Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:01:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 abbade_lc_dr_rcla.pdf: 943072 bytes, checksum: 40b1e8782911f686c229344b103e283d (MD5) / Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith é uma espécie nativa de árvores brasileiras com ampla ocorrência, principalmente na floresta semidecídua. Sua floração exuberante favorece o uso em arborização urbana, paisagismo e para o reflorestamento de solos secos e rochosos. Suas sementes são pequenas, leves, aladas, e dispersadas pelo vento. A absorção de água é de suma importância para a germinação, pois permite a retomada das atividades metabólicas, as quais contribuem nos processos de mobilização e assimilação de reservas e alongamento celular. Já a tolerância da perda de água nas sementes implica na capacidade desta se manter viva, possibilitando a viabilidade após períodos de seca. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: testar diferentes protocolos para a extração de proteínas totais de sementes de ipê-branco e avaliar os extratos obtidos por meio de análise eletroforética em gel de poliacrilamida; investigar as alterações bioquímicas das sementes durante a germinação e sua viabilidade durante o armazenamento, para isso, foram avaliadas a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o conteúdo de lipídios, proteínas, compostos fenólicos e a atividade das enzimas: peroxidase, polifenol oxidase e catalase e adequação do teste de tetrazólio em sementes submetidas ao armazenamento durante o armazenamento por 24 meses. O tampão mais eficiente para a extração de proteínas totais foi o Trisma base (50mM, NaCl 500mM, EDTA 50mM, MgCl2 5mM, (pH 7,5), a extração a quente promoveu maior rendimento e o tampão Trisma base foi o único que permitiu o aparecimento de bandas no gel de eletroforese. Durante a germinação, houve um rápido consumo de amido, carboidratos, lipídios e uma rápida mobilização de proteínas, porém não houve diferença entre as bandas da eletroforese... / Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith is a native Brazilian tree with wide occurrence, especially in semi-deciduous forest. Its exuberant blooming favors the use for urban forestry, landscaping and reforestation of dry and rocky soils. Its seeds are small, light, winged and dispersed by the wind. The water absorption is very important for germination, as it allows the resumption of metabolic activities, which contribute to the processes of assimilation and mobilization of reserves and cell elongation. The water loss rate is lower than the absorption which implies the ability to stay alive, enabling the viability after periods of drought. For the protein analysis by electrophoretic techniques, it is necessary to fix the appropriate methodology for different species. This study aimed to: test different protocols for extraction of total protein and evaluate by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis; investigate the biochemical changes during seed germination and viability during storage, for this, the total germination, the germination speed index (GSI) and the content of lipids, proteins, phenolic compounds and the activity of enzyme, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase, were evaluated during storage for 24 months. The methodology for conducting the tetrazolium test in seeds subjected to storage was also established. The buffer for more efficient extraction of total proteins was Trisma base (50mM Trizma base, 500mM NaCl, 50mM EDTA, 5mM MgCl 2 (pH 7.5), the hot extraction provided higher yields and was the only Trisma base that the allowed appearance of protein bands on gel electrophoresis. During germination, there was a rapid consumption of starch, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins with a rapid mobilization of proteins during germination but no difference between the bands of electrophoresis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanine_ms_dr_botib.pdf: 533764 bytes, checksum: 2237b6aa848d3e17a41a6984c2761484 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Para o estabelecimento de espécies nativas da caatinga, independente de sua finalidade, sendo econômica ou ecológica, é necessário o conhecimento prévio de suas características fisiológicas e suas exigências ambientais. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: a) levantar as principais utilizações populares de mororó (Bauhinia cheilantha) e trabalhos relacionados à fisiologia e armazenamento de suas sementes; b) obter informações sobre o efeito da superação de dormência e da temperatura na porcentagem e velocidade de germinação de mororó, neste experimento as sementes foram submetidas a escarificação pela imersão em ácido sulfúrico p.a durante diferentes períodos (0, 5, 10, 15, 30 e 45 minutos) e temperaturas de germinação (20, 25, 30 e 35ºC); c) verificar a influência das condições e períodos ideais de armazenamento de sementes de mororó, estas foram submetidas a duas condições de ambiente e câmara fria durante diferentes períodos (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses) e ao tratamento pela imersão em acido sulfúrico p.a., tendo como testemunha sementes intactas. Foram determinadas curvas de absorção de água, o número de sementes germinadas, IVG, além dos teores de açúcares solúveis totais e a atividade da amilase em ambas condições, nos cinco períodos de armazenamento. O levantamento bibliográfico evidenciou que o mororó (B. cheilantha) é muito utilizado como forrageira na época de seca e de grande importância para os produtores na caatinga, porém não existem informações sobre a germinação e armazenamento de suas sementes. Foi determinado que o armazenamento das sementes em ambiente é o mais adequado para manutenção do potencial germinativo. A escarificação química e a temperatura de 25ºC são condições adequadas para se obter sucesso na germinação desta espécie. / In order to establish caatinga native species, with economical or ecological purpose, it s necessary the previous knowledge of their physiological characteristics and environmental requirements. In face of this, the present research aimed at: a) to search the main popular uses of mororó (Bauhinia cheilantha) and researches related to physiology and storage of their seeds; b) to get information about the effect of dormancy break and temperature in the mororó germination s percentage and speed. In this experiment, seeds were submitted to scarification through immersion in p.a. sulphuric acid at several germination periods (0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 minutes) and temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35ºC); c) to verify the influence of ideal conditions and periods of mororó seed storage, which were submitted to two conditions of environment and cold chamber at several periods (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) and treatment by immersion in p.a. sulphuric acid, with intact seeds as control. It were determined water uptake curves, number of germinated seeds, GSI, besides total soluble sugar levels and amylase activity in both conditions, at five storage periods. The bibliographic research made evident that mororó (B. cheilantha) has been too used as forage in the dry grow season and it is very important for producers in caatinga. However, there isn t information about germination and storage of their seeds. It was determined that seed storage in environment is the most suitable for germinative potential maintenance. Chemical scarification and temperature at 25°C are suitable conditions for getting success in the germination of this species.

Orientador: Roberval Daiton Vieira / Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula / Banca: Claudio Cavariani / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de procedimentos sensíveis para rápida obtenção de informações precisas sobre o potencial fisiológico de lotes de sementes é essencial para o desenvolvimento de programas de controle de qualidade pelas empresas produtoras das mesmas. Nesta pesquisa, foi avaliada a eficiência de diferentes testes de vigor na determinação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de crotalária e, o desempenho das mesmas sob condições de estresse hídrico. O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas, sendo a primeira relativa à seleção de procedimentos adequados para a condução dos testes de condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado, tetrazólio e de um sistema automatizado de análise de imagem de plântulas (Seed Vigor Imaging System - SVIS). Na segunda etapa, as sementes foram submetidas a diferentes situações de disponibilidade hídrica, utilizando-se soluções aquosas de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000). Para tal, foram utilizados cinco lotes de sementes. Os testes de condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado com solução salina saturada e o uso do software SVIS em plântulas com três dias de idade podem detectar eficientemente diferenças de vigor entre lotes de sementes de crotalária. O desempenho fisiológico de sementes dessa espécie é fortemente afetado pelo estresse hídrico / Abstract: The development of sensitive procedures for quickly obtaining accurate information on the physiological potential of seed lots is essential for developing quality control programs by seed companies. In this research, were evaluated the efficiency of different vigor tests to determine the physiological potential of sunn-hemp seeds, and the performance of seeds under water stress. The study was conducted in two stages: the first consisted of the selection of appropriate procedures for the electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and tetrazolium tests, and of an automated system of seedling imaging analysis (Seed Vigor Imaging System - SVIS). In the second stage, the seeds were submitted to different water stress using aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The electrical conductivity, and accelerated aging with a saturated salt solution tests, and the SVIS on 3-day old seedlings can efficiently detect differences in vigor between sunn-hemp seed lots. The seeds physiological performance is strongly affected by water stress / Mestre

Orientador: Roberval Daiton Vieira / Banca: Nelson Moreira de Carvalho / Banca: Silvio Moure Cícero / Resumo: As sementes de milho superdoce possuem fino pericarpo e formato irregular dificultando a operação de semeadura. Em função disso, surge a possibilidade de utilizar o processo de peletização para facilitar a semeadura e obter estande uniforme sem a necessidade de desbaste de plantas. Embora essa técnica seja conhecida há muitos anos, pouco se estudou sobre o efeito desse procedimento na plantabilidade e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho superdoce. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da peletização na qualidade fisiológica e na ocorrência de falhas e de sementes duplas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes e péletes foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e teste de frio. Foram avaliados também alguns atributos físicos das sementes e dos péletes por meio dos testes de fragmentação, retenção de peneiras, massa de mil sementes e volume aparente. O recobrimento foi muito eficiente na redução das falhas e da ocorrência de sementes duplas, proporcionando resultados altamente satisfatórios para esses atributos. Não houve efeito do armazenamento no potencial fisiológico nem nos resultados do teste a frio para as sementes nuas. As sementes recobertas foram afetadas negativamente pela peletização a partir dos 90 dias de armazenamento. Durante esse período todos os lotes de sementes peletizadas apresentaram-se dentro do padrão de germinação exigido pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, os resultados permitiram concluir que o revestimento melhora a plantabilidade das sementes afetando positivamente a eficiência do processo de semeadura / Abstract: The supersweet corn seeds have thin pericarps and irregular shape difficulting the sowing operation. As a result, there is the possibility of using the pelleting process to facilitate the seeding and more uniform stand without the need of thinning plants. Although this technique has been known for many years, little has been studied on the effect of this procedure in plantability and in physiological quality of supersweet corn seeds. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of pelleting on the water content during the storage and the occurrence of double seeds and lack of seeds in the holes during the sowing test. The physiological quality of seeds and pellets was evaluated by germination, first germination and cold test. It also was evaluated other physical attributes of seeds and pellets by means of fragmentation tests, retention sieves, seed weight and apparent volume. The coating was very effective in reducing seed double faults and providing highly satisfactory results for these attributes. There was not effect of storage on physiological potential or in the results of the cold test for naked seeds. The coated seeds were negatively affected by the coating from 90 days of storage. During this period all batches of pelleted seeds were inside the physiological pattern required by the ministry of agriculture. The results showed that the coating improves plantability seeds positively affecting the efficiency of the seeding process. Based on the results it can be concluded that the coating improve seed plantability, positively affecting the efficiency of the seeding process / Mestre

Orientador: João Nakagawa / Banca: Cláudio Cavariani / Banca: Ana Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre / Resumo: O uso de sementes de alta qualidade é de grande importância na implantação e no estabelecimento da lavoura no campo e o vigor das sementes pode afetar não só o estabelecimento mas também influenciar o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a produtividade das plantas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o teste de envelhecimento acelerado tradicional (com água), utilizando sementes de aveia preta com e sem tratamento fungicida, e o envelhecimento acelerado com solução saturada de cloreto de sódio (NaCl), visando identificar o período de exposição e a temperatura para a classificação dos níveis de vigor de lotes dessas sementes. O estudo foi realizado utilizando cinco lotes de sementes de aveia preta, constituídas de sementes comerciais ou produzidos na Fazenda Experimental Lageado - UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu. Foram realizados testes para a caracterização da qualidade inicial dos lotes, tais como os de germinação, emergência de plântulas, condutividade elétrica, comprimento de plântulas normais e anormais, massa de 1000 sementes, e o estudo de envelhecimento acelerado tradicional (com água ), com e sem tratamento fungicida, e envelhecimento acelerado com solução saturada de sal (NaCl) por períodos de 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas de condicionamento às temperaturas de 40, 43 e 45oC. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o teste de envelhecimento acelerado é adequado para estimar o vigor de sementes de aveia preta. Assim, o teste de envelhecimento acelerado tradicional pode ser conduzido à temperatura de 40oC por 24 ou 48 horas e a 43 ou 45oC por 48 horas; o envelhecimento acelerado com solução saturada de sal a 40, 43 ou 45oC por 24 horas e o envelhecimento acelerado tradicional com sementes tratadas a 40oC por 24 ou 48 horas, a 43oC por 48 horas ou a 45oC por 24 horas de condicionamento. / Abstract: The use of seeds of high quality has great importance in the implantation and establishment of the crop in the field, the seeds vigour can not only affect the establishment, but also influence the growth, development and productivity of the plants. The present work had as its objective to study the traditional of accelerated aging (with water), in black oats seeds with and without fungicid treatment, and the accelerated aging with saturated solution of salt (NaCl), by aiming to identify the exposition period and temperature that allow the classification of lots of black oats seeds in different vigour levels. The study was carried out by using five lots of black oats seeds from commercial procedure or seeds produced in Fazenda Experimental Lageado, UNESP Campus de Botucatu. The tests were carried out to the characterization of initial quality of the seed lots, by tests of germination, seedlings emergency in the field, electrical conductivity, length of normal and abnormal seedlings and mass of 1000 seeds and the studies of accelerated aging consisted the traditional (with water), with and without fungicid treatment, and accelerated aging with saturated solution of salt (NaCl) for periods of 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, conditioning at temperatures of 40, 43 and 45oC. The studies concluded that the test of accelerated aging is adjusted to evaluate the vigor of black oats seeds. The test of accelerated aging traditional can be led at the temperature of 40o C for 24 or 48 hours and at 43 or 45oC for 48 hours; the accelerated aging with saturated solution of salt at 40, 43 or 45oC for 24 hours and the traditional accelerated aging with treated seeds at 40oC for 24 or 48 hours, 43oC for 48 hours or 45oC for 24 hours of conditioning. / Mestre

O biodiesel vem sendo usado como uma alternativa ao diesel com vantagens ambientais. No entanto, existem duas questões que deverão difcultar a implantação deste combustível no Brasil: a não-sustentabilidade da produtividade desses vegetais, e a baixa qualidade dos óleos vegetais disponíveis, inviabilizando a utilização como combustível. Para atenuação destes problemas se faz necessário o melhoramento genético dos vegetais cultivados e seleção de plantas silvestres que podem possuir alta produtividade de óleo/ha/ano. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso da relaxometria por RMN em baixa resolução, através das técnicas CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill), que gera sinal dependente do tempo de relaxação T2 e CWFP (Continuous Wave Free Precession), que gera sinal dependente tanto de T2 quanto de T1. Os valores de T2 obtidos a partir dos dados de CPMG apresentaram alta correlação com a razão Mz/M0 (r= 0,93), T¤ (r= 0,94) e T2 calculado (r= 0,91), obtidos a partir dos dados CWFP, para as 31 amostras analisadas. T2 apresentou correlação inversa com a viscosidade do óleo e número de cetano, ambos com r ~ -0,63 e correlação direta com o índice de iodo (r= 0,64), quando foram retiradas as amostra de mamona e palmáceas, que possuem óleo diferente das outras sementes. Os dados obtidos a partir do sinal CWFP, T¤ e Mz/M0 também obtiveram correlação similar às observadas para T2. T2, T¤ e T2 calculado apresentaram alta correlação com o PC1, obtido pela análise de PCA e baixa correlação com PC2. T1 obteve boa correlação com PC2 dos dados CWFP. Com o acoplamento dessas metodologias não-destrutivas a um sistema de medidas on-line, essas medidas poderão ser obtidas rapidamente (cerca de 1 s por amostra) permitindo a análise de um grande número de amostras, necessárias para o desenvolvimento de sementes com óleo de alta qualidade. Este desenvolvimento é um dos gargalos para o uso de biodiesel em altas concentrações no diesel. / Biodiesel is a highly promising renewable energy source that has gained widespread acceptance in recent years as an environmentally friendly substitute for petroleum diesel oil fuel. However, there are two questions that should diffcult the use of this fuel in Brazil in high quantity: the low plant productivity and the low quality of available vegetable oils. To attenuate these problems is necessary the genetic improvement of cultivated plants and the selection of wild plants that may have high productivity of oil/ha/year and high quality oils. To help to accelerate the genetic selection of high quality oil we are developing fast and non-destructive low resolution NMR methods based on relaxometry. These methods uses CPMG pulse sequence (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill), which generates a decay signal dependent of relaxation time T2, and CWFP (Continuous Wave Free Precession), which generates a decay signal dependent of both (T1 and T2) relaxation times. The T2 values obtained through CPMG data shows high correlation to Mz/M0 ratio (r= 0,93), T¤ (r= 0,94) and T2 calculated through CWFP data (r= 0,91), for the 31 analyzed samples. T2 shows inverse correlation to the kinematic oil viscosity and cetane number, both with r ~ 0,63, and direct correlation to iodine value (r= 0,64), when excluded the castor bean and palm samples, which have different oil composition of others seeds. Data obtained through CWFP signal, T¤ and Mz/M0, also have correlation similar to observed for T2. T2, T¤ and Mz/M0 shows high correlation to PC1 and low correlation to PC2, both obtained through PCA analysis. T1 shows some correlation to CWFP PC2. With the coupling of these non-destructive methodologies to a high-throughput on-line measurement system (about 1 s per sample) it will be possible to analyze thousands of samples per hour, allowing the identification of seeds with high quality vegetable oil, necessary for the genetic selection of plants, which is necessary to speed up the Brazilian biodiesel program.

Demonstrou-se nesta tese a potencialidade da ressonância magnética nuclear no domínio do tempo (RMN-DT) para medir a temperatura de sementes oleaginosas isoladas e inseridas em solos. Os métodos desenvolvidos baseiam-se na correlação entre o tempo de relaxação do óleo das sementes com a temperatura. As medidas com o tempo de relaxação transversal, T2, foram realizadas com a sequência Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) e as medidas de relaxação T*, com a sequência de pulsos Precessão Livre em Onda Contínua (CP-CWFP). Tanto o T2 quanto o T* apresentaram uma correlação exponencial crescente com a temperatura, utilizando espectrômetros de bancada. Com a medida do decaimento da temperatura de sementes e solos, previamente aquecidos a 70°C, em um banho térmico a 23°C, pode-se calcular a difusividade térmica de sementes e sementes em solos, obtendo valores similares aos obtidos com métodos padrões. Para ímãs com homogeneidade muito baixa, com gradientes de campo magnético maiores do que 1 T/m (ímãs de campos opostos, Unilateral e Halback) somente a sequência CPMG pode ser usada. A sequência CP-CWFP não gerou um sinal de onda contínua, necessário para a medida de T*. No ímã unilateral a correlação exponencial entre o decaimento do sinal CPMG e temperatura foi decrescente devido ao efeito da difusão molecular na refocalização dos ecos. Com isso a RMN unilateral, que detecta o sinal da amostra fora do sensor de RMN (ímã e sonda) tem potencial para análise da temperatura e difusividade térmica em campo. A grande vantagem da RMN sobre os métodos de termometria baseado em termômetros de mercúrio, termopares, termistores, etc., é que é um método que não precisa danificar as sementes para inserção do agente sensível à temperatura. Além disso, a RMN pode ser usada para medir a temperatura da semente, mesmo quando esta está sob uma camada de vários centímetros de solos, o que não ocorre com o sensor de Infravermelho, por exemplo. / The potential of time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) to measure the temperature of isolated oilseeds and oilseeds inserted into soil was demonstrated in this thesis. The methods were based on the correlation between relaxation time of the oilseeds with temperature. The measurement with the transverse relaxation time, T2, was performed with the Carr - Purcell - Meiboom - Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence. The measurement of decay T*, was performed with the Continuous Wave Free Precession (CP- CWFP) pulse sequence. Both the T2 as T* showed an exponentially correlation with temperature using bench top spectrometers. With the measurement of the temperature decay of seeds and soils, previously heated to 70°C and placed in a bath at 23°C, was used to calculate the thermal diffusivity of seeds and seeds in soil. The results were similar to those obtained with standard methods. For the magnets with very low homogeneity, with strong magnetic field gradients 1 T/m (Opposite field, Unilateral and Halback magnets) only the CPMG pulse sequence could be used. The CP-CWFP sequence do not generated a continuous wave signal, necessary for the measurement of T*. The unilateral magnet shows an upward-sloping exponential curve between the decay of the CPMG signal and temperature due to the effect of molecular diffusion, in refocusing echoes. Therefore, the unilateral NMR, which detects the signal from the sample outside the NMR sensor (magnet and probe), has the potential to analyze the temperature and thermal diffusivity in the field. The big advantage of NMR over thermometry methods based on mercury thermometers, thermocouples, thermistors, etc., is that it is a method that does not need to damage the seeds for insertion of the sensor. In addition, NMR can be used to measure the seed temperature, even when it is under a layer of several centimeters of soil, which does not occur with the infrared sensor, for example.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto_Camara.pdf: 755855 bytes, checksum: 036c7c2e8553a81a038c16bc54c33f1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work had as objective to characterize and to evaluate six to cultivate Creoles and two hybrids of maize, in organic system of production. The sowing was carried through in 30 of October of 2003, in an area of organic agriculture certified, in the farm Is Jose, property of Mr. Silvério Guerini, in the city of Is Miguel of the Iguaçu - Paraná, situated in the Indianópolis community between the geographic coordinates, latitude 25º 31" 10' S and longitude 54º 14"39' W, altitude 260 meters. The used experimental delineation was of blocks unexpected with three repetitions. They had been used to cultivate them Creole of maize (Zea mays L.) Pixurum 5, Asteca, Ipanema, Palha Poxa, Sol da Manhã and BRS - 4150 and Pioneer hybrids 30F44 HS and Agroeste - 3466 HD. The Creole seeds had been acquired together to the agriculturists of the Agricultural Sitting of Caxias Jump in the region of Cascavel - Paraná. The sowing was carried through in area previously cultivated with White Lupin (Lupinus albus), without fertilizer addition some for occasion of the sowing and during the development of the culture. Only practical the cultural ones had been the to thin of plants and a manual weeding. The evaluated 0 variable had been the following ones: the height of the plant (AP), b) height of the insertion of the spike (AIE), c) feminine bloom (FF), d) plants laid flat and broken by parcel (PAQ), e) I number total of spikes (NTE), f) finally stand (EF), g) index of spikes (IC), h) relative position of the spike in the plant (PREP), i) index of prolific dade (PROL), j) productivity of grains (PG), k) mass of a thousand seeds (MMS), l) starch, m) oil n) tear of protein. The gotten results allow to conclude that to cultivate them Pixurum 5, Sol da Manhã and BRS - 4150 are to cultivate suitable to this e region present good productivity. To cultivate them Asteca, Ipanema and Palha Roxa had been less productive. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar seis cultivares crioulas e dois híbridos de milho, em sistema de produção orgânico. A semeadura foi realizada em 30 de outubro de 2003, em uma área de agricultura orgânica certificada, na fazenda São José, propriedade do Senhor Silvério Guerini, no município de São Miguel do Iguaçu - Paraná, situada na comunidade Indianópolis entre as coordenadas geográficas, latitude 25º 31 10 S e longitude 54º 14 39 W, altitude 260 metros. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram utilizadas as cultivares crioulas de milho (Zea mays L.) Pixurum 5, Asteca, Ipanema, Palha Roxa, Sol da Manhã e BRS - 4150 e híbridos Pioneer 30F44 HS e AS - 3466 HD. As sementes crioulas foram adquiridas junto aos agricultores do Reassentamento Rural de Salto Caxias na região de Cascavel - Paraná. A semeadura foi realizada em área anteriormente cultivada com Tremoço Branco (Lupinus albus), sem adição alguma de fertilizantes por ocasião da semeadura e durante o desenvolvimento da cultura. As únicas práticas culturais foram o raleio de plantas e uma capina manual. As variáveis avaliadas foram as seguintes: a) altura da planta (AP), b) altura da inserção da espiga (AIE), c) florescimento feminino (FF), d) plantas acamadas e quebradas por parcela (PAQ), e) numero total de espigas (NTE), f) estande final (EF), g) índice de espigas (IC), h) posição relativa da espiga na planta (PREP), i) índice de prolificidade (PROL), j) produtividade de grãos (PG), k) massa de mil sementes (MMS), l) amido, m) óleo n) teor de proteína. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as cultivares Pixurum 5, Sol da Manhã e BRS - 4150 são cultivares adaptadas a essa região e apresentam boa produtividade. As cultivares Asteca, Ipanema e Palha Roxa foram menos produtivas.

Yu, Chun Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-124). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / LIST OF CONTENTS --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xx / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xxi / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Major storage proteins in rice --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Structure and composition of glutelin --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Structure and composition of prolamin --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Biosynthesis pathway --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- "The Biosynthesis, processing & compartmentalization of glutelin" --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Endoplasmic reticulum as the site of protein folding and compartmentalization --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- COP-coated vesicles for protien trafficking between ER and Golgi --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Glutelin trafficking beyond ER --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.1 --- Golgi as the site of post-translational modification of glutelin / Chapter 2.2.1.3.1.1 --- """Sorting for entry"" and ""sorting by retention"" models: mechanism of dense vesicle formation" --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.1.2 --- "“Classical ligand-receptor"" and ""aggregation-mediated"" as the model describing protein sorting in Golgi" --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.2 --- Pathway bypassing Golgi apparatus --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Prevacuolar compartment and protein body --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "The Biosynthesis, processing and compartmentalization of prolamin" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- Protein processing enzymes --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Luminal chaperone binding protein (BiP) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- ER quality control： unfolded protein response --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The importance of quality control in ER --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The target of ER quality control: misfolded protein --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Unfolded protein response --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- IRE1 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- PERK --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- ATF6 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.3.4 --- BiP as the master regulator of three transducers --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5 --- The cause of chalkiness --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- "The relationship between ER stress, unfolded protein response and chalkiness" --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6 --- Organelle separation： sucrose density gradient centrifugation --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- General introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Plant organelle separation --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Organelle marker enzyme as a mean to elucidate the homogeneity of isolated organelle fraction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7 --- Rice grain quality improvement by genetic engineering --- p.45 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Increase in lysine content of rice endosperm --- p.45 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Physiological and phenotypic changes in GT and LRP-fusion lines --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8 --- Hypotheses and objectives --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemicals and commercial kits --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Instruments --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Plant materials --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Glutelin-enriched line (GT) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Gtl-LRP-fusion line (LRP fusion) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- RNA extraction and northern-blot analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Seed harvesting and RNA extraction --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Northern-blot analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- SDS-PAGE and western-blot analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Seed harvesting and protein extraction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- SDS-PAGE and western-blot analysis s --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4 --- Purification of cellular organelles by SDG centrifugation --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Purification of ER by SDG centrifugation --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Purification of protein body by SDG centrifugation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Protein body isolation by pepsin treatment --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5 --- Electron-microscopic observation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Sample preparation for immuno-localization analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Immunocytochemical observation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Sample preparation for structural analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6 --- Antibodies --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- KLH conjugation of synthetic peptide --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Immunization of rabbits --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Antibody purification by affinity column --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Preparation of column for coupling --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Affinity purification of antibody by prepared column --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Testing of antibody specificity --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- RESULTS --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1 --- Pro-glutelin accumulation in GT and LRP fusion transgenic lines --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- General morphology and glutelin localization in rice seed --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Studies on glutelin, BiP and pdi expression profiles of GT, LRP fusion lines and wild type rice" --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Comparison of the protein and RNA profiles of BiP between wild type and FH transgenic rice lines --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Comparison of the protein and RNA profiles of PDI between wild type and FH transgenic rice lines --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Comparison of the RNA and protein profiles of BiP between wild type, GH and GL transgenic rice lines" --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- "Comparison of the RNA and protein expression profiles of PDI between wild type, GH and GL transgenic lines" --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Summary of RNA and protein level comparison of different transgenic lines with wild type --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- Electron microscopic studies of morphological changes in GLUTELIN OVER-EXPRESSED AND GT1-LRP-FUSION TRANSGENIC LINES AND WILD type rice --- p.73 / Chapter 4.5 --- Isolation of ER-enriched fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Cross-contamination assessment by organelle specific marker proteins --- p.77 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Identification of ER enriched fractions of different transgenic lines --- p.78 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Studies on ER enriched fraction --- p.85 / Chapter 4.6 --- Isolation and studies on PB enriched fractions of different transgenic lines --- p.91 / Chapter 4.7 --- TEM studies on immuno-localization of ER chaperones (BlP and pdI) in immature rice seeds of different transgenic lines --- p.94 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- DISCUSSIONS --- p.101 / Chapter 5.1 --- Distortion of glutelin processing and translocation pathway --- p.101 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- The relationship between proglutelin localization and novel protein body in Gt1-LRP-fusion lines --- p.101 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The presence of BiP and PDI in novel protein body in Gt1-LR-fusion lines --- p.103 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Glutelin translocation pathway bypassing Golgi --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Glutelin translocation pathway through Golgi --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1.2.3 --- Gt1-LRP-fusion protein and proglutelin are trapped in ER --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2 --- "The relationship between novel protein body formation, ER stress, unfolded protein response and chalkiness" --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Relationship between novel protein body formation and unfolded protein response --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Repressing the expression of other storage proteins: consequence of unfold protein response or protein nutrients regulation --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Relationship between novel protein body formation and chalkiness --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3 --- The causes of ER dilation --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- The relationship between different physiological changes in transgenic glutelin lines --- p.111 / Chapter 5.5 --- Future perspectives --- p.112 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.114 / REFERENCES --- p.115 / APPENDIX --- p.125

The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a serious defoliator of conifers in the western U.S. and western Canada. In 1985 epidemic levels of the budworm caused average tree defoliation in west-central Idaho to increase to 83%, up substantially from the 35% average tree defoliation of 1984. Associated with this increase in defoliation was a change in the relative stand defolation ranking between the two years. found to damage all types and In 1985 the budworm was developmental stages of reproductive structures of Douglas- fir, including: seedcone buds, pollen-cones buds, maturing cones, and seeds. Differential selection of feeding sites was observed, with a significantly higher proportion of larvae found in seedcone buds than in pollen-cone buds. Shortly after larval emergence, 25% of the total number of seed-cones buds were infested. A subsample of 171 branch tips indicated that only 9% of pollen-cones, while less than 2% of the vegetative buds contained larvae. A total of 640 cones from 21 trees were examined. Of these cones, 76% were infested with larvae, however not all of the seeds were destroyed. The average percent of destroyed seeds per tree was found to be exponentially related to the average current defoliation of the tree.