For a long time studies were focused on searching optimal conditions of germination of individual species. During the last few years studies have started to search for a relationship between germination and various species characteristics. Most of them, however, use only one temperature during germination tests. Very few studies use more than one temperature during the germination tests. In the last years studies started also to compare germination between rare and common species, but these studies compare just a few species. There are no studies which would compare germination on broader range of species. Aim of this study was to indentify which factors are determing germination of species and to find relationships between germination and characteristics of rare species (n=62). Another aim was to find out differences in germination of pairs (n=24) of closely related rare and common species. To test the germination I have chosen a methodology with several consecutive temperatures. Throughout the time of testing , the seeds were placed either in light or in dark. The dataset was processed by linear regression. The results show that germination requirements of species are determinet by time of flowering, weight of seeds, dispersal mode, species requirements for soil humidity and nutrients and type of...

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Orlei Amilton de Carvalho.pdf: 1346413 bytes, checksum: ba951aab2085750ba11ae6bbbcc3d2b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-09 / Brazil is the world's largest producer of Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean specie,however the average productivity is still low. The seed quality is directly correlated with the crop productivity and its profit. In a lot of bean seeds, the best results are from biggest seeds. Therefore the results vary and there is no consensus on how and under what conditions this might occur. Thus, the objective of this research was evaluate the relationship between seed quality and seed sieve classification. Some results, related to physical and physiological parameters, showed the best quality of seeds classified by thickness in 5,5 mm sieve compared to seeds classified in 4,76 mm and 4,3 mm sieves.For field results, there was seed size influence for height of pod insertion, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod, with a decrease in plants grown from seeds with a thickness of 4.36 mm. Then, there is difference in seed bean quality, cultivar IPR Tangará, classified by thickness; the yield compounds were affected by seed bean classification; bean seed classified by thickness in 4,9 mm sieve reduced yield. / O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de feijão, da espécie Phaseolus vulgaris L., entretanto a produtividade média é baixa. A qualidade de semente utilizada relaciona-se com a produtividade e o lucro obtido. Em um lote de sementes de feijão, as de maior tamanho podem gerar plântulas com melhor desenvolvimento que favorecem o rendimento no final do ciclo das plantas. No entanto, os resultados obtidos variam e não há consenso de como e em quais condições isso pode ocorrer. Assim, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar as relações entre a classificação e a qualidade das sementes de feijão. Alguns resultados, relacionados aos parâmetros físico e fisiológico, mostraram diferenças de qualidade em função da classificação por espessura, principalmente entre as peneiras de 5,5 mm e as de 4,76 e 4,36 mm. Os resultados dos parâmetros avaliados em campo determinaram a influência da espessura da semente na altura de inserção de vagens, no número de vagens por planta e de grãos por vagem, havendo o decréscimo em plantas oriundas de sementes com espessura de 4,36 mm. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que sementes de feijão, cultivar IPR Tangará, têm diferença de qualidade em função da classificação por espessura; os componentes do rendimento são afetados pela classificação das sementes; as sementes com espessura inferior a 4,9 mm proporcionam os menores rendimentos.

Uma das técnicas de restauração ecológica de vegetação nativa testada é a semeadura direta ou plantio de sementes, que pode diminuir custos, facilitar a implantação e a adaptação rápida da espécie ao ambiente comparando ao plantio de mudas. Porém, essa técnica não suplantou o plantio de mudas e um dos questionamentos é sobre abaixa germinação das sementes e do desconhecimento das práticas adequadas de semeio. Portanto, nessa pesquisa avaliaram-se a qualidade, características e desempenho de sementes de cinco espécies florestais nativas, testando também algumas técnicas de semeio no campo. As sementes utilizadas são de espécies arbóreas de recobrimento: Croton floribundus, Croton urucurana, Guazuma ulmifolia, Solanum granulosoleprosum e Trema micrantha de dois lotes (um comprado no mercado e outro colhido pelo pesquisador no campo).A qualidade dessas sementes foi determinada por meio dos parâmetros físicos: pureza, teor de água, massa de mil sementes, largura, comprimento, área, circularidade, cor (sistemas RGB e banda G), peso e densidade aparente; fisiológicos: a velocidade e a taxa de emergência das plântulas e sanitário: avaliação dos fungos presentes nas sementes. Métodos para o beneficiamento dos lotes de sementes, a partir dos parâmetros físicos foram testados. E foram avaliadas a profundidade de semeadura e a emergência das plântulas das sementes tratadas e não-tratadas através do priming, testados em laboratório e em campo. A caracterização física dos lotes (comprado e colhido) foi semelhante (pureza e teor de água), as outras medidas físicas foram em geral diferentes entre os lotes e geralmente maiores para o lote colhido, e apenas para a G. ulmifolia o lote comprado foi superior. Fisiologicamente, os lotes (comprado e colhido) foram similares, porém o lote de G. ulmifolia comprado e de T. micrantha colhido emergiram mais, e as demais espécies foram semelhantes. O mesmo pode-se afirmar para o índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas (IVEP), que também foram semelhantes entre os lotes, mas não para TMEP (Tempo Médio de Emergências das Plântulas). Para sanidade, os lotes colhidos obtiveram menor incidência de fungos fitopatogênicos. A densidade aparente foi a variável mais correlacionada com a emergência das sementes. Já as melhores profundidades de semeadura foram de 1 cm para a S. granulosoleprosum, 2 cm para a G. ulmifolia e de 1-2 cm para as demais espécies. O priming foi significativo, em laboratório, para C. floribundus em emergência, IVEP e TMEP, e T. micrantha em IVEP. Em campo, o priming reduziu o TMEP de C. floribundus e de T. micrantha, e melhorou o IVEP desta. As espécies mais recomendadas para semeadura direta a partir da emergência em campo são: S. granulosoleprosum >C. floribundus >G. ulmifolia >C. urucurana >T. micrantha. O monitoramento de emergência das plântulas pode ser realizado em 50 dias para S. granulosoleprosum, 65 dias para T. micrantha e 30 dias para as demais. Concluem-se que os lotes (comprados ou colhidos) são adequados, o uso da densidade aparente é o melhor método de beneficiamento e não houve benefícios significativos com o priming. Essas práticas podem ser empregadas em semeadura direta em restauração ecológica. / One of ecological restoration techniques for native vegetation tested is the direct sowing or planting seeds, which can lower costs, easy deployment and rapid adaptation of species to the environment compared to planting seedlings. However, this technique does not supplanted the planting of seedlings and one of the questions is on the low germination of native species and the lack of best practices of sowing. Therefore, in this study it was evaluated the quality, features and performance of five native species seeds, also testing some sowing techniques in the field. The seeds used were tree species filling, Croton floribundus, Croton urucurana, Guazuma ulmifolia, Solanum granulosoleprosum and Trema micrantha two lots (one purchased in the market and another collected by the researcher in the field). The quality of these seeds was determined by the physical parameters: purity, water content, mass of thousand seeds, width, length, area, roundness, color (RGB systems and G band), weight and specific gravity; Physiological: the speed and the emergence rate of seedlings and health: assessment of fungi present in the seeds. Methods for processing of seed lots, from the physical parameters had tested. And it evaluated the depth of sowing and seedling emergence of seeds treated and non-treated by priming, tested in laboratory and on field. Physical characteristics of the lots (purchased and harvested) was similar (purity and water content), other physical measurements were generally different between lots and generally larger for the lot harvested, and only for the G. ulmifolia purchased lot was higher. Physiologically, lots (purchased and harvested) were similar, but G. ulmifolia purchased lot emerged more and T. micrantha harvested lot was better, and the other species were similar. The same said for the seedling emergence speed index (SESI), which were also similar between lots, but not for MTES (Mean Time Emergencies of Seedlings). For sanity, lots harvested was lower incidence of pathogenic fungi. The specific gravity was the most correlated variable with the emergence of seeds. Already the best sowing depths were 1 cm for S. granulosoleprosum, 2 cm to G. ulmifolia and 1-2 cm for other species. The priming was significant in the laboratory for C. floribundus in emergency, SESI and MTES, and T. micrantha in SESI. In the field, the priming reduced the MTES for C. floribundus and T. micrantha, and improved SESI this. The most recommended species for direct sowing on field in emergency are: S. granulosoleprosum>C. floribundus>G. ulmifolia>C. urucurana>T. micrantha. The emergency monitoring of seedlings can be done in 50 days for S. granulosoleprosum, 65 days for T. micrantha and 30 days for the other. To conclude that lots (purchased or harvested) are suitable, the use of the specific gravity is the best processing method and no significant benefits with priming. These practices may be employment in direct sowing in ecological restoration.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura_C_N_Freitas.pdf: 1096861 bytes, checksum: 694783ae586bc192e73b8efc7dfa8702 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of the study was to characterize biometric and physical aspects and evaluate the physiological quality of seeds Cupania vernalis from different local harvest in three municipalities in western Paraná and standardize the tetrazolium test to assess the viability of seeds of C. vernalis. To evaluate the morphometry were measured the length, width and thickness of seeds and physical seed analysis was performed using the water content, mass of thousand seeds and dry matter. We evaluated the physiological quality by the germination percentage (% G), speed index (IVG) and mean germination time (TMG). Data were normal distribution analysis of waste and homogeneity of variances and later submitted to t test and Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric variables, the level of 5% error probability. To standardize the tetrazolium test, after soaking the seeds between paper for 48 h were tested five methods of preparation: intact seeds; cut at the opposite end to the heel end; partial removal of the integument; total removal of the integument; and total removal of the seed coat followed by slitting. The salt concentrations tested were 0,025%, 0,05%, 0,075%, 0,1% and 0,2% for times of 2, 4 and 6 h. When there was significant by F test, the results were subjected to analysis by response surface. In addition to seed the three places of harvest, a germination test was conducted using vermiculite as substrate chamber B.O. D at 25 ° C and an emergency test tubes of 120 cm3 volume, filled with commercial substrate with pine bark base and maintained in a protected environment with 50% shading. The averages obtained in the germination and emergence testing were compared with the tetrazolium test by the t-test and subsequently determined the Pearson coefficient. Among the local harvest, the seeds from the municipality of Nova Santa Rosa presented the lowest water content (39,5%). Seeds of the municipality of Rondon had higher mass of thousand seeds (235,98g), higher dry matter (0,120 mg-1) and larger morphometric dimensions, with average values of 9,66 mm, 6,08 mm and 8,05 mm for the length, width and thickness, respectively. There was no significant difference between % G and IVG, with average germination of 73% and 0,72 Twinning speed index. TMG was lower in seeds from the municipality of Nova Santa Rosa, taking 22 days to stabilize the germination. Morphometric, physical and physiological changes evidenced in this study can be attributed to the different climatic conditions prevailing in each harvesting site. The results obtained in the germination and emergence test, when compared with the tetrazolium test resulted in no significance, with a significant positive correlation of 0,96. Thus, it is recommended soaking for 48 h, complete removal of the seed coat and longitudinal seed, the concentration of 0,05% salt for 2 hours to evaluate C. vernalis seeds by tetrazolium / O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar aspectos biométricos e físicos e avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Cupania vernalis provenientes de diferentes locais de colheita, em três municípios da região Oeste do Paraná e padronizar o teste de tetrazólio para avaliar a viabilidade de sementes de C. vernalis. Para avaliação da morfometria, foram mensurados o comprimento, largura e espessura das sementes e a análise física das sementes foi realizada através do teor de água, massa de mil sementes e massa de matéria seca. Avaliou-se a qualidade fisiológica pela porcentagem de germinação (%G), índice de velocidade (IVG) e tempo médio de germinação (TMG). Os dados foram submetidos análise de normalidade de distribuição dos resíduos e homogeneidade das variâncias e posteriormente submetidos ao teste t e ao teste de Mann-Whitney para variáveis não paramétricas, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. Para a padronização do teste de tetrazólio, após embebição das sementes entre papel por 48 h, foram testados cinco métodos de preparo: sementes intactas; corte na extremidade oposta ao hilo; remoção parcial do tegumento; remoção total do tegumento; e remoção total do tegumento seguido do corte longitudinal. As concentrações do sal testadas foram: 0,025%, 0,05%, 0,075%, 0,1% e 0,2%, nos tempos de 2, 4 e 6 h. Quando houve significância pelo teste F, os resultados foram submetidos a análise por superfície de resposta. Em adição, para sementes dos três locais de colheita, foi conduzido um teste de germinação, usando vermiculita como substrato, em câmara B.O. D, a 25 °C e um teste de emergência em tubetes de 120 cm3 de volume, preenchidos com substrato comercial à base de casca de pinus e mantidos em ambiente protegido com 50% de sombreamento. As médias obtidas no teste de germinação e emergência foram comparadas com o teste de tetrazólio pelo teste t e, posteriormente, determinado o coeficiente de Pearson. Entre os locais de colheita, as sementes oriundas do município de Nova Santa Rosa apresentaram o menor conteúdo de água (39,5%). Sementes do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon apresentaram maior massa de mil sementes (235,98g), maior massa de matéria seca (0,120 mg-1) e maiores dimensões morfométricas, com valores médios de 9,66 mm, 6,08 mm e 8,05 mm para o comprimento, largura e espessura, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa entre a %G e IVG, com germinação média de 73% e índice de velocidade de geminação de 0,72. O TMG foi menor nas sementes provenientes do município de Nova Santa Rosa, levando 22 dias para estabilização da germinação. As variações morfométricas, físicas e fisiológicas evidenciadas neste estudo podem ser atribuídas as condições climáticas distintas vigentes em cada local de colheita. Os resultados obtidos no teste de germinação e emergência, quando comparados com o teste de tetrazólio, resultaram na ausência de significância, com correlação positiva significativa de 0,96. Assim, recomenda-se embebição por 48 h, remoção total do tegumento e corte longitudinal da semente, a concentração de 0,05% do sal por 2 h, para avaliação de sementes de C. vernalis pelo teste de tetrazólio

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-11T12:24:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Julio Cezar Tannure Faria.pdf: 965526 bytes, checksum: 6c25bb863a5ca78a68905e9831f1b1a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T12:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Julio Cezar Tannure Faria.pdf: 965526 bytes, checksum: 6c25bb863a5ca78a68905e9831f1b1a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This chapter analyzes physical and physiological properties of Moquiniastrum polymorphum seeds with mini-SAS, X-ray and seed blower equipments, and to evaluate germination at different temperatures and generating the imbibition curve of the species. The experiments were conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the Department of Forest Sciences and Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture of the Federal University of Lavras, in Lavras-MG. The seeds were acquired by the company ?Sementes Cai?ara?, which were collected in arrays located in the municipality of Pen?polis-SP, in December 2014. After acquired and processed, the lot of seed was characterized by the purity tests, humidity, germination and thousand seed weight. The three main equipment used in the classification, evaluation and separation of the seeds were the equipment mini-SAS, x-ray and blower seed type General. In the X-ray test the seeds were classified according to the internal morphology displayed in the radiographic images, are classified as full seeds, empty or malformed. The seed samples identified by X-ray analysis were taken to germinate, each rank four replicates of 50 seeds. The full, empty and malformed seeds were evaluated externally by the mini-SAS equipment, through the characteristics: dominant color, area, maximum diameter, minimum diameter ratio maximum/minimum diameter and circumference. Each seed group consisted of four replications of 50 seeds. Other equipment used was the seed blower unit, which separated the seeds for the regulation of six different openings, with each of them a light fraction and one heavy. Evaluations were made by weighing the seeds remaining in the blower (heavy fraction) and the number of full seeds in this same fraction made by ray analysis X. Later germination tests were carried out consisting of four repetitions of 50 seeds. Regarding the germination study, the experiment was conducted in thermogradient table at temperatures of 15?C, 20?C, 25?C, 30?C, 35?C and 40?C with supplying constant light, each treatment consisting of four replications of 50 seeds. They were evaluated root issue, normal and abnormal seedlings, hard seeds and dead, in addition to IVG values, T50 and U75-25 to root issue, normal seedling. In determining the imbibition curve germination were tested under conditions of 30?C with constant light and 20-30?C (12h dark, 12h light). The curves were drawn from two replicates of 0,05g seed, the same being weighed in analytical balance for every three hours. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that the use together of seeds and ray blower devices are effective for evaluation and determination of the physical quality of the seeds M. polymorphum. Seed blower in regulating the opening 5 resulted in the better quality of the lot, with the largest number of full seeds. The external parameters assessed by the mini-SAS equipment were not able to qualitatively evaluate the seeds of M. polymorphum, not recommended its use to characterize them. In the germination of study at different temperatures, the best average values of the evaluated criteria resulted in 30?C temperature. In determining the curve imbibition, the seed germination phase pattern presented, and the root emission resulting in a smaller time interval at a temperature of 30?C with constant light, as evidenced from the imbibition phase III / O presente cap?tulo teve por finalidade analisar as propriedades f?sicas e fisiol?gicas das sementes de Moquiniastrum polymorphum por meio dos equipamentos raios X, mini-SAS e soprador de sementes, al?m de avaliar a germina??o em diferentes temperaturas e gerar a curva de embebi??o da esp?cie. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laborat?rio de Sementes do Departamento de Ci?ncias Florestais e no Laborat?rio de An?lise de Sementes do Departamento de Agricultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras, na cidade de Lavras- MG. As sementes foram adquiridas pela empresa Sementes Cai?ara, as quais foram coletadas em matrizes localizadas no munic?pio de Pen?polis-SP, em dezembro de 2014. Ap?s adquirido e beneficiado, o lote de semente foi caracterizado por meio dos testes de pureza, umidade, germina??o e peso de mil sementes. Os tr?s principais equipamentos utilizados na classifica??o, avalia??o e separa??o das sementes foram os equipamento de raios X, mini- SAS e soprador de sementes tipo General. No teste de raios X as sementes foram classificadas de acordo com a morfologia interna visualizada nas imagens radiogr?ficas, sendo classificadas como sementes cheias, vazias ou mal formadas. As amostras de sementes identificadas pela an?lise de raios X foram levadas para germinar, sendo cada classifica??o composto por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. As sementes cheias, vazias e mal formadas foram avaliadas externamente pelo equipamento mini-SAS, por meio das caracter?sticas cor dominante, ?rea, di?metro m?ximo, di?metro m?nimo, rela??o di?metro m?ximo/m?nimo e per?metro. Cada grupo de sementes foi composto por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. Outro equipamento utilizado foi o aparelho de soprador de sementes, o qual separou as sementes pela regulagem de seis aberturas diferentes, apresentando em cada uma delas uma fra??o leve e outra pesada. As avalia??es foram feitas pesando as sementes que permaneceram no soprador (fra??o pesada) e sobre a quantidade de sementes cheias nesta mesma fra??o feita pela an?lises de raios X. Posteriormente foram realizados testes de germina??o compostos por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. Em rela??o ao estudo da germina??o, o experimento foi conduzido em mesa termogradiente nas temperaturas de 15?C, 20?C, 25?C, 30?C, 35?C e 40?C com fornecimento de luz constante, sendo cada tratamento composto por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. Foram avaliados emiss?o radicular, pl?ntula normal e anormal, sementes mortas e duras, al?m dos valores IVG, T50 e U75-25 para emiss?o radicular, pl?ntula normal. Na determina??o da curva de embebi??o foram testadas germina??es nas condi??es de 30?C com luz constante e 20-30?C (12h ao escuro, 12h em luz). As curvas foram elaboradas a partir de duas repeti??es de 0,05g de sementes, sendo as mesmas pesadas em balan?a anal?tica durante intervalos de tr?s horas. Ap?s a an?lise dos dados, concluiu-se que a utiliza??o em conjunto dos equipamentos de soprador de sementes e raios X s?o eficientes para avalia??o e determina??o da qualidade f?sica das sementes de M. polymorphum. O soprador de sementes na regulagem da abertura 5 resultou a melhor qualidade do lote, apresentando o maior n?mero de sementes cheias. Os par?metros externos avaliados pelo equipamento mini-SAS n?o foram capazes de avaliar qualitativamente as sementes de M. polymorphum, n?o sendo recomendado seu uso para a caracteriza??o das mesmas. No estudo da germina??o em diferentes temperaturas, os melhores valores m?dios dos crit?rios avaliados resultou na temperatura de 30?C. Na determina??o da curva de embebi??o, a germina??o das sementes apresentou padr?o trif?sico, sendo a emiss?o radicular em menor intervalo de tempo resultante na temperatura de 30?C com luz constante, evidenciado a partir da fase III de embebi??o. .

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia_Zanella.pdf: 2279145 bytes, checksum: 42d87ff7ecd794d779ec03e415efc953 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / This research analyzed the Teachers Training Program of basic education in state public schools, in the modalities Pedagogical training and Teacher training of the Department of education in Dois Vizinhos, Francisco Beltrão and Pato Branco/PR. The modalities were carried between 2011 and 2014, by SEED/PR, the objective was identified the principles that base in relation with the political and modern project. The finished was in 2015, when was developed process analysis of the historical constitution program (1995-2010); official documents that orient the program: State Education plan(2005), Resolutions 1457/2004;2007/2005, the materials were available for Pedagogical training and Teacher training (2011-2014); Government s plan (2011-2014), target plan (2011- 2012) interviews with two representatives of the SEED/PR, three coordinators of the basic education, three coordinatiors of the continued formation of the Department of education in Dois Vizinhos, Francisco Beltrão and Pato Branco/PR, three principals, four pedagogues and twenty-one teachers of the Department of Education in Francisco Beltrão; and the reading of the area s bibliography, highlighting research able to provide current data and relevant about the subject (Chimentão, 2010; Jost, 2010; Nadal, 2007; Saldanha, 2010). The information collected were analyzed from the Presumptions of the historical materialism (Gramsci, 2001; Gentili, 1998; Kosik, 1976; Marx, 2010; Neves, 2005; Vázques, 1977) option theoretical-methodological that possibility a critical reflection about teacher s continued formation considered in its totality relations and contradictions, discussed in the form how is elaborated, organized and performed the offer of the SEED/PR . The result shows that theoretical and methodological foundations of the training program sustain in continuity for the offer in the perspective of the practical rationality in prevalence of the continued formation reduced the training for technical knowledge with the goal of the increasing indices related school performance and reduction the dropout rates and reproach, untied of the social background that the school, students and teachers and the solid formation in Scientific Knowledge This way, the training program stays developing for perspective of the practical rationality, but differentiate the past periods, because of the strategies increased in prescription, intervention in the state control in the results of the learning process and it is articulated presumptions neoliberal ideological whose goals are effectiveness and efficiency. The program doesn t impact significantly for teachers practices and the process emancipation of the teachers and students. It is process of the formation that don t relate the needs formative of the professional group and mainly, for ignore the all of the relations that determined the development of the teachers practices. This research points the principles for a counterhegemonic formation project in the critical perspective, like is necessary to grant deepening theoretical-methodological in the Teacher s continued formation that interfere in formation of the professionals that have concepts acquired in the perspective of the articulation of the object (education) with all of the elements (historical, political, economic, philosophical, ideological, scientific, social) that determine. / A pesquisa analisou o Programa de Capacitação de professores da Educação Básica da rede pública estadual, nas modalidades Semana Pedagógica e Formação em Ação, dos Núcleos Regionais de Dois Vizinhos, Francisco Beltrão e de Pato Branco/PR, realizadas entre os anos de 2011 a 2014, pela SEED/PR. O objetivo foi identificar os princípios que o fundamentam em relação com o projeto social e político contemporâneo. Concluída em 2015, desenvolveu-se mediante análise do processo de constituição histórica do Programa (1995-2010); dos documentos oficiais que o orientam Plano Estadual de Educação (2005), Resolução 1457/2004; Resolução 2007/2005, materiais disponibilizados para as Semanas Pedagógicas e Formação em Ação (2011-2014), Plano de Governo (2011-2014), Plano de Metas (2011-2012) ; entrevistas com dois representantes da SEED/PR, três coordenadores da educação básica e três coordenadores da formação continuada dos NREs de FB, PB, DV, três diretores, quatro pedagogos e vinte e um professores do quadro efetivo do NR de FB; e leitura de bibliografia da área. Os dados foram analisados a partir dos pressupostos do materialismo histórico, de Gramsci, 2001; Gentili, 1998; Kosik, 1976; Marx, 2010; Neves, 2005; Sanches Vázques, 1977, opção teórico-metodológica que possibilitou a reflexão crítica sobre a formação continuada, na sua totalidade, relações e contradições, discutidas na forma como se elabora, organiza e se efetiva a proposta da SEED/PR. Os resultados apontam que os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos do Programa de Capacitação sustentam-se, em continuidade às propostas que o antecederam, na perspectiva da racionalidade prática, no predomínio da formação continuada reduzida à capacitação para o domínio de conhecimentos técnicos, submetendo-se à nova ordem mundial, com vistas à elevação dos índices relativos ao rendimento escolar e à redução das taxas de evasão e reprovação e desvinculadas do contexto social da escola, dos alunos e dos professores e da sólida formação em conhecimento científico. Por outro lado, diferencia-se dos períodos anteriores, pela adoção de estratégias de acirramento na prescrição, intervenção e no controle do Estado nos resultados do processo de ensino e de aprendizagem e revela-se, intimamente, articulado aos pressupostos ideológicos das políticas neoliberais, cujas metas são a eficácia e a eficiência. O Programa não impacta significativamente a ação docente e o processo de emancipação intelectual e social de professores e alunos, por se tratar de um processo de formação sem relações com as necessidades formativas do grupo profissional, sem considerar a totalidade das relações que determinam a ação docente. A pesquisa aponta princípios para um projeto de formação contra-hegemônico, na perspectiva crítica, como necessário para conceder aprofundamento teórico-metodológico na formação continuada e poder interferir na formação dos profissionais para que tenham domínio dos conceitos, na perspectiva da articulação da educação com a totalidade dos elementos históricos, políticos, econômicos, filosóficos, ideológicos, científicos e sociais que a determinam.

Lectins and hemagglutinins are carbohydrate binding proteins present in a diversity of organisms including humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. They are usually the abundant storage proteins in leguminous plants. They display a host of biological activities such as antitumor, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, and antibacterial activities. / The biological properties of isolated proteins, including hemagglutinating, antifungal, anti-tumor and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities, were examined. Their biochemical and biological properties were compared with other purified proteins. / The seeds contain an abundance of proteins, some of which are storage proteins but may play a role of protection from pathogenic microbes and phytophagous insects. Antifungal peptides/proteins, antiviral proteins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, proteinase inhibitors, chitinases, proteinases, and defensins, are some examples of the myriad of seed proteins. The aforementioned proteins are collectively called plant defense proteins in view of their antipathogenic activities. These antifungal proteins exhibit a wide range of molecular masses and amino acid sequences. / Two lectins with potentially exploitable activities were purified from Capparis spinosa seeds and Hibiscus mutabilis seeds, respectively. A hemagglutinin was isolated from Phaselous vulgaris , cultivar "French bean 35", and detailed apoptotic pathway in breast cancer cells, MCF-7 cells, was investigated. A novel dimeric beta-lactoglobulin-like antifungal protein and an antifungal amidase were purified from Passiflora edilus seeds and Peltophorum pterocarpum, respectively. / Lam, Sze Kwan. / Adviser: Tsi Bun Ng. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-204). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Seeds have become one of the most contested resources in our society. Control over seeds has intensified under neoliberalism, and today four large multinational corporations control approximately 70 percent of the global seed market. In response to this concentration of corporate power, an international social movement has emerged around the concept of seed sovereignty, which reclaims seeds and biodiversity as commons and public goods. This study examines the relationship between the global dynamics of commodification and enclosure of seeds, and the seed sovereignty countermovement for decommodification. I approach this analysis through an ethnographic case study of one local seed sovereignty movement, in the indigenous central region of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. I spent eight months between 2015 and 2016 conducting field research and documenting the development of the Guardians of Mother Earth and Seeds project, a local initiative focused on seed and food sovereignty that was initiated in 2015 by DESMI, the most established NGO working in this region. It encompasses 25 peasant communities--22 indigenous and 3 mestizo--from the Los Altos, Norte-Tulijá, and Los Llanos regions of Chiapas. I also collected data from 31 other communities in the region involved to varying degrees with this agenda of seed and food sovereignty. This study incorporates both communities affiliated with the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) and non-Zapatista communities. Three research questions guide this dissertation: (1) How do the increasing industrialization and commodification of seed systems and agriculture affect peasant communities in Chiapas?; (2) How is the local seed and food sovereignty countermovement responding to those processes of commodification?; and (3) How does this case study contribute to understanding the relationship between capital's tendency to enclose the commons and the protective countermovements that attempt to resist such market encroachments? This study found that the development of industrial agriculture and the commodification of seeds at the global and national scales have implied neither the displacement of these communities' native seeds by commercial seeds, nor their privatization--two of the most frequent potential risks denounced by representatives of the national and international seed sovereignty movement. Instead, the main impact of industrial agriculture and Green Revolution policies in the study region has been the chemicalization of peasant agriculture, with attendant negative impacts on the environment and human health. I also found that subsistence agriculture--the main mechanism through which native seeds are reproduced within communities--is undergoing a process of severe deterioration, which partially responds to the neoliberal dismantling of governmental institutions and programs supporting peasant agriculture. A key finding of this research is that the deterioration of subsistence agriculture is the main risk that the neoliberal restructuring of agriculture poses to native seeds. In response to these developments, communities in this study have embraced a project of decommodification focused on enhancing and expanding their subsistence agriculture. This project encompasses agroecology, food production collectives, and initiatives for agro-biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration. I argue that this project contributes to the decommodification of subsistence agriculture in the region, primarily by strengthening the non-commodified structures that are essential for these communities social reproduction.

Ce travail porte sur la dispersion des graines par les fourmis et se divise en deux parties : l’une expérimentale (Chapitres 1, 2 & 3) et l’autre synthétique (Chapitres 4 & 5). L’approche expérimentale a consisté en une exploration en conditions de laboratoire des comportements des fourmis à deux étapes du processus de myrmécochorie: à la source de graines et dans le nid. Des graines des plantes myrmécochores Viola odorata et Chelidonium majus ont été présentées aux fourmis Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra. Chaque étape de la séquence myrmécochorique a généré une variabilité des comportements propre à chacun des quatre couples fourmis-graines. L’élaiosome n’attire pas les fourmis à distance. Les fourmis suivent toujours la même séquence de comportements : antennation, manipulation et prise des graines. Le nombre d’antennations et de manipulations avant la prise de graines peut être considéré comme un indicateur de l’« hésitation » des fourmis à prendre les graines. L’espèce à tendance carnivore Myrmica rubra a été plus rapide et efficace dans la prise de graines que l’espèce éleveuse de pucerons Lasius niger. Parallèlement, les fourmis ont moins antenné, moins manipulé et plus pris de graines de Chelidonium majus, ce qui montre un intérêt particulier pour cette espèce. Un jour après l’expérience, toutes les graines des deux espèces se trouvaient dans les déchets à l’extérieur du nid, avec au moins la moitié des élaiosomes consommés (Chapitre 1). Lors du passage des graines à l’intérieur du nid, les fourmis Myrmica rubra ont également montré une capacité à traiter les graines rapidement, en montrant une dynamique d’arrachage de l’élaiosome et de rejet des graines hors du nid plus rapide. Le taux d’arrachage de l’élaiosome a été influencé par l’espèce de graine, plus important pour les graines de Chelidonium majus. Nous avons montré qu’une proportion variable de graines rapportées au nid (moins de la moitié) étaient déposées directement au contact des larves, les autres étant traitées ailleurs par les ouvrières ou laissées temporairement à l’abandon dans le nid. Par ailleurs, les dynamiques de rejet des items hors du nid ont curieusement été peu influencées par l’espèce de graine. Pour une graine, le fait de ne plus avoir d’élaiosome diminue le nombre moyen d’ouvrières qui la contacte simultanément. Parallèlement, même si la réponse n’est pas de type « tout ou rien », l’absence d’élaiosome accroit aussi la probabilité qu’une graine a d’être rejetée. (Chapitre 2). Nous avons isolé expérimentalement le paramètre de dessiccation des graines afin mesurer son influence sur le taux de prises. La dessiccation progressive des graines réduit les taux de prises par les fourmis Myrmica rubra. La réhydratation des mêmes graines leur permet de retrouver une attractivité et donc une valeur fonctionnelle prolongée. Les graines de Viola odorata perdent presque toute attractivité après 4 jours de dessiccation et leur réhydratation ne rétabli que faiblement leur attractivité. A l’inverse, les graines de Chelidonium majus gardent un tiers de leur attractivité après un mois de dessiccation et leur réhydratation restaure presque entièrement leur attractivité (Chapitre 3). La synthèse bibliographique a permis de dresser un aperçu des principales caractéristiques des fourmis dispersatrices de graines myrmécochores. Certains traits « généralistes » rendent les rencontres entre fourmis et graines très probables : leur ubiquité et diversité taxonomique, leur régime alimentaire omnivore, et leur fourragement « diffus » et opportuniste. Les fourmis possèdent des traits qui les rendent uniques par rapport aux autres insectes : le fourragement au sol, la capacité à transporter de la nourriture, ainsi que la nidification. Certains traits des fourmis ont une influence considérable sur la dispersion des graines : leur taille, les préférences de régime alimentaire, la phénologie, la capacité d’apprentissage et la fréquence de déménagement des nids. Nous développons également l’hypothèse que la rapidité et l’efficacité du traitement des graines par les fourmis seraient une conséquence d’un comportement hygiénique des fourmis à tendance carnivore, habituées à gérer des proies périssables (Chapitre 4). Nous avons dressé pour la première fois une liste des espèces de plantes myrmécochores et potentiellement myrmécochores des régions d’Europe tempérée (260 spp.). Nous montrons que ces dernières sont majoritairement herbacées, et ont tendance à fleurir plus précocement que les autres espèces. La proportion de graines myrmécochores comprises entre 1 et 3 mm et entre 0,6 et 10 mg est plus importante que dans le reste de la flore (Chapitre 5). / This study concerns seed dispersal by ants and is divided in two parts: one experimental (chapters 1, 2 & 3), and one synthetic (chapters 4 & 5). Experimental work consisted in a series of laboratory experiments, in which ant behaviour was studied at two stages of the dispersal process: at the seed source and inside the nest. Seeds of the myrmecochorous plants Viola odorata and Chelidonium majus were presented to two ant species: Lasius niger and Myrmica rubra. Each stage of the myrmecochory sequence generated a variability of behaviours for each of the four ant-seed pairs. The elaiosomedo not attract seed at a distance. Ants followed always the same behavioural sequence: antennations, manipulations, and removal. The number of antennations and manipulations before removal can be considered as a measure of ants’ “hesitation” to remove seeds. The carnivorous species Myrmica rubra was faster and more efficient at taking seeds than the aphid-tending Lasius niger. At the same time, ants antennated and manipulated less Chelidonium majus seeds, which shows a particular interest for this seed species. One day after the experiment, all seeds of both species were located outside the nest in the refuse piles. At least half of their elaiosomes had been consumed (chapter 1). Inside the nest, Myrmica rubra also showed a great ability to treat seeds quickly, i.e. quicker dynamics of elaiosome removal and seed rejection outside the nest. Elaiosome removal rates were influenced by seed species (higher for Chelidonium majus). We showed that a variable proportion of seeds (less than half) was directly deposited in contact with larvae. The rest of the seeds were handled elsewhere by workers, or left temporarily unattended in the nest. Dynamics of seed rejection outside the nest were curiously little influenced by the seed species. For a seed, to loose the elaiosome decreased the number of workers manipulating it. At the same time, even if the rejection response is not automatic, the absence of elaiosome increases the probability for a seed to be rejected (Chapter 2). We isolated the desiccation parameter in order to measure its influence on seed removal rates. Progressive seed desiccation reduced Myrmica rubra removal rates. Rehydration of the same seeds restored their attractiveness, thereby prolonging their functional life. Viola odorata seeds lost almost all their attractiveness after 4 days of desiccation, and rehydration only restored a reduced part of their attractiveness. On the contrary, Chelidonium majus seeds kept one third of their attractiveness after one month of desiccation, and recovered almost all their attractiveness after rehydration (Chapter 3). The bibliographic review allowed us to compile an outline of the main features of seed-disperser ants. Some generalist features highly increase the probability that ants encounter seeds: their ubiquity and taxonomic diversity, omnivorous diet and their opportunistic “diffuse” foraging. Among insects, ants have unique traits that make them broad dispsersers: ground foraging, the ability to transport items, and nesting behaviour. Some other traits have a great influence on the seed dispersal system: the ant body size, their diet preferences, the phenology of the colony, the learning, and the frequence of nest relocation. We also develop the hypothesis according to which, handling efficiency of ants is a byproduct of hygienic behaviour of carnivorous oriented species, since they are used to manage perishable preys (Chapter 4). We compiled the first list of myrmecochorous and potentially myrmecochorous plants species of European temperate regions (260 spp.). We show that these plants are mainly herbaceous. They also tend to flower earlier than the whole flora. The proportions of myrmecochorous seeds having a size range between 1 and 3 mm, and a weight range between 0.6 and 10 mg are higher than in the rest of the flora (Chapter 5).

Arid Recovery, a fenced reserve free of feral predators in arid South Australia, has successfully reintroduced two critical weight range (CWR) mammals, greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) to facilitate the restoration of arid Australian ecosystems. This thesis evaluates the ecological roles of these reintroduced species and their relationship to ecosystem functioning and the restoration of these ecosystems. Surveys of foraging diggings and soil seed banks, and dietary analysis were used to measure impacts of these species on three main habitats within the Reserve. The results showed that bilbies and bettongs have three major roles in ecosystem functioning: consumers, ecosystem engineers, and dispersers of seeds and fungi. Both bilbies and bettongs were omnivorous, though their diets were distinctly different, with the bilbies focused more on invertebrates and seeds, while the bettongs consumed a greater proportion of coarser plant materials. The seed portion of the diets of both species during 2003-04 differed from a similar study three years previously, shortly after the animals had been reintroduced to Arid Recovery in 2000- 01. During 2003-04, the bilbies consumed a lower proportion of seeds of species of grasses and more of forbs, while seed consumption by bettongs narrowed to be almost exclusively the seeds of shrubs. The number of bilby and bettong diggings varied significantly both spatially and temporally, with averages of 7,530 ± 820 diggings ha-1 in Dunes, 10,560 ± 980 diggings ha-1 in Mulga, and 7,120 ± 610 diggings ha-1 in Swale. This resulted in an average of 2 to 3% disturbance of soil surface area, which is similar to or higher than reported for other Australian or overseas semi-fossorial species. The temporal variation in rates of digging was correlated with minimum daily temperatures and rainfall but not moonlight. This variation was also correlated with counts of bilby but not bettong tracks, suggesting that the temporal variability of diggings was related to levels of bilby activity. The persistence of bilby and bettong diggings differed between the three habitat types, with the majority of the diggings in the Mulga (94%) and Swale (87%) persisting for over 12 months, while Dune diggings filled much faster, with only 15% persisting over 12 months. These diggings were shown to accumulate and bury seeds and litter, and, under some conditions, enhance germination. The seeds of two plant species, the annual grass, Dactyloctenium radulans, and the shrub, Enchylaena tomentosa, germinated from bilby faecal pellets, and over a third of bilby faecal pellets contained fungal spores. Therefore bilbies have the potential to be dispersers of both seeds and fungi. All three major roles of the bilbies and bettongs in ecosystem functioning (consumers, ecosystem engineers, and dispersers of seeds and fungi) have the potential to affect the flows of organic, soil and water resources, and therefore vegetation structure and overall productivity. Soil seed bank densities differed between areas with and without bilbies and bettongs. However, the heterogeneity of the system made it difficult to confidently relate these differences to any particular effects of the bilbies and bettongs. Both bilbies and bettongs were able to locate and dig seeds buried 20 cm deep, and the caches of seed-harvester ants. Experiments showed that in areas of high digging density, 71 to 94% of seed rain accumulated and became buried in diggings. Since bilbies and bettongs have the potential to use buried seed resources, they have the potential to significantly affect soil seed banks through their consumption of seeds, redistribution of seeds through their digging activities and their interactions with other granivorous species. This study is a first step towards understanding the roles of reintroducing CWR mammals to arid ecosystems. Possible longer term effects of these reintroductions will depend on suitable regulation of animal numbers, and climatic patterns, as restorative effects of diggings would be greatest during periods of good rainfall, whereas droughts would slow restorative processes. Although the results of this research are unique for Arid Recovery, the principles of evaluating all major ecological roles of reintroduced species and their interactions with their environment could provide guidance for other reintroductions. These interactions are complex and would require longer-term studies over a range of conditions and locations to further understand the role of reintroducing CWR mammals to ecological restoration. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1348600 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009