Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_karla_crystina_rosa.pdf: 310466 bytes, checksum: 2495b6d0ae41529292baf6f7d6b1198d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-02 / The seed treatment has been widely used in agronomy, since this practice is considered an instrument of control of pests and diseases, as well as an alternative to higher productivity. Thus, it becomes very relevant, because it is linked to the quality, vigor and germination. These attributes can allow the high development of a productive crop. This study aims to evaluate the effect of treatment in corn seeds with thiamethoxam, stored after treatment of 180 days under different conditions. It was conducted at the Seed Processing Unit of Biomatrix Company, at Patos de Minas (MG), Brazil. Seeds from three maize hybrids, received the treatment routinely used by the company (Deltamethrin - Decis®, pirimiphos-methyl - Actellic 500 EC® and Captan). The experimental treatment consisted of using a product based on thiamethoxam (120 mL per 60.000 seeds), combined with storage with and without temperature control. It was evaluated by germination and cold test with soil immediately after treatment and at the 60th, 120th and 180th days of storage. During storage, vigor of corn seeds treated with thiamethoxam is influenced negatively. The physiological quality of corn seeds treated with thiamethoxam hybrid is dependent on the employee. / O tratamento de sementes vem sendo muito utilizado no mercado agronômico, uma vez que esta prática é considerada um instrumento de controle de pragas e doenças, bem como, uma alternativa para uma maior produtividade. Dessa forma, o tema torna-se relevante, pois está associado à germinação e ao vigor. Estes atributos por sua vez podem permitir o alto desenvolvimento produtivo de uma lavoura. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes de milho com tiametoxam, armazenadas após tratamento por 180 dias em diferentes condições. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Unidade de Beneficiamento de Sementes da Empresa Biomatrix, na cidade de Patos de Minas (MG). Foram utilizadas sementes de milho de três híbridos, 2 triplo e 1 simples, que receberam o tratamento utilizado rotineiramente pela empresa (Deltametrin, Metil-pirifós e Captan). O tratamento experimental consistiu na utilização de um produto a base de tiametoxam (120 ml/ 60.000 mil sementes), combinado com armazenamento com e sem controle de temperatura. Foram realizadas avaliações com teste de germinação e teste de frio, com solo imediatamente após o tratamento aos 60, 120 e 180 dias de armazenamento. Ao longo do armazenamento, o vigor de sementes de milho tratadas com tiametoxam são influenciadas negativamente. A qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho, tratadas com tiametoxam é dependente do híbrido empregado.

Orientador: João Vasconcellos Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:02:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cortinoz_JanainaRosa_M.pdf: 4578182 bytes, checksum: 437846becfcb9944124c33d6a5acf722 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Plantas com sementes grandes, como palmeiras, são mais afetadas em áreas defaunadas. A redução de dispersores de sementes resulta em maior acumulo de sementes sob a planta-mãe, onde a predação e mais intensa. Roedores e besouros são os principais predadores de sementes de palmeiras e podem interagir entre si, competindo por sementes, ou com roedores predando larvas de besouros ao consumirem sementes previamente infestadas. Ainda, besouros podem ter suas larvas atacadas por vespas parasitóides. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da dispersão e predação de sementes da palmeira Syagrus romanzoffiana por vertebrados sobre a predação de sementes por besouros e o ataque de parasitóides em locais que diferem entre si quanto a presença de vertebrados dispersores e/ou predadores de sementes. As coletas foram realizadas na Serra do Japi em Jundiaí, Reserva Municipal Mata de Santa Genebra, Bosque dos Jequitibás e no campus da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, em Campinas. A predação de sementes por vertebrados e besouros foi comparada entre as áreas. Dados a respeito da fenologia reprodutiva da palmeira e taxas mensais de remoção de frutos por vertebrados e predação de sementes pré e pós-dispersão por besouros foram coletados para avaliar como as interações ocorrem ao longo do período de frutificação da planta. A predação de sementes por besouros foi negativamente relacionada a predação por vertebrados, sendo maior em áreas onde vertebrados predadores de sementes estão ausentes ou em baixas densidades, como Unicamp e Mata de Santa Genebra. A predação por bruquídeos foi menor na presença de esquilos na Serra do Japi e cutias no Bosque dos Jequitibás, mas a predação por curculionídeos foi menor apenas na Serra do Japi. O que pode indicar que o consumo de sementes por vertebrados deve reduzir a quantidade de sementes disponíveis para besouros bruquídeos, e/ou que ha predação intraguilda de larvas de bruquídeos por esquilos e cutias, mas que cutias, provavelmente rejeitam sementes atacadas por curculionídeos. A produção de flores e frutos imaturos foi semelhante entre as áreas, mas o encontro de frutos maduros foi menor na Serra do Japi e com o pico de produção deslocado em relação as outras áreas, possivelmente devido a alta predação de sementes por esquilos nesse local. A predação de sementes pré-dispersão pelo besouro Revena rubiginosa (Curculionidae) ocorreu em todos os meses e o período de oviposição dos besouros não apresentou relação com a disponibilidade de frutos imaturos. Besouros das famílias Bruchidae e Scolytidae predaram as sementes pós-dispersão, que foi maior onde a remoção de sementes por vertebrados foi menor e não esteve relacionada a disponibilidade de frutos maduros e a predação pré-dispersão. Larvas de R. rubiginosa e de bruquideos foram atacadas por vespas parasitoides da família Braconidae na Unicamp e Mata de Santa Genebra. O período de oviposição das vespas não apresentou relação com as taxas de predação dos besouros, e sim com o clima. Dessa forma, como não foram encontrados indícios que sementes sejam recursos limitantes para besouros, a predação de sementes por esses insetos parece ser limitada pela remoção e predação de sementes por vertebrados. Na ausência de vertebrados dispersores e/ou predadores de sementes que controlem a predação por besouros o ataque de parasitóides as larvas e maior / Abstract: Plants with large seeds such as palm trees are more affected in defaunated areas. The absence of seed dispersers results in a higher accumulation of seeds beneath the parent plant, where seed predation is more intense. Rodents and beetles are major predators of palm seed and can interact with each other, competing for seeds. Rodents can also prey on beetles' larvae when consume seed previously infested, and beetles may have their larvae attacked by parasitoid wasps. Thus, the aim of this work was investigate the effects of seed dispersal and predation of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana by vertebrates on seed predation by beetles and the parasitoid attack in areas that differ with regard to the presence of vertebrate seed dispersers and/or predators. Data was collected at four sites. One of them at Jundiai, at Serra do Japi, and other three at Campinas, SP: Mata de Santa Genebra Municipal Reserve, Bosque dos Jequitibas and Campinas State University's Campus. Seed predation by vertebrates and beetles was compared between areas. Data regarding to the reproductive phenology and monthly rates of pre- and post-dispersal seed predation by beetles were also collected to assess how the interaction occurs throughout of the fruiting season of the plant. Seed predation by beetles was negatively related to seed predation by vertebrates, being higher in areas where vertebrate seed predators are absent or present in low densities, as at Unicamp and Mata de Santa Genebra. Seed predation by bruchids beetles was lower in the presence of the squirrels at Serra do Japi and agoutis at Bosque dos Jequitibas, but seed predation by weevils was lower only at Serra do Japi. These findings may indicate that the consumption of S. romanzoffiana seeds by vertebrates should reduce the amount of seeds available for bruchids beetles, and/or there are intraguild predation on larvae of bruchids by squirrels and agoutis, but agoutis probably reject seeds infested by weevils larvae. The flower and unripe fruit production was similar in all areas, but ripe fruit production was smaller at Serra do Japi, with a displaced peak when compared to the other sites, probably due to the high seed predation by squirrel in this area. Pre-dispersal seed predation by the beetle Revena rubiginosa (Curculionidae) occurred in all months and the period of beetles' oviposition was not related to the unripe fruits availability. Bruchids and scolytids beetles prey on post dispersed seeds, which was greater where the seed removal by vertebrate was lower. Also the post dispersal seed predation was not related to the ripe fruits availability neither to the pre dispersal seed predation. Larvae of R. rubiginosa and bruchids were attacked by braconids wasps at Unicamp and Mata de Santa Genebra. The oviposition by parasitoids was not related to the rates of seed predation by beetles, but was related to the climate. Thus, in the lack of evidence that seeds are a restrict resource, the seed predation by these insects seems to be limited by seed removal and predation by vertebrates. In the absence of vertebrate seed dispersers and/or predators, which control the seed predation by beetles, the attack by parasitoids wasps is higher / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

ZELNÍČKOVÁ Marta: Optimizing of heat treatment of casting produced by SEED method. This work deals with designing optimum heat treatment method for casting alloy AlSi7Mg0,3, cast by SEED. Different temperature and times are tested in regimes of heat treatment, mechanical properties are determined with dependence of on the heat treatment method and optimal temperature regime is determined from the detected values.

Laboratory and field feeding tests with Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann proved that both immature and mature seed bugs can use cones and foliage of whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis Engelmann, as a food source for 1- to 2-week periods. Damage to unprotected whitebark pine cones by seed bugs ranged from 0.3 to 2.1 % of seeds per cone, and for bagged cones averaged 0.7% of seeds per cone. Total insect damage ranged from 0.4 to 7.2% of seeds per cone. A seed chalcid, Megastigmus sp., was documented for the first time on whitebark pine and damaged 4.7% of examined seeds at one site. Four out of five upper elevation subsites had an average of 24.9% fewer filled seeds per cone than lower elevation subsites. Within-site elevation differences had no significant effect on cone length, number of seeds per cone, percentage of potential seeds per cone, or percentages of seed bug and insect-damaged seeds per cone. The larch cone fly Strobilomyia macalpinei Michelsen was found in cones of alpine larch, Larix lyallii Parl., in the Bitterroot Range of Montana. This is the first record of this species in the United States and the first since its description in 1988. Ninety-four percent of a sample of alpine larch cones were damaged by cone fly larvae, and 64% contained larvae or puparia. Colored traps did not succeed in trapping adult cone flies in an alpine larch stand with no cone crop.

Within the last two decades substantial progress has been made in understanding seed bank dynamics and the contribution of the soil seed bank to a post-disturbance plant community. There has been relatively little progress, however, in understanding perennial bud bank dynamics and the contribution of the soil bud bank to secondary succession. This lack of information is due primarily to the inability to reliably identify roots, rhizomes, and lignotubers that lie dormant beneath the soil surface. This scientific investigation, therefore, addressed the issue of identification of belowground woody structures. The first objective was to develop a methodology that utilizes molecular tools to reliably identify woody plant species from subsoil tissue samples. The second objective was to create a key in which molecular markers serve as criteria for identification and differentiation of selected tree and shrub species common to the mountains of northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. Application of restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified rbcL gene products proved to be a reliable method to identify and differentiate 15 plants to the genus level. Two restriction enzymes, DPN II and Hha I, cut (or do not cut) the PCR-rbcL product into one to six fragments. Fragment number and length are used to develop an identification key. Plants not analyzed in this key may share the same banding patterns , resulting in a false-positive identification of unknowns. Future research needs and management implications are discussed.

Two field trials were conducted to determine the impact of water management on the efficacy of insecticide seed treatments against rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, in rice at the Delta Research and Extension Center during 2011 and 2012. The performance of thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, and clothianidin was evaluated when the permanent flood was established at different timings (6 and 8 weeks after planting) and the effect of flush number (0, 1, or 2) on seed treatment performance was evaluated. Seed treatment efficacy was not impacted by delayed flooding, but 2 flushes reduced efficacy of some seed treatments. Experiments were also conducted to determine the impact of reduced seeding rates found in hybrid rice production on the efficacy of insecticide seed treatments targeting rice water weevil. Efficacy was similar when comparing currently labeled rates of thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, and clothianidin with higher rates of these products.

The harsh environmental and poor economic conditions of the Bolivian Altiplano require intervention to assist many of those that live there to become economically self-sufficient. We attempted to find introduced dry season reserve forage grasses that could produce enough biomass to be useful as feed for livestock, and that could also produce enough seed to distribute to farmers. While some of the grasses produced reasonable amounts of biomass, none produced seed in quantities that would be even close to being economically viable. The most likely cause of this is that the timing of resources that the grasses need to flower is very different between Bolivia and the areas from which the grasses originally came. We concluded that either the conditions under which the grasses are grown would need to be changed (i.e., earlier irrigation), or pre-adapted native species should be used. Native forbs are a critical component of any natural ecosystem, and thus should be included in wildland restoration projects. However, because the seed is currently collected by hand from the wild, it is very expensive, and this limits the ability of land managers to utilize it. A possible solution to this dilemma is for growers to commercially produce the seed and thus drive down the cost. In such a situation, it would be necessary to use herbicides to control competing weeds. We analyzed the effects of 5 herbicides on 7 species of native Utah forbs at 3 growth stages to learn which herbicides could safely be used on the test plants. We found that the plants' reaction the herbicides is largely species- and growth-stage specific.

Penstemon gibbensii and Penstemon haydenii are two rare, perennial forbs inhabiting remote areas of the western United States. P. gibbensii is listed as a sensitive species by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming (Heidel, 2009). P. haydenii was designated as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1987 (Heidel, 2012). This thesis research was geared toward helping land managers in their efforts to protect and rehabilitate these species by providing understanding on different aspects of their seed ecology. My first study was a laboratory experiment performed on P. gibbensii and P. haydenii seed germination response to moist chilling and dry after-ripening. Wild harvested seeds were subjected to moist chilling at 2-4 °C for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks and held in dry storage for approximately 2 years to determine effective methods for breaking primary dormancy. P. gibbensii seed germination increased consistently with increased length of chilling up to 16 weeks and exhibited habitat-correlated variation in this response. P. haydenii seed germination increased from 1 to 100% germination with 4 weeks of chilling. P. haydenii germination was greatest (96%) when incubated under a cool, diurnally-fluctuating temperature regime (10-20 °C) and responded positively to dry storage, increasing germination from 0 to 15%. My second study was an in situ field study designed to characterize the active seed bank of P. haydenii. We set up a transect line across a P. haydenii population and measured the number of seeds entering the seed bank, lost to predation post-dispersal, and persisting in the seed bank. P. haydenii does not appear to form an ecologically significant seed bank. Approximately 140 seeds/ 10m2 could potentially enter the seed bank but only 1 seed in the upper 10cm of sand persisted. Heavy post-dispersal insect predation resulted in a decrease in viability of nearly 30% in exposed P. haydenii seeds after just 12 hours. My third study explored the effects of burial by sand on P. haydenii. Wild-harvested seeds were planted in pots at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10cm deep in sand and incubated at 10-20 °C. Seed germination and mortality and seedling emergence were measured. The response of dormant seeds to post-burial incubation was determined. Burial depth decreased seedling emergence and seed germination. Shallow burial appears to induce secondary dormancy for seeds that don't germinate quickly, whereas deep burial appears to impose enforced dormancy in burial.

Seed germination during unhospitable environmental conditions can be a major barrier to direct seeding efforts in dryland systems. In the sagebrush steppe, Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis and Artemisia arbuscula are important shrub species that are being used in restoration, but seeding success is highly sporadic due to inter-annual and intra-seasonal weather variability. Altering and expanding the period of germination, as a form of bet-hedging, may improve plant establishment. Our objective was to determine if we could expand the period of germination using plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied in a conglomerated seed coating treatment. In a laboratory study, the seed was either left untreated, conglomerated separately with two concentrations of a germination inhibitor, abscisic acid (ABA), or with two different germination promoters, gibberellic acid (GA3) and 1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor to ethylene. Seeds were incubated in a loam soil at five constant temperatures (5-25 C) for approximately three months. Results indicate that seed treatments with PGRs can delay or speed germination. The greatest response to the seed treatments was observed at 5 C. For example, at this temperature PGRs delayed the time for 25% of the seeds to germinate by a maximum of 35 and 21 d and decreased this time by 5 and 25 d for A. t. ssp. Wyomingensis and A. arbuscula, respectively. Field studies are needed to determine if the bet-hedging strategy developed in this study will increase the likelihood that some seeds will germinate during periods that are more favorable for plant establishment.

No description available.