Thesis (M.Inst.Agrar.)(Food production and processing)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ef_dr_rcla.pdf: 1202781 bytes, checksum: 4d006c5b53b648271a9e037b99723339 (MD5) / As cutias (Dasyproc(a leporina), são roedores fmgívoros com hábitos escavadores de esconder e procurar reservas de sementes (Scatter-hoardings) em baixas quantidades em vários locais da sua área de vida, para uso futuro e subsistência durante a escassez de alimentos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram capturar e marcar o maior número de animais através de tatuagem definitiva, avaliar o impacto que esses roedores exercem sobre a mata, observar vários aspectos da população de cutias, tais como a dieta, biometria, predação específica em plântulas, massa corporal e taxa de prenhez. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um parque público chamado Bosque dos Jequitibás (10 ha), situado na cidade de Campinas-SP. O clima da região é tropical de altitude com inverno seco e verão quente e chuvoso. A dieta das cutias, assim como o seu gasto de tempo diário foram estudados através de transectos totalizando 3600 horas de observações diretas. Atividades como farejar (36,88%) e comer (17,91%) totalizaram cerca de 54,79% das atividades, evidenciando que gastam grande pane do dia forrageando em busca de alimento, onde utilizam muito o olfato. Os principais recursos alimentares utilizados foram scmcntes (37,23%). frutos da mata (21,74%). frutos do zoológico (18,2 1%), alimentos oferecidos pelos visitantes (16%), outros itens (2,99%) e alimentos para gatos (2,72%). Os recursos antrópicos oferecidos totalizaram 39,92% da dieta, sendo um dos fatores que contribuem para a subsistência desta espécie no bosque. Foram capturados e marcados com tatuagens definitivas dezoito machos e dezessete fêmeas para coleta de seus padrões de biometria, onde houve diferença significativa entre a massa corporal dos machos (3.0 kg) e fêmeas (3,5 kg), o índice de gestação encontrado foi de (26,32%). mostnmdo uma alta taxa de prenhez entre as fêmeas. No sentido de avaliar o impacto da herbivoria que esses roedores... / Red-rumped agoutis are frugivorous rodents of excavating habits of hiding themseives and iooking for reserves of seeds, i.e. scatter-hoarding. of smail quantities in various spots of their Iiving arca, for further use and survivai during periods of lack of food. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact that these rodents have over the woods where they inhabit, among several other aspects, such as their diet, their time usage, the biometry of the individuais, the specific predation in young individuais of Hymenaea courbaril, their corporeal mass, and their pregnancy rate. The study was deveioped in a ten-hectare city park caiied Bosque dos Jequitibás, located in the central arca of the ciLy of Campinas, So Paulo. The weather in Lhe piace is defined as tropical with dry winters and hot, wet summers. Transectos were used to study Lhe diet of the red-rumped agoutis as weil as their daily time consumption. The total time of direct observations was of 3,600 hours. Activities such as sniffing (36.88%) and eating (1791%) totaiized 54.97% of the daiiy activities of the animais, evidencing that they spend most part of the day foraging and in doing so using a iot of Lheir olfaction. The main dietary resources utilized were seeds (37.22%), wiid fruits (21.73%), zoo fruits (18.20%), food thrown by 100 visitors (16%), others (2.98%), and cat food (2.71%). The anthropic resources such as zoo fmits, fruits offered by visitors and cat food totalized 39.92% of the diet, which is one of the facts lhat contribute to the subsistence of lhe species in thc park. eighteen males and seventeen females were captured and tattooed for the coliection of the standards of biometry. which presented a significant difference between the corporeal masses of maies (3.0 kg) and females (3.5 kg). The pregnancy rate found was of 26.32%. Aiming to evaluate the impact of their herbivorous... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-01-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tomaz_ca_dr_botfca.pdf: 254991 bytes, checksum: 8edb9135adcbc06bc90c34e38de95dbd (MD5) / O tempo de 21 dias recomendado pelas Regras para Análise de Sementes (RAS) para o teste de germinação de sementes de Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria humidicola e Brachiaria ruziziensis é considerado excessivo por produtores, comerciantes e laboratórios de análise de sementes de plantas forrageiras, que dependem dos resultados do teste para a tomada de decisões de controle de qualidade e comercialização. Desta forma, o objetivo foi avaliar a possibilidade de reduzir o tempo necessário para a condução do teste de germinação de B. decumbens, B. humidicola e B. ruziziensis. Na pesquisa, 10, 19 e 15 lotes, respectivamente, de cada espécie de sementes das categorias S1 e S2 foram avaliados quanto à germinação em substrato umedecido com água desionizada (testemunha), germinação em substrato umedecido com KNO3 (0,2%), e germinação após escarificação das sementes com ácido sulfúrico (98% 36N) por 15 minutos. No teste de germinação foram avaliadas duas condições de temperaturas alternadas (20-35 ºC e 15-35 ºC), com luz (8 h). Para a identificação da data de término do teste foram realizadas contagens diárias de plântulas normais e para cada lote, tratamentos para superação de dormência e temperaturas, foi ajustada uma curva de crescimento para a avaliação da germinação. No delineamento experimental os lotes foram considerados as repetições, obtendo-se as estimativas dos parâmetros do modelo de regressão segmentada para cada tratamentos para superação de dormência. O teste de germinação de sementes de B. decumbens pode ser conduzido a 20-35 ºC sem tratamento para superação de dormência com leitura final aos 12 dias após a semeadura O mesmo teste com sementes de B. humidicola pode ser conduzido a 15-35 oC sem tratamento para superação de dormência com leitura final aos 10 dias após... / The time of 21 days recommended by the Rules for Seed Analysis (RAS) for testing germination of Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria humidicola and Brachiaria ruziziensis is deemed excessive for producers, traders and laboratory analysis of fodder plant seed, which depend test results for decision making quality control and marketing. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the possibility of reducing the time required for driving the germination of B. decumbens, B. humidicola and B. ruziziensis. In the survey, 10, 19 and 15 lots, respectively, of each kind of seed of the categories S1 and S2 were evaluated for germination on moistened with deionized water (control), germination on moistened with KNO3 (0.2%), and germination of the seeds after scarification with sulfuric acid (98% 36N) for 15 minutes. In the germination test were evaluated two alternating temperature conditions (20-35 °C and 15-35 °C) with the light (8 hours). To identify the expiration date of the test counts were made daily and normal seedlings of each lot, treatments for breaking dormancy and temperature was adjusted a growth curve to evaluate the germination. In the experimental plots were considered repetitions, yielding the parameter estimates of the regression model for each targeted treatments for breaking dormancy. The germination of seeds of B. decumbens can be conducted at 20-35 °C without treatment for breaking dormancy with final reading at 12 days after sowing the same seeds assay B. humidicola can be conducted at 15-35 °C without treatment for breaking dormancy with final reading at 10 days after sowing. The germination of seeds of B. ruziziensis can be conducted at 15-35 °C without treatment for breaking dormancy with final reading at 9 days after sowing

Orientador: Alessandra Tomaselli Fidelis / Coorientador: Fernando A. O. Silveira / Banca: Vania Regina Pivello / Banca: Marcelo Fragomeni Simon / Banca: Davi Rodrigo Rossatto / Banca: Fabian Borghetti / Resumo: O fogo é o principal distúrbio em diversas vegetações ao redor do mundo, denominadas ecossistemas inflamáveis. Neste contexto, muitas espécies possuem estratégias de regeneração e colonização do ambiente pós-fogo, o que tipicamente envolve a sobrevivência (tolerância) das sementes e/ou quebra da dormência. Em especial, muitas sementes de leguminosas possuem o tegumento impermeável (dormência física), que pode ser rompido por meio de choques térmicos relacionados ao fogo. Outro fator que pode auxiliar no processo de quebra da dormência física é a flutuação térmica no solo, cuja amplitude é aumentada nas clareiras formadas pela remoção da vegetação durante a queima. Ambos os fatores, fogo e flutuação térmica, são relativamente bem estudados nos ecossistemas inflamáveis da Austrália e em vegetações Mediterrâneas. Por outro lado, os padrões relacionados à quebra da dormência e germinação das sementes ainda são controversos e menos conhecidos nas savanas tropicais da África e da América do Sul. Assim, esta Tese de doutorado teve como objetivo avaliar o papel do fogo na germinação e sobrevivência das sementes de leguminosas do Cerrado. Para tanto, realizamos tratamentos em campo, incluindo queimas experimentais, e também aplicamos tratamentos no laboratório, simulando a flutuação térmica nas clareiras e a passagem do fogo (choques térmicos). Após os tratamentos, observamos a germinação em condições ótimas, fazendo contagens três vezes por semana, e realizamos testes de viabilidade ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fire is the principal disturbance in several vegetation types around the world, being called flammable ecosystems. In this context, many species have strategies to regenerate and colonize the post-fire environment, which typically involve seed survival (tolerance) and/or breaking of dormancy. In special, legume seeds usually have an impermeable seed coat (physical dormancy), which may be disrupted by fire-related heat shocks. Another factor that can help in the process of dormancy-breaking is the temperature fluctuation in the soil, which amplitude is increased in gaps formed by the removal of vegetation as a result of the passage of fire. Both factors, fire and temperature fluctuation, are relatively well studied in flammable ecosystems from Australia and Mediterranean vegetation. On the other hand, the patterns related to dormancy-breaking and seed germination are still controversial and less known in tropical savannas from Africa and South America. Therefore, this doctoral Thesis has aimed to evaluate the role of fire on germination and survival of legume seeds from Cerrado. Therefore, we conducted experiments in the field, including experimental burning, and also applied treatments in the laboratory, simulating temperature fluctuation in the gaps and fire passage (heat shocks). After the treatments, we observed germination under optimal conditions, making counting three times a week, and accomplishing viability tests by the end of 30 days of the experiment. The statistica... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Adriana Zanin Kronka / Coorientador: Ricardo Toshio Fujihara / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Martha Maria Passador / Banca: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Banca: José Otávio Machado Menten / Resumo: A identificação morfológica e a transmissão de fungos são dois ramos importantes da Patologia de Sementes. As chaves interativas, que têm como base a morfologia fúngica, auxiliam a pesquisa e trabalhos técnicos, de forma que a identificação digital se torne mais presente. Por este método, desenvolveu-se uma chave interativa que auxilie a identificação de onze espécies fúngicas associadas às sementes de cebola, cenoura, pimentão e tomate. Esta baseou-se em uma matriz composta por seis caracteres: cultura, conídio, conidióforo, coloração do conidióforo longo, coloração do micélio e presença ou não de setas. O usuário seleciona respostas aos caracteres oferecidos no software e o microrganismo é corretamente indicado. A validação desta ferramenta foi realizada por meio de teste com grupos de voluntários compostos por alunos de graduação e pós-graduação. Analisou-se o tempo despendido por cada voluntário para analisar 25 sementes com fungos comuns aos da chave, como também a porcentagem de acerto e o grau de dificuldade de cada participante. Os resultados foram confrontados com um grupo controle, o qual utilizou o meio convencional (manuais impressos de identificação). A elevada porcentagem de acertos na diagnose com o auxílio da chave e a classificação de fácil uso pelos usuários confirmou a eficiência do método. Também observou-se um aumento da acurácia dos resultados quando comparado ao sistema convencional. Além disso, esta chave pode ser útil em vários setores, desde auxiliar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Morphological identification and fungi transmission are two important Seed Pathology branches. Interactive keys, based on fungal morphology, help research and technical work, so that digital identification becomes more present. Through this method, an interactive key was developed to help identify eleven fungal species associated with carrot, onion, pepper and tomato. It was based on a matrix composed by six characters: crop, conidium, conidiophore, long conidiophore coloration, mycelial staining and presence of setae. The user selects responses to the features offered in the software and the micro-organism is correctly indicated. The validation was performed through volunteers groups composed of undergraduate and graduate students. It was analysed the time spend by each volunteer to examine 25 seeds with fungi common to the key, as well as the percentage of hits and the difficulty level of each participant. The results were compared with a control group, which used the conventional means (printed identification manuals). The high percentage of correct answers in the diagnosis with the key use and the user easy classification confirmed its efficiency. There was also an increase in the results accuracy when compared to the conventional system. In addition, this key can be useful in many sectors, from assisting in training beginners in seed pathology to academic activities. For the study of fungi transmission through seeds, both morphological and molecular knowledge were necessary, which made the result safer. In this sense, the three races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici transmission by tomato seeds were analyzed. Two isolates of each race were used and 200 seeds were inoculated in spore suspension at 107 spores/mL concentration. These inoculated seeds were planted in trays with individual cells and kept under controlled light and humidity conditions until completed three weeks ... / Doutor

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Coorientador: Cristiano Zerbato / Banca: Adilson José Rocha Mello / Banca: Rouverson Pereira da Silva / Resumo: Entre os fatores que definem a produtividade do milho estão a disponibilidade de nutrientes, água e luminosidade, sendo esse último definido pelo adensamento da cultura, e direção da operação de semeadura, que podem interferir no sombreamento entre as plantas na lavoura. Outro fator que interfere sobre a produtividade do milho é a variação da dosagem de sementes ao longo da lavoura, que quando superior ou inferior ao potencial máximo da área para determinado híbrido afeta os resultados da cultura. A variação na dosagem de sementes ocorre entre outros motivos devido a erros na operação de semeadura, como aumento de velocidade e operação em curvas, no entanto, há escassez de estudos que definem a partir de que ponto a variação na dosagem de sementes passa a ser prejudicial a produção do milho, e por isso os produtores e a indústria te dificuldades para buscar soluções para esse problema. Com isso, foram realizados dois estudos, o primeiro com intuito de verificar os efeitos da direção de semeadura e da população de plantas sobre a produtividade do milho, e o segundo para estudar os efeitos da variação na dosagem de sementes sobre a produtividade do milho. No primeiro estudo verificou-se que o direcionamento da semeadura não exerceu influência sobre a produtividade de grãos e que menores densidades de plantas apresentam maiores resultados individuais em relação ao número e comprimento de espigas e número de grãos por fileira, porém resultados inferiores quanto à produtividade. N... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Among the factors that define maize productivity are availability of resources, water and luminosity, the latter being defined by the crop density and direction of the sowing operation, which may interfere with the shading between the plants in the crop. Another factor that interferes with maize productivity is seed dosage variation throughout the crop, which when higher or lower than the maximum potential of the area affects crop results. The variation in seed dosage occurs among other reasons due to errors in the sowing operation, such as speed increase and curved operation, however, there is a shortage of studies that define from which point the variation in seed dosage becomes production and therefore producers and industry find it difficult to find solutions to this problem. Thus, two studies were carried out in order to verify the effects of the direction of sowing and of the plant population on maize productivity, and the second to study the effects of variation in seed dosage on corn yield. In the first study, it was verified that the direction of sowing had no influence on grain yield and that lower plant densities presented higher individual results in relation to number of ears, length of heads and number of grains per row, and lower productivity. In the second study it was observed that every 1% of negative variation in the seed dosage was lost 1.06% in corn yield. The positive variations however presented changes that were 0 to -2.59% in productivity. It was concluded that higher population densities brought gains in the productivity of the hybrid studied, and negative variations in seed dosage reduced hybrid productivity by up to 28%. The positive variation affects crop productivity less dramatically, with a reduction in productivity that reaches 2.59% in the highest variations, and may even cause positive productivity results depending on the maximum potential of the area / Mestre

Orientador: Alessandra Fidelis / Banca: Soizig Le Stradic / Banca: Francielli Bao / Resumo: Espécies invasoras são aquelas capazes de se estabelecer em áreas além de sua ocorrência natural, ultrapassando barreiras geográficas e constituindo novas populações viáveis. A introdução de gramíneas africanas no Cerrado, como Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv e Urochloa brizantha (Stapf) R.D. Webster, pode levar a uma baixa heterogeneidade do sistema, deixando-o mais suscetível a distúrbios ambientais, alterando o equilíbrio da comunidade e os serviços ecossistêmicos. Em sistemas frequentemente perturbados, clareiras são criadas na paisagem e novas espécies são recrutadas para colonizar o espaço aberto, processo esse regido pelo nicho da regeneração. Espera-se que estes nichos se sobressaiam nas espécies invasoras em relação às espécies nativas, conferindo-lhes vantagens adaptativas na colonização desses espaços. Dessa maneira, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica do banco de sementes de gramíneas em áreas com e sem invasão biológica, além de avaliar diferentes fatores que influenciam a germinação de gramíneas nativas. A área de estudo está inserida na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, onde até 1998 havia uma plantação de Pinus caribaea, a qual foi removida e desde então a área está sob regeneração natural, sem interferência, com alto grau de invasão por gramíneas africanas. No primeiro capítulo, as amostras de solo foram coletadas nas parcelas experimentais controle do projeto da Profa. Dra. Alessandra Fidelis (FAPESP 2015/06743-0), delineado então parcelas com três tratam... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Invasive species are those capable of establishing themselves in areas beyond its natural occurrence, surpassing geographical barriers and constituting new populations. The introduction of African grasses in Cerrado, Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv and Urochloa brizantha (Stapf) R.D. Webster, may low heterogeneity of the system, making it more susceptible to altering the balance of the community and ecosystems. In frequently disturbed systems, clearings are created in the landscape and new species are recruited to colonize the open space, which is governed by the regeneration niche. These niches are expected to be better in invasive species in relation to native species, giving them adaptive advantages in the colonization of these spaces. In this way, the objective of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of grasslands in areas with and without biological invasion, in addition to evaluating different factors that influence the germination of native grasses. The study area is located in the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, where until 1998 there was a plantation of Pinus caribaea, which has been removed and since then the area is under natural regeneration, without interference, with a high invasion of Urochloa brizantha and Melinis minutiflora. In the first chapter, the soil samples were collected in the control plots of the project of Profa. Dr. Alessandra Fidelis (FAPESP 2015 / 06743-0), outlined then plots with three treatments: dominated by one of the two invasive species, U... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da Silva / Coorientador: Olivier Leprince / Banca: Julia Buitink / Banca: Thierry Joet / Banca: José Baldin Pinheiro / Resumo: The stable production of high vigorous seeds regardless of the environment is a key lever to increase crop production. Seed vigor is defined as the sum of the physiological properties that lead to homogenous and vigorous seedling establishment. It includes longevity, defined as the capacity to remain viable for long periods during dry storage and the capacity to elongate after germination. However, how these traits are acquired during seed development and how the environment impacts their acquisition remain poorly understood. Yet this information is important to determine the harvest stage corresponding to maximum vigor. Using agronomy and physiological approaches on soybean and Medicago truncatula, we confirm that longevity is progressively acquired during seed maturation. In soybean, our data suggest that the climate influenced longevity whereas in Medicago, heat applied during seed maturation had no significant impact. This work also showed that HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A2.2, a homologue of HSFA9 and hub gene involved in seed maturation does not play a role in seed longevity but acts as negative regulator of embryonic dormancy. Longevity is evaluated by the ability to germinate after storage, which represents only a part of the success of crop establishment. How seed maturation affects the loss of seedling establishment capacity during storage was evaluated in soybean using an experimental system set up to assess elongation capacity. The pattern of acquisition of elongation capac... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Resumo: La production de semences vigoureuses est un levier pour augmenter les rendements. La vigueur est définie comme la somme des propriétés physiologiques conduisant à l'établissement homogène et vigoureux du peuplement végétal. Elle comprend la longévité, définie comme la capacité à rester viable pendant le stockage et la capacité de la plantule à s'allonger après germination. Cependant, comment ces caractéristiques sont acquises au cours du développement de la graine et comment l'environnement influence leur acquisition restent mal compris. Ces informations sont importantes pour déterminer le stade de récolte correspondant à une vigueur maximale. En utilisant des approches agronomique et physiologique sur le soja et Medicago truncatula, nous montrons que la longévité est progressivement acquise au cours de la maturation. Chez le soja, le climat influence la longévité de manière complexe alors que chez Medicago, la chaleur pendant la maturation ne l'impacte pas significativement. Nous montrons également que HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A2.2, un homologue de HSFA9 impliqué dans la survie à l'état sec ne joue pas de rôle dans la longévité chez Medicago mais agit comme régulateur négatif de la dormance. La longévité se mesure par la perte de la germination pendant le stockage et ne représente qu'une partie du succès de l'établissement de la culture. Donc, l'influence de la maturation sur la perte de capacité d'établir une plantule lors du stockage a été évaluée chez le soja. L'acquisition de la capacité d'élongation pendant la maturation varie entre les années de culture et selon les conditions de croissance des plantules. Le temps nécessaire pour diminuer la capacité d'élongation de 50% pendant le stockage augmente constamment pendant la maturation après la maturité de masse. Ceci démontre l'importance des phases tardives de la maturation dans ... / Doutor

This project explores the relationships between people, environment, and possibility through two of the world's smallest materials: agricultural seeds and mushroom cultures. While often seen as products of nature, seeds and cultures also embody complex social, historical, political and economic realities as they come into contact with human hands. Through fieldwork on small-scale farms in southern Illinois, including farm tours, agricultural trainings and interviews, as well as an analysis of seed descriptions in a popular heirloom seed catalog, this thesis explores how produce seeds and mushroom cultures become things that are known through place and practice. Planting a seed or inoculating a culture is not a simple action, but one imbued with intention, hope and even revolution.

The topic of my dissertation is Comparison of the quality of eggs depending on the method of feeding. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the quality of hen eggs changes after adding crushed grape seeds in the compound feed of the hens. Grape seeds are formed as a side product during wine making processes and contain large amounts of biologically active substances and suitable acids, which can improve the feed conversion and subsequently also improve the technological properties of eggs. With processing of grape seeds the effective utilization of crop residues in vineyards comes about. The experiment was conducted in two experimental periods and in each period 100 laying hens were surveyed. They were separated into two groups an experimental and a control one. In the control group the hens were fed with a standard mixture of N2 feed and in the experimental group there was a supplement of 5 weight percent of crushed grape seeds in the compound feed. Eggs were collected daily and once every two weeks an analysis of technological properties of eggs was conducted. The results of the experiment showed that the addition of crushed grape seeds containing a biologically active substance did not have a statistically significant effect on the quality and selected technological parameters of eggs.