NAc-OXM30-37 was effective at doses equimolar to the effective doses of PYY3-36 and OXM1-37. For PYY3-36, its pulmonary administration caused c-Fos activation in the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus (ARC) only, which was concurrent to reduced orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY), suggesting its appetite suppression was mediated via the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, OXM1-37 caused c-Fos activation in both the hypothalamus ARC and brainstem AP, which implied the involvement of the CNS control and vagal stimulation for this peptide. As it was clear that these effects resulted from their lung absorption and increased plasma levels, the pharmacokinetics of one of the peptides, PYY3-36 was characterized following pulmonary administration. The plasma profiles were dose-proportional and kinetically, non “flip-flop”, yielding the highest PYY3-36 concentrations (Cmax) of 75.0±9.3 and 726.3±69.0 ng/ml at 0.08 and 0.80 mg/kg, respectively, at 10 min. According to a new kinetic model developed in this project, the percent absolute bioavailability (% F) was estimated to be 12-14 %, as derived from the lung absorption (ka) and non-absorptive loss rate constant (knal) of 0.03 min-1 and 0.17-0.22 min-1, respectively. Overall, this research provided the first proof-of-concept for effective appetite suppression with pulmonary delivery of anorectic gut secreted peptides via systemic absorption.

Secreted Phosphoprotein-24 (Spp24) was initially isolated and characterized as a component of bovine cortical bone matrix. Subsequent characterization has shown it is multiply phosphorylated and homologous to cystatin and TGF-β receptor type II. Spp24 is a minor component of the serum fetuin mineral complex that binds calcium-phosphate minerals and prevents their deposition. The TGF-β receptor homology domain binds BMP-2 weakly in vitro and enhances BMP-2’s osteogenic effects in vivo. The ability of Spp24 to affect BMP activity suggests an important role for Spp24 as a native, bioactive componentof bone that regulates bone development. Spp24 was highly up-regulated in rat cortical kidneys following a low calcium diet regime. Tissue distribution of both Spp24 protein and RNA showed that while Spp24 accumulates in bone, a majority is produced at distant sites, namely the liver and kidney. Additionally, Spp24 was present in more tissues than previously believed. Spp24 migrates to a number of different molecular weights, suggesting multiple, alternative posttranslational modifications may generate subtly different forms of the protein. Theexpression of Spp24 in the kidney may be regulated to counteract changes in serum mineral levels. Additionally, homology in the Spp24 sequence suggests that it, like other bone and dentine matrix proteins, may interact with mineral as an important influencer of mineral calcification. Utilizing microarray analysis of primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transduced with Spp24 and control viruses we examined changes elicited by the overexpression of Spp24. A change in overall morphology was observed for cellstransduced with the Spp24 similar to changes described in cells undergoing osteoblasticdifferentiation. Nodule formation was also seen in the Spp24 transduced cells. Microarray results showed key markers of osteoblast differentiation, CBFA1/RUNX2 and osterix(OSX), were not up-regulated although there were distinguishable changes in the gene expression profile of mesenchymal stem cells. The cells appeared to be blocked from differentiation into a number of mesenchymal lineages: adipocytes, myocytes andchondrocytes. The changes appeared to prime cells for signals that activate osteoblastdifferentiation by blocking other pathways and altering internal signaling response pathways to those signals. This document was created in Microsoft Word 2003.

A Estomatite protética associada a Candida (EPC) acomete a mucosa bucal em contato com próteses removíveis e, clinicamente, caracteriza-se por eritema com diferentes graus de inflamação. Esta doença é considerada de etiologia multifatorial, isto é, uma associação de fatores como trauma, falta de higienização, uso contínuo da prótese, hipersensibilidade ao material usado na dentadura, diabetes, terapia imunossupressora e infecção por fungo, como diferentes espécies de Candida. Os principais fatores de virulência deste fungo são a formação de hifas, dimorfismo, alterações fenotípicas, aderência, persistência, sinergismo com as bactérias, interferências com o sistema de defesa do hospedeiro e a produção de enzimas hidrolíticas. Dentre as enzimas hidrolíticas, a proteinase aspartil secretada (SAP) é uma das mais importantes para a patogenia de C. albicans, sendo nociva para o tecido epitelial e para o sistema imune do hospedeiro. Não está totalmente compreendida a real penetração do fungo nos tecidos e sua correlação com a presença da SAP, na doença estomatite protética. Essa dificuldade de avaliação pode ser justificada pelas divergências intrínsecas e extrínsecas observadas em muitos aspectos, como diferentes costumes, hábitos sociais, estado emocional e fisiológico. A utilização de um modelo experimental em animais poderá minimizar essas divergências e fornecer condições mais padronizadas para o experimento. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas, quantitativamente, a expressão gênica das enzimas SAP-2, SAP-5 e SAP-9, presentes no biofilme formado na superfície interna das placas acrílicas superiores de ratos e, microscopicamente, a invasão do fungo no tecido epitelial do palato. Para isso, foram selecionados 49 ratos Wistar, com 90 dias de vida, pesando em média 300g, os quais foram divididos em 3 grupos: Controle, Placa/Candida e Placa, acompanhados durante 2, 4 e 6 dias. Os resultados demostraram que, em 4 dias de uso da placa acrílica contaminada, houve, em alguns ratos, sinais clínicos de inflamação no palato duro; microscopicamente, hiperplasia epitelial, hiperqueratinização, invasão fúngica nas camadas superficiais do revestimento epitelial, microabscessos de Munro e hiperplasia papilar; e maior percentual de neutrófilos no Grupo Placa/Candida em relação aos Grupos Controle e Placa. Também no quarto dia de uso da placa acrílica superior, no Grupo Placa/Candida, o biofilme formado na sua superfície interna apresentou a mais alta expressão gênica relativa das enzimas SAP-2, SAP-5 e SAP-9 que os períodos de 2 e 6 dias de uso. Assim, a invasão fúngica no revestimento epitelial do palato duro pode estar correlacionada com a alta expressão de RNAm das SAPs -2, -5 e -9. / Denture stomatitis (D.S.) affects the oral mucosa in contact with removable dentures, and clinically characterized by erythema with varying degrees of inflammation. This disease is considered a multifactorial etiology, with a combination of factors such as trauma, lack of hygiene, continuous use of stents, hypersensitivity to the material used for dentures, diabetes, immunosuppressive therapy and fungal infection, such as different species of Candida. The main virulence factors of the fungus are the formation of hyphae, dimorphism, phenotypic changes, adherence, persistence, synergism with bacteria, interference with the host defense system and the production of hydrolytic proteins. Among the hydrolytic proteins, the secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP) is one of the most important in the pathogenesis of C. albicans. SAP is harmful to both the epithelial tissue and to the host\'s immune system. It is not fully understood the real penetration of the fungus in the epithelium tissue and its correlation with the presence of SAP, in denture stomatitis. This difficulty in evaluation can be justified by the intrinsic and extrinsic differences observed in many aspects, different customs, social`s habits, emotional and physiological state. Using an experimental animal model may minimize these differences and provide more standardized conditions for the experiment. In the present work, the aim was to evaluate quantitatively the gene expression of enzymes SAP-2, SAP-5 and SAP-9 of the biofilm formed in internal surface of rat`s upper acrylic plates, and to analysis microscopically, the fungal invasion in palatal epithelial tissue. 49 Wistar rats were selected, 90 days old, weighing on average 300g. They were divided into three groups: Control Group, Plate/Candida and Plate, follow by 2, 4 and 6 days of the use of the plates. The results demonstrated, in four days of use of the acrylic plate, clinical signs of inflammation in the hard palate; microscopically epithelial hyperplasia, hyperkeratinization, fungal invasion in the superficial layers of the epithelial lining, Munro`s microabscess and papillary hyperplasia; and higher percentage of neutrophils in the Plate/Candida Group, compared to Control and Plate Groups. In the period of 4 days, the relative gene expression of the SAPs-2, -5 and -9 in biofilm also showed to be higher in Plate/Candida Group, compared with the periods of 2 and 6 days. Thus, the fungal invasion in the epithelial lining of the hard palate may be correlated with high mRNA expressionn of SAPs -2, -5 e -9.

A leptospirose é causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira e constitui um problema de saúde pública mundial, por acometer humanos e animais. Sua patogênese ainda é pouco esclarecida, especialmente quanto aos processos de invasão, adesão e colonização dos hospedeiros. Recentemente, proteínas secretadas por leptospiras foram identificadas por proteômica e análises in silico, algumas das quais apresentam possível envolvimento no desenvolvimento de quadros hemorrágicos, bem como podem ser possíveis antígenos para diagnóstico. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propôs a clonagem em vetor de expressão heteróloga bacteriano das sequências codificantes das proteínas Sph2, LipA, ColA e LipL32 de L. interrogans sorovar Copenhageni, caracterização funcional das proteínas recombinantes purificadas e estudo do seu potencial uso no diagnóstico para a leptospirose. Essas proteínas foram escolhidas por possivelmente estarem envolvidas na patogênese de leptospiras. Para tanto, as sequências correspondentes aos genes das proteínas foram clonadas nos vetores de expressão em Brevibacillus choshinensis e Escherichia coli. A produção de soro policlonal e técnicas de ELISA, western-blotting e imuno-histoquímica foram realizadas para avaliar a funcionalidade das proteínas recombinantes purificadas. Também foram realizados testes de comprovação e caracterização da atividade enzimática para proteína LipA, que se apresenta como uma provável lipase na análise in silico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o sistema de expressão em Brevibacillus foi eficiente na expressão das proteínas, porém com baixo rendimento na purificação das proteínas Sph2, ColA e LipA. A proteína recombinante LipL32 purificada não apresentou diferença na sua atividade antigênica, em relação aos dois sistemas de expressão utilizados. Experimentos de Western - blotting demonstraram a presença de proteína LipA em diferentes sorovares patogênicos de Leptospira spp. A proteína LipA apresentou atividade lipásica sobre ésteres graxos de p-nitrofenil, sendo uma provável lipase euritérmica. Os dados obtidos com a análise de imuno-histoquímica sugerem que esta proteína possa participar dos eventos que levam a lesões na membrana celular no tecido hepático. Resultados de ELISA com soro de pacientes mostraram que as proteínas ColA e Sph2 são potenciais antígenos para diagnóstico da leptospirose. Apenas a proteína ColA apresentou ação hemorrágica na pele de camundongos. Estes resultados indicam que as proteínas LipA, ColA e Sph2 podem estar envolvidas em mecanismos patogênicos na leptospirose. / Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and it is a public health problem worldwide, for affecting humans and animals. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, especially regarding the processes of invasion, adhesion and colonization of hosts. Recently, proteins secreted by leptospires were identified by proteomics and in silico analyzes, some of which present possible involvement in the development of hemorrhagic conditions, as well they could be possible antigens for the diagnosis. Thus, the present work proposed the cloning into bacterial heterologous expression vectors of the coding sequences of the Sph2, LipA, ColA and LipL32 proteins of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, the functional characterization of the purified recombinant proteins and the study of their potential use in the diagnosis for the Leptospirosis. These proteins were chosen because they may be involved in the pathogenesis of leptospires. To that end, the coding sequences were cloned into the expression vectors in Brevibacillus choshinensis and Escherichia coli. The production of polyclonal serum and ELISA, Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques were performed to evaluate the functionality of the purified recombinant proteins. Also, tests were carried out to prove and characterize the enzymatic activity of LipA protein, which presents as a probable lipase in the in silico analysis. The obtained results showed that the expression in the Brevibacillus system was efficient, but with low yield in the purification of Sph2, ColA and LipA proteins. The purified recombinant LipL32 protein showed no difference in its antigenic activity, in relation to the two expression systems used. Western-blotting experiments demonstrated the presence of LipA protein in different pathogenic serovars of Leptospira spp. The LipA protein showed lipase activity on p-nitrophenyl fatty esters, being a probable eurythermic lipase. The data obtained with the immunohistochemical analysis suggest that this protein can participate in the events that lead to cell membrane lesions in the hepatic tissue. ELISA results using serum from patients showed that ColA and Sph2 proteins are potential antigens for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Only the ColA protein presented hemorrhagic action on the mice skin. These results indicate that LipA, ColA and Sph2 proteins may be involved in pathogenic mechanisms in leptospirosis.

Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian, has been given much attention in recent years as it has been linked with Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which leads to the sudden deaths of honey bee colonies. It has been described that many pathogenic organisms secrete virulence factors in order to hijack its host`s cellular functions, but in most cases the underlying mechanisms of this process still remains to be deciphered. Cornman et al. (2009) have identified in N. ceranae a list of putative effector proteins (called secretome) destined to be secreted into the host, and I have taken this list for further investigation using a bioinformatical and experimental approaches. The principal aim of this project was to generate a N. ceranae ORFeome for genes predicted to be secreted, elucidate the function of effector candidates important for N. ceranae biology and/or pathogenicity, as well as to investigate any interactions between N. ceranae proteins and its host utilising two eukaryotic model organisms, budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, and fruit fly, D. melanogaster. A library of S. cerevisiae strains expressing N. ceranae proteins was generated utilising the Gateway® technology, and phenotypic and localisation screens were undertaken to investigate the N. ceranae secretome. Two N. ceranae ORFs, NcORF-15 (NcORF-02039) and NcORF-16 (NcORF-01159) encoding a putative thioredoxin and a hexokinase, respectively, were subjected to yeast complementation assays in order to assess their catalytic activity. NcORF-15, the putative thioredoxin, was able to rescue the sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae Δtrx2 under oxidative stress, whereas NcORF-16, the putative hexokinase, did not complement YSH7.4-3C, a triple knockout lacking hexokinase activity. A third N. ceranae effector candidate NcORF-4 (NcORF-00654), a putative proteasome subunit, was investigated for its nuclear localisation and protein interactions in both S. cerevisiae and D. melanogaster.

A Estomatite protética associada a Candida (EPC) acomete a mucosa bucal em contato com próteses removíveis e, clinicamente, caracteriza-se por eritema com diferentes graus de inflamação. Esta doença é considerada de etiologia multifatorial, isto é, uma associação de fatores como trauma, falta de higienização, uso contínuo da prótese, hipersensibilidade ao material usado na dentadura, diabetes, terapia imunossupressora e infecção por fungo, como diferentes espécies de Candida. Os principais fatores de virulência deste fungo são a formação de hifas, dimorfismo, alterações fenotípicas, aderência, persistência, sinergismo com as bactérias, interferências com o sistema de defesa do hospedeiro e a produção de enzimas hidrolíticas. Dentre as enzimas hidrolíticas, a proteinase aspartil secretada (SAP) é uma das mais importantes para a patogenia de C. albicans, sendo nociva para o tecido epitelial e para o sistema imune do hospedeiro. Não está totalmente compreendida a real penetração do fungo nos tecidos e sua correlação com a presença da SAP, na doença estomatite protética. Essa dificuldade de avaliação pode ser justificada pelas divergências intrínsecas e extrínsecas observadas em muitos aspectos, como diferentes costumes, hábitos sociais, estado emocional e fisiológico. A utilização de um modelo experimental em animais poderá minimizar essas divergências e fornecer condições mais padronizadas para o experimento. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas, quantitativamente, a expressão gênica das enzimas SAP-2, SAP-5 e SAP-9, presentes no biofilme formado na superfície interna das placas acrílicas superiores de ratos e, microscopicamente, a invasão do fungo no tecido epitelial do palato. Para isso, foram selecionados 49 ratos Wistar, com 90 dias de vida, pesando em média 300g, os quais foram divididos em 3 grupos: Controle, Placa/Candida e Placa, acompanhados durante 2, 4 e 6 dias. Os resultados demostraram que, em 4 dias de uso da placa acrílica contaminada, houve, em alguns ratos, sinais clínicos de inflamação no palato duro; microscopicamente, hiperplasia epitelial, hiperqueratinização, invasão fúngica nas camadas superficiais do revestimento epitelial, microabscessos de Munro e hiperplasia papilar; e maior percentual de neutrófilos no Grupo Placa/Candida em relação aos Grupos Controle e Placa. Também no quarto dia de uso da placa acrílica superior, no Grupo Placa/Candida, o biofilme formado na sua superfície interna apresentou a mais alta expressão gênica relativa das enzimas SAP-2, SAP-5 e SAP-9 que os períodos de 2 e 6 dias de uso. Assim, a invasão fúngica no revestimento epitelial do palato duro pode estar correlacionada com a alta expressão de RNAm das SAPs -2, -5 e -9. / Denture stomatitis (D.S.) affects the oral mucosa in contact with removable dentures, and clinically characterized by erythema with varying degrees of inflammation. This disease is considered a multifactorial etiology, with a combination of factors such as trauma, lack of hygiene, continuous use of stents, hypersensitivity to the material used for dentures, diabetes, immunosuppressive therapy and fungal infection, such as different species of Candida. The main virulence factors of the fungus are the formation of hyphae, dimorphism, phenotypic changes, adherence, persistence, synergism with bacteria, interference with the host defense system and the production of hydrolytic proteins. Among the hydrolytic proteins, the secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP) is one of the most important in the pathogenesis of C. albicans. SAP is harmful to both the epithelial tissue and to the host\'s immune system. It is not fully understood the real penetration of the fungus in the epithelium tissue and its correlation with the presence of SAP, in denture stomatitis. This difficulty in evaluation can be justified by the intrinsic and extrinsic differences observed in many aspects, different customs, social`s habits, emotional and physiological state. Using an experimental animal model may minimize these differences and provide more standardized conditions for the experiment. In the present work, the aim was to evaluate quantitatively the gene expression of enzymes SAP-2, SAP-5 and SAP-9 of the biofilm formed in internal surface of rat`s upper acrylic plates, and to analysis microscopically, the fungal invasion in palatal epithelial tissue. 49 Wistar rats were selected, 90 days old, weighing on average 300g. They were divided into three groups: Control Group, Plate/Candida and Plate, follow by 2, 4 and 6 days of the use of the plates. The results demonstrated, in four days of use of the acrylic plate, clinical signs of inflammation in the hard palate; microscopically epithelial hyperplasia, hyperkeratinization, fungal invasion in the superficial layers of the epithelial lining, Munro`s microabscess and papillary hyperplasia; and higher percentage of neutrophils in the Plate/Candida Group, compared to Control and Plate Groups. In the period of 4 days, the relative gene expression of the SAPs-2, -5 and -9 in biofilm also showed to be higher in Plate/Candida Group, compared with the periods of 2 and 6 days. Thus, the fungal invasion in the epithelial lining of the hard palate may be correlated with high mRNA expressionn of SAPs -2, -5 e -9.

A leptospirose é causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira e constitui um problema de saúde pública mundial, por acometer humanos e animais. Sua patogênese ainda é pouco esclarecida, especialmente quanto aos processos de invasão, adesão e colonização dos hospedeiros. Recentemente, proteínas secretadas por leptospiras foram identificadas por proteômica e análises in silico, algumas das quais apresentam possível envolvimento no desenvolvimento de quadros hemorrágicos, bem como podem ser possíveis antígenos para diagnóstico. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propôs a clonagem em vetor de expressão heteróloga bacteriano das sequências codificantes das proteínas Sph2, LipA, ColA e LipL32 de L. interrogans sorovar Copenhageni, caracterização funcional das proteínas recombinantes purificadas e estudo do seu potencial uso no diagnóstico para a leptospirose. Essas proteínas foram escolhidas por possivelmente estarem envolvidas na patogênese de leptospiras. Para tanto, as sequências correspondentes aos genes das proteínas foram clonadas nos vetores de expressão em Brevibacillus choshinensis e Escherichia coli. A produção de soro policlonal e técnicas de ELISA, western-blotting e imuno-histoquímica foram realizadas para avaliar a funcionalidade das proteínas recombinantes purificadas. Também foram realizados testes de comprovação e caracterização da atividade enzimática para proteína LipA, que se apresenta como uma provável lipase na análise in silico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o sistema de expressão em Brevibacillus foi eficiente na expressão das proteínas, porém com baixo rendimento na purificação das proteínas Sph2, ColA e LipA. A proteína recombinante LipL32 purificada não apresentou diferença na sua atividade antigênica, em relação aos dois sistemas de expressão utilizados. Experimentos de Western - blotting demonstraram a presença de proteína LipA em diferentes sorovares patogênicos de Leptospira spp. A proteína LipA apresentou atividade lipásica sobre ésteres graxos de p-nitrofenil, sendo uma provável lipase euritérmica. Os dados obtidos com a análise de imuno-histoquímica sugerem que esta proteína possa participar dos eventos que levam a lesões na membrana celular no tecido hepático. Resultados de ELISA com soro de pacientes mostraram que as proteínas ColA e Sph2 são potenciais antígenos para diagnóstico da leptospirose. Apenas a proteína ColA apresentou ação hemorrágica na pele de camundongos. Estes resultados indicam que as proteínas LipA, ColA e Sph2 podem estar envolvidas em mecanismos patogênicos na leptospirose. / Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and it is a public health problem worldwide, for affecting humans and animals. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, especially regarding the processes of invasion, adhesion and colonization of hosts. Recently, proteins secreted by leptospires were identified by proteomics and in silico analyzes, some of which present possible involvement in the development of hemorrhagic conditions, as well they could be possible antigens for the diagnosis. Thus, the present work proposed the cloning into bacterial heterologous expression vectors of the coding sequences of the Sph2, LipA, ColA and LipL32 proteins of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, the functional characterization of the purified recombinant proteins and the study of their potential use in the diagnosis for the Leptospirosis. These proteins were chosen because they may be involved in the pathogenesis of leptospires. To that end, the coding sequences were cloned into the expression vectors in Brevibacillus choshinensis and Escherichia coli. The production of polyclonal serum and ELISA, Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques were performed to evaluate the functionality of the purified recombinant proteins. Also, tests were carried out to prove and characterize the enzymatic activity of LipA protein, which presents as a probable lipase in the in silico analysis. The obtained results showed that the expression in the Brevibacillus system was efficient, but with low yield in the purification of Sph2, ColA and LipA proteins. The purified recombinant LipL32 protein showed no difference in its antigenic activity, in relation to the two expression systems used. Western-blotting experiments demonstrated the presence of LipA protein in different pathogenic serovars of Leptospira spp. The LipA protein showed lipase activity on p-nitrophenyl fatty esters, being a probable eurythermic lipase. The data obtained with the immunohistochemical analysis suggest that this protein can participate in the events that lead to cell membrane lesions in the hepatic tissue. ELISA results using serum from patients showed that ColA and Sph2 proteins are potential antigens for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Only the ColA protein presented hemorrhagic action on the mice skin. These results indicate that LipA, ColA and Sph2 proteins may be involved in pathogenic mechanisms in leptospirosis.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / Ming-Shun Chen / C. Michael Smith / The tools for arthropods with sucking-mouth parts to attack hosts are mainly in the saliva. For plant-sucking insects, these salivary secretions are primarily produced in the salivary glands. Secreted proteins (also referred to as salivary gland secretomes) are among the important components in the saliva of sucking insects. Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), a large family of plant-sucking insects, apparently secrete proteins (some of them are effector proteins) into host tissues, inducing various forms of plant outgrowth (galls). Three major insect pest species in the genera Mayetiola, the stem gall midges, are known to produce saliva that can reprogram plant cells and manipulate the host plant growth, causing serious damage to the plants of small grains. The three pest species are the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), the barley midge (Mayetiola hordei), and the oat midge (Mayetiola avenae). Another economically important species of this gall midge family is the wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana). It is a major insect pest of spring wheat and feeds on wheat heads, causing damage to the developing wheat seeds. A global analysis of the salivary gland secretome of first instar larvae of the Hessian fly, (a member of Mayetiola and) a model species for studying insect-plant interactions, has previously revealed a large number of genes encoding Secreted Salivary Gland Proteins, so called SSGPs. For comparison, we conducted analyses on transcripts encoding SSGPs from salivary glands of the first instar larvae of the wheat midge, barley midge, and oat midge. In the first chapter, a transcriptomic analysis of wheat midge has been conducted. In this analysis, a total of 3,500 cDNA clones were sequenced, and 1,301 high quality sequences were obtained and approximately 25% of the cDNAs (with high quality sequences) encoded SSGPs. The SSGPs were grouped into 97 groups based on sequence homology. Among the SSGP-encoding transcripts, 206 encoded unique proteins with no sequence similarity to any known protein and 29 encoded proteins similar to known proteins including proteases, serpines, thioesterases, ankryins, and feritins. The compositions of SSGP transcripts from the wheat midge were then compared with that of Hessian fly. The analyses have identified many common characteristics between the species. Despite these commonalities, no sequence similarity was found between SSGPs from wheat midge and those from Hessian fly, suggesting that SSGPs from these two insect species perform different functions to manipulate host plants. The second chapter contains results of comparative transcriptomic analyses on the barley and oat midges. A total of 2570 cDNA clones were sequenced from the barley midge, and 743 were high quality cDNA sequences, and the analysis identified 458 cDNA clones encoding SSGPs, of these, 178 encoded unique proteins (also called unigenes). Transcripts encoding SSGPs were grouped into 51 groups based on sequence homology. A total of 3226 cDNA clones were sequenced from oat midge, and 718 cDNA sequences were high quality and used for further analysis. The analysis identified 450 cDNA clones encoding SSGPs. Among the SSGP-encoding transcripts, 194 are unigenes, which were placed into 50 groups. The compositions of SSGP transcripts from the barley and oat midges were then compared with that of Hessian fly. The analysis identified five groups containing 102 (57.3%) unigenes from barley midges and seven groups containing 107 (55.1%) unigenes from oat midges which encode SSGPs that are conserved among the three species. The SSGPs conserved among the three midges are from family one (SSGP-1), family 4 (SSGP-4), family 11 (SSGP-11), and family 71 (SSGP-71). The SSGPs conserved among the three species indicate conserved functions such as a role in plant manipulation. Some SSGP unigenes were found to be conserved between only two species. Specifically, there were eight gene groups which are conserved between two species. Within these eight groups 19 (10.7%) unigenes from the barley midge and 25 (12.9%) unigenes from the oat midge were found to be conserved between only the barley and oat midges, whereas no homologues have been found in the Hessian fly. The remaining unigenes encode SSGPs that are unique to different midge species. The highly divergent SSGP groups that have been identified with no homology among the three midges indicate potential roles of these SSGPs in host specification. Due to the important roles of effector proteins in insect-plant interactions for gall midge species and since no insect effector protein have been identified directly from infested plant tissues so far, I have chosen one of the SSGP family, SSGP-1, which are conserved among all three gall midge species, for further analysis in chapter 4. Members in family SSGP-1 are also the most abundantly expressed at the transcript level. Based on Hessian fly data, family 1 contains seven genes and are named SSGP-1A1, SSGP-1A2, SSGP-1B1, SSGP-1C1, SSGP-1C2, SSGP-1D1, and SSGP-1E1. To detect the presence of these proteins in the infested wheat tissues, and to identify probable targets from wheat that interact with the SSGPs in the feeding site, we have generated and purified recombinant proteins for five of the seven proteins, namely SSGP-1A2, SSGP-1B1, SSGP-1C1, SSGP-1D1, and SSGP-1E1 (since SSGP-1A1 and SSGP-1C2 are very similar to SSGP-1A2 and SSGP-1C1, respectively). Antibodies were produced for the recombinant proteins for western blot analyses and indirect immunostaining. Immunostaining on dissected tissues including salivary glands, guts, and Malpighian tubules from 3-day old larvae, was conducted with antibodies against the five SSGPs, and detected a specific localization of all proteins in salivary glands except SSGP-1E1, which exhibited a weak signal in the foregut, in addition to localization in salivary glands. Western blot analyses demonstrated that these five proteins were expressed in larvae at all stages. The continuous production of these proteins suggests that they play roles in initiation and maintenance in Hessian fly infestation. Consistent with their effector functions, these five proteins were detected for the first time in infested wheat tissues based on western blot analyses. To identify possible target proteins from host plants that interact with SSGP-1 family proteins, in vitro pull-down assays were performed. Putative interacting targets for SSGP-1A2, SSGP-1B1, and SSGP-1C1 have been identified by LC-MS/MS. These putative interaction target proteins included uncharacterized proteins, ribosomal proteins, a lipoxygenase, and a tubulin. Identification of these putative targets provided a base for further confirmation of their interaction with Hessian fly effectors in the future.

Le mucus recouvre et protège les épithéliums des tractus respiratoire, gastro-intestinal et reproducteur. Les mucines sécrétées sont des molécules mosaïques de très grande taille moléculaire, fortement O-glycosylées et responsables des propriétés rhéologiques du gel de mucus. MUC5B est l’une des cinq mucines gélifiantes et est principalement sécrétée dans le tractus respiratoire. Chez l’Homme, MUC5B est impliquée dans le cancer mammaire et la mucoviscidose. MUC5B est exprimée dans plus de 80% des cancers mammaires alors que MUC5B n’est pas exprimée dans le tissu mammaire sain. Par ailleurs, MUC5B pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans le poumon de patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Pour étudier la fonction de MUC5B, nous avons utilisé des protéines recombinantes composées de différents domaines de MUC5B et des modèles animaux. Nous avons montré que MUC5B favorise la prolifération cellulaire et l’invasion in vitro et favorise la croissance tumorale et la dissémination métastatique chez des souris immunodéprimées. MUC5B apparait donc comme une cible thérapeutique intéressante pour ralentir la prolifération cellulaire et la dissémination métastatique dans le cancer du sein. Nous avons également montré que l’expression de Muc5b et le nombre de cellules Muc5b positives sont plus élevés dans un modèle murin de mucoviscidose (Cftr–/–) que chez les souris frères-sœurs contrôles, ce qui suggère que les souris Cftr–/– sont prédisposées à former des bouchons bronchiques. Les souris Cftr–/– infectées expérimentalement par Pseudomonas aeruginosa développent des bouchons bronchiques AB-PAS positifs principalement composés de la mucine Muc5b et d’ADN. MUC5B semble être une cible thérapeutique intéressante pour diminuer la viscosité du mucus dans la mucoviscidose. Enfin, nous avons montré que la protéine Muc5b est exprimée très précocement (dès E8.5) au cours du développement embryonnaire murin. A E11.5, Muc5b est exprimée dans le bourgeon pulmonaire, dans le bourgeon formant la trachée et l’œsophage et dans l’estomac. De manière inattendue, Muc5b est exprimée au niveau baso-latéral des cellules épithéliales suggérant un rôle clé de MUC5B dans la morphogenèse. / Respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts are protected by a mucus layer. Secreted mucins are large, high molecular weight and heavily O-glycosylated mosaic proteins that are responsible for the rheological properties of mucus gel. MUC5B is one of the five secreted gel-forming mucins and is mainly secreted in the respiratory tract. In human pathology, MUC5B has been implicated in breast cancer and cystic fibrosis (CF). This ‘non mammary’ mucin is expressed in more than 80% of breast cancer and it has been suggested that MUC5B may represent the main mucin to be implicated in the lung disease of CF.To investigate the function of MUC5B, we used recombinant proteins of several MUC5B domains and animal models. We show that MUC5B promotes cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis using SCID mice suggesting that MUC5B may represent a therapeutic target to slow down the tumor growth and dissemination in breast cancer. We show also that Cftr–/– mice harbor more Muc5b positive Clara cells than do control littermates suggesting that CF mice are predisposed to develop mucus plugs. Experimental infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the number of Muc5b-positive cells and the formation of mucus plugs in bronchi or bronchioles of Cftr–/– mice. These plugs are mainly composed of Muc5b and DNA suggesting that MUC5B may be a valuable target for decreasing mucus viscosity in CF. Finally, Muc5b protein was detected very early in mouse embryogenesis (at day 8.5). At E11.5, Muc5b is expressed in pulmonary bud, in tracheo-esophagal groove and in stomach. Unexpectedly, Muc5b is expressed at the basal and lateral membrane of epithelial cells of the buds suggesting a key role in epithelial morphogenesis.

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive opportunistic pathogen responsible for more deaths every year than HIV/AIDS. Its formidable repertoire of virulence factors, ubiquitous nature, and ability to acquire antibiotic resistance quickly allow S. aureus to colonize and persist in nearly any body site if given the opportunity. S. aureus is the leading cause of many common and severe skin diseases, i.e. atopic dermatitis and surgical site infections, which can result in significant morbidity and mortality due to lack of available treatments and chronic non-healing nature of each infection. The human body is capable of producing many antimicrobial factors, such as defensins in the epidermis, in conjunction with providing a seamless barrier to many environmental threats, i.e. the skin, yet when given the opportunity, S. aureus can overtake these innate defenses, colonize, and cause disease. Despite S. aureus being a prominent organism in skin infections, little has been done to identify critical factors of S. aureus to cause skin infections. This document demonstrates the capacity of specific S. aureus virulence factors, superantigens and cytotoxins, to alter re-epithelialization and wound healing, as indicated by altered keratinocyte migration and proliferation. In an attempt to harness natural occurring host defenses, we have also identified and generated novel antimicrobial peptides capable of ablating toxin production independent of bacterial growth inhibition. Evidence presented should convince the reader that S. aureus exotoxin production is critical in perpetuating chronic wounds through local keratinocyte interaction. This suggests targeting production of these toxins to prevent cell toxicity and inflammatory responses, could allow the host to repair damaged tissue effectively.