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The proteins or the leguminous seeds have been the object or pbysicochemical and biochemical research since the beginning of the ninteenth century. They are of importance both because of their practical value as a readily available source of food, and also because of their great scientific interest. Leguminous seeds have a remarkably high protein content. The very great differences in coat of production between legume and animal protein makes the production of legume protein very important from the agricultural, economic and nutritional point of view. [...]

The biochemical changes taking place during soybean seed development and gennination, and some aspects of desiccation tolerance were assessed with reference to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems. During nonnal seed development, fresh weight and dry weight increased between 20 and 50 days after flowering (DAF), concomitant with the accumulation of triacylglycerols and sugar reserves, after which dry weight remained almost unchanged, and fresh weight decreased. Seed moisture content decreased rapidly during the last stages of development. High levels of lipid peroxidation were evident between 20 and 45 DAF, and decreased thereafter. An examination of antioxidant systems revealed that whereas total glutathione levels accumulated continuously throughout the 80 days of seed development, both dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) reductase and ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductase increased concurrently with the increase in total ascorbate content, and the overall levels did not decrease markedly during maturation drying. Ascorbate peroxidase (ASC POD) activity was high during the period ofgreatest ascorbate accumulation. Both catalase (CAn and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased progressively during early seed development (20-40 DAF), but showed variable patterns of change during maturational drying, in marked contrast to ASC POD which declined from 40 DAF to undetectable levels at 70 DAF. An assessment of the relationship between the antioxidant systems and lipid peroxidation was made during imbibition and gennination, as it has been suggested that controlling free radicals was a critical event in early imbibition. Unexpectedly, lipid peroxidation increased progressively in both seeds and isolated axes, and were eight-fold higher at 48 hours of imbibition compared to dry tissues. A progressive, and co-ordinated, increase in CAT, total glutathione, total ascorbate pool, guaiacol POD, ASC POD, and SOD appeared to parallel the rise in lipid peroxidation in both whole seeds and axes. Variable responses were evident between seeds and axes for the enzymes AFR reductase and DHA reductase In order to gain a further insight into the dynamics of desiccation-tolerance and desiccationsensitivity, imbibing seeds were subjected to an unscheduled dehydration treatment, and then rehydrated for up to 24 hours. During these hydration-dehydration-rehydration (H-D-R) treatments, changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems were measured. Concurrent with the loss of viability in the axes of seeds dehydrated after 24 and 36 hours of imbibition, there were increases in both lipid peroxidation and solute leakage. Unscheduled drying was seen to be a critical stage, as intolerant axes showed four- to eightfold increases in lipid peroxidation, which were only partially reduced on subsequent rehydration. Tolerant axes, on the other hand, were able to maintain low, basal levels of lipid hydroperoxides on drying. The relationship between these observations and the antioxidant systems showed that the antioxidant enzymes CAT, ASC POD, AFR reductase, DHA reductase, guaiacol POD and SOD declined markedly during the unscheduled drying, whereas GSH and ASC declined only slightly. On rehydration, most of the enzymes, total glutathione, and total ascorbate pool increased, the only exception being the loss of ASC POD activity. ORA reductase, which was seen to decrease as a part of nonnal gennination, declined progressively also in H-D-R treatments. These results suggested that loss of viability was not attributable to a decline of the antioxidant systems but rather to the combined deleterious effects of increased lipid peroxidation, and a generalized and moderately compromised antioxidant system. These studies have indicated that the occurrence of lipid peroxidation can be seen as a nonnal part of seed development and gennination. The H-D-R studies, on the other hand, supported the concept that the balance between peroxidation reactions and the protective systems was critical to the development of desiccation tolerance. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

In recent years research has shown that exposing seed to smoke or smoke solutions results in increased germination of some, but not all the species tested. Tests showed that exposing seeds of some commercial crops to smoke increased early plant growth. The stimulatory effects of smoke were shown to benefit the germination of species regardless of whether or not fire played a part of the species ecological cycle. In commercial forest nurseries any method of increasing the recovery rate of seed presents opportunities for realising savings of related production costs. Greater recovery rates of genetically improved seed present opportunities for capturing more related growth in field operations. Improving efficiencies of seed recovery at an early point in the production chain have multiplied effects further on down the chain. Two species of pine, namely Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii that do not generally present high rates of germination were selected to test if applications of smoke solution could increase germination or emergence rates by more than 5%. As seed of both species are known to respond positively to existing seed pre-treatments the effects of smoke needed to be tested in combination, and apart from the pre-treatments. A secondary aim of the study was to examine the effect of smoke on early plant growth. Attempts to optimizes the concentration of the smoke solution were not undertaken as part of this study, as a rinsing treatment, included in the trials, is known to remove any inhibitory effects of a high concentration of the smoke solution. Tests to determine the variability of the seedlots was carried out for statistical purposes. The interaction between smoke application and pre-treatments were tested, firstly in Petri dishes under controlled environmental conditions, and then in nursery trays under standard commercial nursery conditions for both species. The inclusion of smoke in combination with the target moisture stratification (TMS and rinse pre treatment) had a significantly positive effect on P. taeda in a controlled environment. The same combination did not yield a positive results when tested under nursery conditions. Recommendations are made regarding future tests to see if the beneficial combination found in the controlled environment could be replicated under nursery conditions. Further motivation for conducting the tests exists in that the particular combination set gave significantly better early plant growth under nursery conditions. No other combinations tested yielded positive results. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

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