Le travail réalisé dans cette thèse a consisté en le développement et l'utilisation des modèles numériques pour étudier les interactions multi-échelles entre une éolienne offshore et la dynamique locale océanique et sédimentaire. Dans une première partie, les interactions entre le système couplé océan-sédiment et le sillage atmosphérique généré par une turbine éolienne offshore sont étudiées à l'aide d'un modèle numérique 2D développé au cours de la thèse et écrit en fortran. Ce modèle résout les équations de Barré-De-Saint-Venant pour l'océan et l'équation d'Exner pour le sédiment. Dans un seconde partie, le phénomène d'affouillement 3D autour d'un cylindre vertical est étudié à l'aide d'un modèle diphasique eulérien-eulérien, sedFoam, implémenté dans la boîte à outils numériques OpenFOAM. L'approche diphasique permet de tenir compte des processus de petite échelle en s'affranchissant des hypothèses classiquement faites pour la modélisation du transport sédimentaire, notamment la corrélation locale entre le flux de sédiments et la contrainte de cisaillement fluide sur le fond.Concernant l'impact du sillage atmosphérique généré par une turbine, nous avons montré que celui-ci peut générer des allées tourbillonnaires dans l'océan. La dynamique turbulente océanique est alors contrôlée par le paramètre de sillage S=Cd D/H, où D est le diamètre du sillage au point d'impact sur la surface de l'océan, Cd est le coefficient de la loi de friction quadratique entre l'océan et le fond et H la profondeur de l'océan. Une paramétrisation des flux turbulents basée sur S est proposée pour modéliser la dynamique océanique dans des modèles à plus grande échelle de type RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes). Les résultats montrent que la dynamique océanique a une rétro-action sur la puissance du vent disponible. Les résultats montrent également que la dynamique sédimentaire instantanée est couplée à la dynamique océanique. Cependant, les variations de l'élévation du fond marin sont faibles (mm/mois) et l'impact morphodynamique du sillage est négligeable.Concernant la simulation diphasique de l'affouillement, après une validation du modèle sur des configurations 1D et 2D, des simulations tridimensionnelles autour d'une pile cylindrique sont présentées. Dans un premier temps, une configuration sans sédiments est réalisée afin de valider la capacité du modèle de turbulence URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) développé dans ce travail de thèse à reproduire les structures tourbillonnaires responsables de l'affouillement comme le tourbillon en fer à cheval et le lâché tourbillonnaire à l'aval du cylindre. Ensuite, les premières simulations diphasiques 3D de l'affouillement autour du cylindre ont été réalisées en régime de transport de type lit-mobile. Ces simulations constitue un véritable challenge en terme calcul numérique à haute performance. La comparaison favorable des résultats de simulations avec les résultats expérimentaux de la littérature apporte la preuve de concept que l'approche diphasique est pertinente pour étudier des configurations d'écoulements complexes instationnaire et tridimensionnelle. Les résultats de simulation sont ensuite analysés pour étudier la relation entre le flux local de transport de sédiments, la valeur de la contrainte fluide sur le fond et la pente locale du lit sédimentaire. La déviation par rapport aux résultats obtenus en écoulement uniforme permet d'identifier les mécanismes prépondérant de transport associées au tourbillon en fer à cheval, à la pente de fond et aux tourbillons lâchés dans le sillage du cylindre. Les résultats obtenus montrent une sensibilité à la résolution numérique en particulier à l'aval du cylindre illustrant le besoin de réaliser des simulations des grandes échelles turbulentes diphasiques. / The work undertaken in this PhD thesis was to develop and use numerical models to investigate the multi-scale interactions between an offshore wind turbine and the local ocean and sediment dynamics. First, the interactions between the coupled ocean-sediment system and the atmospheric wake generated by an offshore wind turbine are investigated using an idealized two-dimensional model developed during this Phd thesis and written in fortran. The model integrates the shallow water equations for the ocean together with the Exner equation for the sediment bed. In a second part, the 3D scour phenomenon around a vertical cylinder in a steady current is studied using a two-phase flow eulerian-eulerian solver, sedFoam, written within the framework of the numerical toolbox OpenFOAM. The two-phase flow approach accounts for small-scale processes by avoiding the traditional assumptions made for sediment transport modeling, such as a local corre- lation between the sediment flux and the fluid bed shear stress.Regarding the atmospheric wake generated by a turbine, the results shows that its impact on the ocean’s surface can generate vortices. The resulting turbulent ocean dynamics is controlled by the wake parameter S = CdD/H, where D is the wake diameter at the impact location on the ocean surface, Cd is the quadratic friction coefficient between the ocean and the sediment and H is the oceanic layer depth. A turbulence parameterization based on S is proposed, allowing for upscaling simulations in larger scales Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models. It is shown that the ocean dynamics has an effect on the available wind power. The results also show that the instantaneous sediment dynamics is strongly coupled with the ocean one but that the overall seabed elevation variations remain small (a few millimeters/month). The morphodynamic impact of the wake is thus negligible.Concerning the two-phase flow simulation of scour, sedFoam is first validated on 1D and 2D configurations. Then, 3D simulations around a vertical cylindrical pile are presented. At first, a validation of the Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) turbulence model developed in this work is performed on a configuration without sediment. The results show that the vortices structures responsible for scouring, the Horse Shoe Vortex (HSV) and the vortex-shedding in the lee of the cylinder are correctly reproduced. Then, 3D two-phase flow simulations of the scour around a cylindrical pile have been carried out in a live-bed configuration. This work is the first attempt to model 3D scour phenomenon using the two-phase flow approach. Such simulations represent a real challenge in terms of high performance computing. The good agreement between the numerical predictions and the literature experimental results provide the proof of concept that the two-phase flow approach can be used to study complex 3D and unsteady flow configurations. The relationship between the local bed shear stress, the sediment flux and the local sediment bed slope is further investigated. The deviation of the results from a uniform flow configuration is further analyzed to identify the relevant sediment transport mechanisms associated with the HSV, the slope in the scour mark and the vortex-shedding downstream of the cylinder. Finally, the numerical results show a grid sensitivity of the morphological predictions in the lee of the cylinder that are most probably related to small-scale resolved vortical structures. This highlights the need for two-phase flow Large Eddy Simulations on this configuration in the future.

abstract: This research examines lateral separation zones and sand bar slope stability using two methods: a parallelized turbulence resolving model and full-scale laboratory experiments. Lateral flow separation occurs in rivers where banks exhibit strong curvature, for instance canyon rivers, sharp meanders and river confluences. In the Colorado River, downstream Glen Canyon Dam, lateral separation zones are the principal storage of sandbars. Maximum ramp rates have been imposed to Glen Canyon Dam operation to minimize mass loss of sandbars. Assessment of the effect of restricting maximum ramp rates in bar stability is conducted using multiple laboratory experiments. Results reveal that steep sandbar faces would rapidly erode by mass failure and seepage erosion to stable slopes, regardless of dam discharge ramp rates. Thus, continued erosion of sand bars depends primarily of turbulent flow and waves. A parallelized, three-dimensional, turbulence resolving model is developed to study flow structures in two lateral separation zones located along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The model employs a Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) technique where variables larger than the grid scale are fully resolved, while Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) variables are modeled. The DES-3D model is validated using ADCP flow measurements and skill metric scores show predictive capabilities of simulated flow. The model reproduces the patterns and magnitudes of flow velocity in lateral recirculation zones, including size and position of primary and secondary eddy cells and return current. Turbulence structures with a predominately vertical axis of vorticity are observed in the shear layer, becoming three-dimensional without preferred orientation downstream. The DES-3D model is coupled with a sediment advection-diffusion formulation, wherein advection is provided by the DES velocity field minus particles settling velocity, and diffusion is provided by the SGS. Results show a lateral recirculation zone having a continuous export and import of sediment from and to the main channel following a pattern of high frequency pulsations of positive deposition fluxes. These high frequency pulsations play an important role to prevent an oversupply of sediment within the lateral separation zones. Improved predictive capabilities are achieved with this model when compared with previous two- and three-dimensional quasi steady and steady models. / Dissertation/Thesis / Appendix C Video 3.1 / Appendix C Video 3.2 / Appendix C Video 3.3 / Appendix C Video 3.4 / Appendix C Video 3.5 / Appendix C Video 3.6 / Appendix C Video 3.7 / Appendix F Video 4.1.a / Appendix F Video 4.1.b / Appendix F Video 4.2 / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2015

Nas últimas décadas, a praia de Massaguaçu vem sofrendo processos erosivos intensos, cujos segmentos possuem taxas de recuo acentuadas, denominadas Zonas de Erosão Acentuada (ZEAs). Partindo deste problema este trabalho se propôs a entender a dinâmica sedimentar do arco praial de Massaguaçu e das possíveis causas de formação e manutenção das ZEAs. A coleta de dados se baseou no levantamento batimétrico e do clima de ondas, bem como no levantamento sonográfico de varredura lateral e na coleta de amostras de sedimento de superfície da antepraia de Massaguaçu. Para processar os dados se optou pela aplicação da modelagem numérica utilizando o modelo SWAN (propagação de ondas em águas profundas) e o modelo SMC (módulos OLUCA, COPLA e EROS, que trabalham, respectivamente, com propagação de ondas em águas rasas, simulação de correntes e simulação de transporte sedimentar). Para a formulação da discussão foram selecionados os 6 (seis) casos que apresentaram as condições de ondas mais representativas. Tais casos mostraram que a dinâmica sedimentar e os processos costeiros responsáveis pela formação e manutenção das ZEAs são controlados por dois padrões distintos de ondas incidentes. O primeiro padrão está relacionado às ondas vindas de NE - E, que geram correntes longitudinais para o sul. Suas correntes longitudinais e transversais à costa são de baixa intensidade resultando em um transporte sedimentar e em variações da morfologia praial menos intensos, além de formar células de circulação em vórtices. O segundo padrão, por sua vez, está relacionado às ondas oriundas SSE - SE - ESSE, cujas correntes litorâneas longitudinais rumam ao norte. Tais correntes longitudinais e transversais à costa, apresentam uma intensidade maior, portanto o transporte sedimentar e as variações da morfologia ao longo do arco praial são maiores bem como as células de circulação em vórtices. Partindo desses resultados, percebeu-se que as ZEAs em Massaguaçu estão ligadas a um possível aumento na frequência e na intensidade das tempestades ao longo das últimas décadas e até o presente momento, não há mecanismos naturais que revertam esta retração da linha de costa. / Over the past decades in Massaguaçu beach has happening a strong erosion process with segments that have higher retreat rates, commonly termed as Erosional Hot Spots (EHSs). This research aims the understanding of the sedimentary dynamics along the Massaguaçu embayment and also the possible causes of the formation and maintenance of the EHSs. The methodology was separately on two steps. At first we collected bathymetry, wave and side-scan sonar data, and samples of the surface sediments from the shoreface of Massaguaçu beach. Later, to analyze majority data, we chose to use numerical modeling based on the SWAN model (propagation of waves in deep water) and SMC model (modules OLUCA, COPLA and EROS, that work respectively with the propagation of waves in shallow water, the simulation of currents and finally the simulation of sediment transport). After modeling, we were able to select the 6 (six) most representative wave conditions cases. Those results show that the control of the sediment dynamics and the coastal processes responsible for the formation and the maintenance of ZEA are based on the characteristics of the incident waves. On trying to explain that process, it was possible to recognize two distinct patterns. The first pattern observed is associated with the NE - E waves, generating longshore currents to the south. In this case, both the longshore and the crosshore currents are less intense, forming cells circulation in vortex, resulting in minor variations in sediment transport and beach morphology. The second pattern is related with the SSE - SE - ESE waves, generating longshore currents to the north. In this case both the longshore and the crosshore currents are more intense, although still with occurrence of forming cells circulation in vortex, resulting in a larger sediment transport and morphological changes along the beach. Finally, what we have seem was that the ZEAs in Massaguaçu are possibly linked to a potential increment on storms frequency and intensity over the past decades and unfortunately, at present, there is still no mechanism to recover this natural retreat of the coastline.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The processes of erosion and sedimentation in a watershed cause numerous problems. Knowledge of the amount of sediment transported by rivers is really important to planning and using water resources, since the damage caused by sediments depend on the amount and nature of them, which depend on the processes of erosion, transport and deposition. This study aimed to evaluate the sediment transport in the Vacacaí-Mirim River, through measured data in the cross-section in Restinga Sêca. Thus, it was possible to quantify the average of the sediment discharge in cross-section of the river; to characterize the particle size of the transported materials; to relate the sediment discharge (Qs) and liquid discharge (Q) to the hydraulic and geometric characteristics of the section; and to indicate the sediment discharge calculation method most suitable to estimate sediment transport. To calibrate the quality of collected data, it was used the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and the index of dispersion (ID) presented by Aguirre et al. (2004), which is the average of the deviations between the calculated and measured values in the field. When it was related the Qs and Q to the hydraulic and geometric parameters of the section, it was found that Q had very strong correlation (r> 0.90) with the wet area, cross-sectional width, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius and the stage of the section. The best fit to the Qs were using the stream stage and average depth of the flow.The sediment discharge of the river was almost all wash load. The wash load particle size distribution was 57.05% of silt, 39.81% of coarse clay and 3.14% fine sand. The greater coefficient of variation was found to diameter D90 (64.31% to bed material and 73.21% to drag material. Related to particle size analysis of the bed material, it was found a predominance of sand (97.21%) and silt (2.79%), which does not differ significantly from the drag material, 97.06% sand and 2.94 % silt. After determining the rating curve of sediments, it was possible to estimate the total average of sediments discharge for the considered period, which resulted in more than 182 tons of sediment per year for the considered section. Related to procedures used to evaluate the sediment discharge, Einstein modified method was which best fit the QST measure (ID = 0.07), followed by Colby (1957), Toffaleti (1969) with ID equal to 2.04 and 3.53, respectively. To estimate the bed load discharge, the best method was Meyer-Peter & Müller (1948), resulting in a ID equal to 7.02 followed by methods of Karim (1998), Van Rijn (1984) and Cheng (2002). The methods of Modified Einstein and Colby (1957), which incorporate measured data of suspended sediment concentration (SSC), resulted in better evaluations related to sediment discharge calculated and measured. Thus, it is recommended to measure SSC and subsequently applying these two methods to determine the sediment discharge in the Vacacaí-Mirim River. / Os processos de erosão e sedimentação em uma bacia hidrográfica trazem inúmeros problemas. O conhecimento da quantidade de sedimentos transportado pelos rios é de fundamental importância para o planejamento e aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos, uma vez que os danos causados pelos sedimentos dependem da sua quantidade e natureza, os quais por sua vez, dependem dos processos de erosão, transporte e deposição. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o transporte de sedimentos no rio Vacacaí-Mirim, mediante coletas realizadas na seção transversal em Restinga Sêca. Com isso, foi possível quantificar a descarga sólida média na seção transversal do rio; caracterizar a granulometria dos materiais transportados; relacionar a descarga sólida (Qs) e líquida (Q) com as características hidráulicas e geométricas da seção; e indicar os métodos de cálculo de descarga sólida mais adequados para estimar o transporte de sedimentos. Para aferir a qualidade dos dados coletados, foi utilizado o índice de correlação de Pearson (r) e o Índice de Dispersão (ID) apresentado por Aguirre et al. (2004) que representa a média dos desvios entre os valores calculados e medidos a campo. Relacionando a Qs e Q com os parâmetros hidráulicos e geométricos da seção, verificou-se que a Q teve correlação muito forte (r>0,90) com a área molhada, largura da seção transversal, perímetro molhado, raio hidráulico e a cota da seção. Os melhores ajustes da Qs foram com a cota da régua e profundidade média do escoamento. O material em suspensão correspondeu quase que a totalidade da descarga sólida no rio. A composição granulométrica deste material foi de 57,05% silte, 39,81% de argila muito grossa e 3,14% de areia muito fina. Já para o material de leito e de arraste, o maior coeficiente de variação foi encontrado para diâmetro D90, 64,31% e 73,21%, respectivamente. Da análise granulométrica do material de leito, constatou-se a predominância de areia (97,21 %) e silte (2,79 %), o que não difere significativamente do material de arraste, 97,06% de areia e 2,94 % de silte. Após a determinação da curva-chave de sedimentos, foi possível estimar a descarga sólida total média para o período considerado, que resultou em mais de 182 mil toneladas de sedimentos ano para a seção considerada. Dos procedimentos empregados para avaliar a descarga sólida, o método Einstein modificado foi o que melhor se ajustou a QST medida (ID=0,07), seguido por Colby (1957), Toffaleti (1969) com ID igual a 2,04 e 3,53 respectivamente. Já para estimar a descarga sólida de fundo, o melhor método foi o de Meyer- Peter & Müller (1948), com ID igual a 7,02 seguido dos métodos de Karim (1998), Van Rijn (1984) e Cheng (2002). Os métodos de Einstein Modificado e Colby (1957), que incorporam dados medidos de concentração de sedimentos em suspensão (Css), resultaram em melhores avaliações com relação da descarga sólida calculada e medida. Assim, recomenda-se a realização de medidas de Css e posteriormente a aplicação destes dois métodos a fim de determinar a descarga sólida no rio Vacacaí-Mirim.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The equipment called ADCP / ADP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler / Acoustic Doppler Profiler) are being widely used in hydrometric for determining flow rates, due to faster handling and obtaining information from numerous cross sections analyzed in comparison to conventional methods. This current meter hydrostatic operation is similar to the search sonar and measuring the velocity of the stream of water on time interval and depth. Its operation is based on the principle of the Doppler effect, emitting sound waves in the water stream and a portion of these beams is reflected back to the source station and another part is absorbed by suspended sediments in the water and / or directed to points distinct source. Using this assumption, researchers are investigating if there is a possibility of relating information of sonorous intensity obtained by using ADP with SSC, thus enabling the determination of the solid discharge into waterways. To contribute to the research of the topic, this study sought to investigate this unknown in two distinct stages. The first step consisted of setting up an experimental apparatus consisting of a tank filled with water and a recirculation system. Different mixes of previously classified sands and soils were introduced into the reservoir, allowing for an artificially produced SSC. By using an ADP, concentrations were related to the different sediments while the intensity of the return signal was measured. The second stage investigation was conducted in the Vacacaí-Mirim River, which has natural flow conditions. It was sought to verify the use of ADP for turbidity, an alternative method for replacement of SSC. The general results of the laboratory analysis indicate that there is a relationship between the measure and the CSS echo measured by ADP, extracted from the average of the transducers. Only the results for Groups 1 and 2 showed low correlations and records echoes measured below the all samples collected. By applying the equations for the echos of adjustments resulting from measured samples of all groups, the linear fit showed 76% and 67% exponential fit of CSS calculated in the range of restrictive Factor 2, indicating the possibility of further assessment of sediment concentrations were obtained from eco measured by ADP. For field investigations, relating the echo with the turbidity, the results are promising, there was good correlation between the data with linear fit and 96% exponential 87% between tracks restrictive Factor 2, although few samples. In this step were identified limitations regarding the maximum value measured turbidity and this fact encourages further research on the subject. / Os equipamentos chamados de ADCP/ADP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler/ Acoustic Doppler Profiler) estão sendo amplamente utilizados na hidrometria para determinação de vazões, devido à rapidez de manuseio e na obtenção de inúmeras informações das seções transversais analisadas, em comparação aos métodos convencionais. Esse medidor de corrente hidrostático tem o funcionamento semelhante ao sonar e busca medir a velocidade da correnteza da água em intervalo tempo e profundidade. Seu funcionamento é baseado no princípio do efeito Doppler, emitindo ondas sonoras na corrente d água, sendo que uma parcela desses feixes é refletida de volta para a fonte emissora e outra parte é absorvida pelos sedimentos em suspensão na água e/ou direcionada a pontos distintos da fonte. Utilizando desta premissa, pesquisadores investigam se há a possibilidade de relacionar as informações de intensidade sonora obtidos com o uso de ADP com a concentração de sedimentos em suspensão, CSS, fato que possibilitaria a determinação da descarga sólida em cursos d água. A fim de contribuir para a pesquisa do tema, neste estudo buscou-se investigar esta incógnita em duas etapas distintas. A primeira etapa consiste na montagem de um aparato experimental composto de um reservatório preenchido de água e munido de um sistema de recirculação. Nesse reservatório foram introduzidas diferentes misturas, areias e solos previamente classificados, permitindo reproduzir artificialmente CSS. Com o uso de um ADP foram relacionadas às diferentes concentrações de sedimentos com a intensidade do sinal de retorno medido. Na segunda etapa investigativa, realizada no rio Vacacaí-Mirim, cujas condições de escoamentos são naturais, buscou-se a verificação do uso do ADP como um método alternativo para a avaliação da turbidez, que pode ser associada com a CSS. Os resultados gerais das análises em laboratório indicam que há uma relação entre a CSS medida e o eco medido pelo ADP, extraído da média dos transdutores. Somente os resultados obtidos nos testes com areias, apresentaram baixas correlações e registros de ecos medidos inferiores à todas as amostragens realizadas. Ao aplicar as equações de ajustes para os ecos medidos resultante das amostragens de areias e solos, o ajuste linear apresentou 76% e o ajuste exponencial 67% das CSS calculadas na faixa restritiva do Fator 2, ou seja, as CSS calculadas não ultrapassam duas vezes o valor de CSS medida seja para mais ou menos, indicando a possibilidade de futuras avaliações das concentrações de sedimentos serem obtidas a partir do eco medido pelo ADP. Para as investigações de campo, relacionando o eco com a turbidez, os resultados são promissores, houve boa correlação entre os dados, com ajuste linear 96% e exponencial de 87% entre as faixas restritivas do Fator 2, apesar de poucas amostragens. Nesta etapa foram identificadas limitações referentes ao valor máximo medido de turbidez e este fato incentiva novas pesquisas sobre tema.

abstract: Worldwide, rivers and streams make up dense, interconnected conveyor belts of sediment– removing carved away earth and transporting it downstream. The propensity of alluvial river beds to self-organize into complex trains of bedforms (i.e. ripples and dunes) suggests that the associated fluid and sediment dynamics over individual bedforms are an integral component of bedload transport (sediment rolled or bounced along the river bed) over larger scales. Generally speaking, asymmetric bedforms (such as alluvial ripples and dunes) migrate downstream via erosion on the stoss side of the bedform and deposition on the lee side of the bedform. Thus, the migration of bedforms is intrinsically linked to the downstream flux of bedload sediment. Accurate quantification of bedload transport is important for the management of waters, civil engineering, and river restoration efforts. Although important, accurate qualification of bedload transport is a difficult task that continues t elude researchers. This dissertation focuses on improving our understanding and quantification of bedload transport on the two spatial scales: the bedform scale and the reach (~100m) scale. Despite a breadth of work investigating the spatiotemporal details of fluid dynamics over bedforms and bedload transport dynamics over flat beds, there remains a relative dearth of investigations into the spatiotemporal details of bedload transport over bedforms and on a sub-bedform scale. To address this, we conducted two sets of flume experiments focused on the two fundamental regions of flow associated with bedforms: flow separation/reattachment on the lee side of the bedform (Chapter 1; backward facing-step) and flow reacceleration up the stoss side of the next bedform (Chapter 2; two-dimensional bedform). Using Laser and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry to record fluid turbulent events and manual particle tracking of high-speed imagery to record bedload transport dynamics, we identified the existence and importance of “permeable splat events” in the region proximal to flow reattachment. These coupled turbulent and sediment transport events are integral to the spatiotemporal pattern of bedload transport over bedforms. Splat events are localized, high magnitude, intermittent flow features in which fluid impinges on the bed, infiltrates the top portion of bed, and then exfiltrates in all directions surrounding the point of impingement. This initiates bedload transport in a radial pattern. These turbulent structures are primarily associated with quadrant 1 and 4 turbulent structures (i.e. instantaneous fluid fluctuations in the streamwise direction that bring fluid down into the bed in the case of quadrant 1 events, or up away from the bed in the case of quadrant 4 events) and generate a distinct pattern of bedload transport compared to transport dynamics distal to flow reattachment. Distal to flow reattachment, bedload transport is characterized by relatively unidirectional transport. The dynamics of splat events, specifically their potential for inducing significant magnitudes of cross-stream transport, has important implications for the evolution of bedforms from simple, two dimensional features to complex, three-dimensional features. New advancements in sonar technology have enabled more detailed quantification of bedload transport on the reach scale, a process paramount to the effective management of rivers with sand or gravel-dominated bed material. However, a practical and scalable field methodology for reliably estimating bedload remains elusive. A popular approach involves calculating transport from the geometry and celerity of migrating bedforms, extracted from time-series of bed elevation profiles (BEPs) acquired using echosounders. Using two sets of repeat multibeam sonar surveys from the Diamond Creek USGS gage station in Grand Canyon National Park with large spatio-temporal resolution and coverage, we compute bedload using three field techniques for acquiring BEPs: repeat multi-, single-, and multiple single-beam sonar. Significant differences in flux arise between repeat multibeam and single beam sonar. Mulitbeam and multiple single beam sonar systems can potentially yield comparable results, but the latter relies on knowledge of bedform geometries and flow that collectively inform optimal beam spacing and sampling rate. These results serve to guide design of optimal sampling, and for comparing transport estimates from different sonar configurations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2018

A Área Portuária do Maranhão constitui-se no segundo maior complexo portuário da América Latina e um dos maiores do mundo em termos de movimentação de carga, com mais de 85 milhões de toneladas movimentadas em 2006, isto é mais de 15% da movimentação portuária anual do país. Tendo em vista a grande quantidade de informações disponíveis da região de estudo, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar amplamente a circulação de correntes de maré e o transporte de sedimentos associado na área portuária do Maranhão através de modelação numérica com utilização do software MIKE 21 - módulos HD e ST. Os resultados obtidos no modelo hidrodinâmico permitiram verificar a eficiência do modelo em representar as características recirculatórias na área do PDM. De forma similar, o modelo de transporte de areia representou com fidelidade a evolução dos fundos e as taxas de sedimentação da área de estudo. Por fim, ressalta-se a importância de um trabalho como este em âmbito nacional, posto que é singular o acompanhamento detalhado da implantação de um grande complexo portuário, contribuindo para a redução do empirismo adotado nos projetos e operações portuárias. / Maranhão Harbour Area is the second biggest port complex in cargo handling of Latin America and one of the greatest of the world, with more than 85 million tons loading rate in 2006, which is more than 15% of the annual cargo handling of the country. Considering the great amount of available information of the study region, the main purpose of this work is to describe the tidal currents circulation and corresponding sediment transport in the Maranhão Harbour Area through numerical model applying the software MIKE 21 - HD and ST. The hydrodynamic model results permitted to check the accuracy of the model in reproducing the currents recirculation patterns in the area of PDM. The model of the sand transport reproduced with accuracy the bottom evolution and sedimentation rates. At last, it is important to emphasize this research in the national context, because is unique such continuous detailed Harbour Complex project improvement, contributing to reduce the simple empirical project and operation procedure.

Orientador: Evaldo Miranda Coiado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Civil / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T19:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soldera_PauloEduardodosSantos_M.pdf: 6673990 bytes, checksum: 24e40e395beaafaa7bb5a785e84f69a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: A perda de carga, de misturas sólido-líquidas escoando em condutos forçados horizontais no regime heterogêneo, pode ser calculada, conhecendo-se um parâmetro adimensional «I» de transporte de sedimento. Este adimensional depende: da velocidade média do escoamento, da densidade relativa e do tamanho dos grãos sólidos, do diâmetro do conduto, e de uma constante determinada experimentalmente (KD). Dentro da literatura sobre o assunto, a constante KD assume diversos valores, dependendo do autor, o que deixa dúvidas se realmente ela é uma constante. Para a mistura água-areia, calculou-se os valores de KD, que se trata de um parâmetro que depende da vazão do escoamento, do diâmetro dos sólidos e da concentração da mistura, e não uma constante como se encontra na literatura. Para a mistura água-calcário, não se pode obter valores coerentes para KD. Esse comportamento atípico deve-se ao pequeno diâmetro representativo desse sólido. Foi desenvolvido uma equação para calcular o fator de atrito f da Fórmula Universal de Perda de Carga, de forma que se possa dimensionar uma tubulação de recalque para transporte dessa mistura / Abstract: The head loss of solid-liquid draining mixtures in horizontal forced conduits in the heterogeneous regimen, can be calculated by knowing a parameter «I» of adimensional sediment carrier. This adimensional depends on the draining average speed, on the relative density and the solid grain size, on the conduit diameter, and on experimentally determined constant (KD). In this subject literature, constant KD assumes diverse values, depending on the author, what it means that it is not sure it is really a constant. For the mixture water-sand, one calculated the values of KD, that if deals with a parameter that depends on the outflow of the draining, of the diameter of solids and the concentration of the mixture, and not a constant as if it finds in literature. For the watercalcareous mixture, it is impossible to get coherent values for KD. This atypical behavior is due to the small representative diameter of this solid. An equation was developed to calculate the attrition factor f of the Head Loss Universal formula, on such way it can measure a stresses tubing to carry this mixture / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Todos os cursos de água carream sedimentos com maior ou menor intensidade, sendo responsáveis pela redução da calha de rios e volume de reservatórios. O assoreamento dos reservatórios reduz sua vida útil, comprometendo os sistemas de geração de energia, de navegação, de irrigação, gerando problemas de ordem ambiental. Neste contexto, subsídios ao processo de gerenciamento dos reservatórios pela predição do assoreamento, tornam-se necessários. O reservatório Represa Velha, situado na bacia hidrográfica do Mogi Guaçu, foi escolhido para estudo de caso pela disponibilidade de dados batimétricos, de vazão e de sedimentos. Com os recursos da dinâmica dos fluidos computacional (DFC), é utilizado o programa MIKE 21C. A solução das equações hidrodinâmicas (Saint-Venant 2D) integradas na vertical, tiveram como condição de contorno a vazão constante em cada período da medição, na entrada do reservatório, e a altura de água constante, para cada dado de vazão, no canal de saída. A calibração do modelo numérico foi feita para os dados temporais de vazão, concentração de sedimentos e batimetrias do reservatório. Com dados da primeira batimetria e campanhas batimétricas sucessivas, foi realizada a comparação entre os resultados obtidos pela simulação numérica e aqueles medidos em campo. As dificuldades e limitações encontradas neste processo são comentadas. / All rivers transport sediments with bigger or smaller intensity, being responsible for the reduction of their channel and volume of reservoirs. The sedimentation of reservoirs reduces their useful life, compromising energy generation systems, navigation, irrigation, and generating problems of environmental order. In this context, subsidies to the process of reservoirs management for the prediction of sedimentation become necessary. The reservoir Represa Velha, located in the Mogi Guaçu\'s watershed, was chosen as a case study because of its available data of bathymetry, flow and sediment discharge. With the resources of computational fluids dynamics (CFD), the program MIKE 21C was used. In the solution of the problem are used the hydrodynamic equations (Saint-Venant 2D) integrated in the vertical. The boundary conditions are the constant flow, in each period of the measurement, at the entrance of the reservoir, and the constant water level, for each flow measured, at the exit channel. The calibration of the numeric model was developed with data from previews work, of flow, sediment concentration and reservoir bathymetry. The numerical data were compared with the measured sedimentation. The difficulties and limitations found in this process are commented on.

Orientadores: Eugênio Spanó Rosa, Erick de Moraes Franklin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T18:21:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_FabiolaTocchinide_M.pdf: 4897680 bytes, checksum: 594ff391035bd0cca23d8d6ccc9465f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O transporte de grãos por um fluido em escoamento é frequentemente encontrado na natureza e na indústria. Está presente, por exemplo, na erosão das margens de rios, na migração de dunas no deserto e no transporte de areia em dutos. O mecanismo de transporte se dá através da transferência da quantidade de movimento do fluido para os grãos. Quando a força exercida pelo fluido no leito granular é capaz de mover alguns grãos, mas é relativamente pequena comparada ao peso dos grãos, o escoamento não é capaz de transportar os grãos como suspensão. Forma-se uma camada móvel de grãos em contato com a parte fixa do leito, conhecida como leito móvel (em inglês, 'bed-load'). Se o fluido é um líquido, a espessura desta camada móvel é de apenas alguns diâmetros de grão. A transferência de quantidade de movimento do fluido para os grãos altera o campo de escoamento tornando o perfil de velocidades diferente do caso de leito fixo. Este trabalho está interessado em entender as mudanças que acontecem no escoamento de um líquido turbulento devido à presença de um leito granular móvel, este fenômeno é conhecido como 'feed-back effect'. Os experimentos foram realizados em um canal horizontal de seção retangular e o equipamento de medida PIV (em inglês, 'Particle Image Velocimetry') foi usado para medir o escoamento turbulento de água sobre leitos granulares fixos e móveis. Os perfis de velocidade sobre leito granular fixo e móvel foram medidos para dois diferentes tamanhos de grãos, 160 'mi'm e 360 'mi'm, para a mesma vazão, em condições próximas ao limite de mobilidade dos grãos. Esta é a primeira vez que esta perturbação é experimentalmente medida no caso de escoamento turbulento de líquidos em regime hidraulicamente liso / Abstract: The transport of granular matter by a fluid flow is frequently found in nature and in industry. It is present for example, in the erosion of river banks, in the displacement of desert dunes and on the transport of sand in hydrocarbon pipelines. The entraining mechanism is the momentum transfer from the fluid flow to the grains. When the forces exerted by the fluid flow on the granular bed are able to move some grains, but are relatively small compared to the grains weight, the flow is not able to transport grains as a suspension. Instead a mobile layer of grains, known as bed-load, takes place. If the fluid is a liquid, the bed-load thickness is only a few grains diameters. The momentum transfer from the fluid to the mobile layer alters the fluid flow itself, i. e., the fluid flow is different from that if the bed were static. In this work we are interested in quantifying the changes (perturbation) caused by a mobile layer of grains (granular transport as bed-load) on a turbulent liquid flow. The experiments were performed on a horizontal closed-conduit channel of rectangular cross section and a PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) device was used to measure the turbulent water flow over fixed and mobile granular beds. The turbulent fully-developed velocity profiles over fixed and mobile granular beds were measured for two different diameter of grains, 160 'mi'm and 360 'mi'm, for roughly the same water flow rates, in conditions near the threshold of the bed-load. The spatial resolution of the measurements allows the experimental quantification of this perturbation and comparison with bed-load theories. The mean flow profiles were obtained, so that the effects of bed-load on the shear stress could be determined. This is the first time that this perturbation is experimentally measured in the case of turbulent flows of liquids / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica