<p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med denna uppsats är att utvärdera utvecklingen av objektannonser i mäklarbranschen genom tiden, vad gäller utformning av annonser och val av mediekanaler. Syftet är även att försöka utläsa om fastighetsmäklaren marknadsför objektet så som marknadsföringsteorin säger att man bör marknadsföra en produkt.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Metoden som används är att samla primärdata genom att göra en jämförelse mellan objektannonser från år 1990 med objektannonser från år 2009. Därefter har primärdata samlats in med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med fastighetsmäklare såväl som med experter som besitter stora kunskaper inom området. Sekundärdata som används är hämtad från litteratur och Internet. <em> </em></p><p><strong>Resultat & Slutsats: </strong>Uppsatsens resultat visar att dåtidens fastighetsmäklare inte hade tillräckliga marknadsföringskunskaper för att marknadsföra objektet. Utvecklingen har dock gått framåt och idag besitter de den kunskap som krävs för att marknadsföra ett objekt så som marknadsföringsteorin säger att man bör marknadsföra en produkt. Denna slutsats baseras på jämförelsen av annonser. Slutsatserna styrks ytterligare med hjälp av expertutlåtanden och av fastighetsmäklarna själva.</p><p><strong>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: </strong>Vad denna uppsats inte tar upp, men som skulle vara intressant att undersöka, är hur fastighetsmäklare använder dagstidningar för att marknadsföra sig själva och deras kontor. Det skulle även vara intressant att göra en jämförelse av objektannonser mellan olika länder, såsom USA och Sverige.</p><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Uppsatsen har bidragit till ett konstaterande att utvecklingen av fastighetsmäklarens marknadsföring av objekt har utvecklats på flera olika plan de senaste 19 åren.</p> / <p><strong>Aim: </strong>The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences how gets on advertisements in the real estate industry and see how they have developed during the last 19 years when it comes to design an advertisement (layout) and media channel selection.</p><p>The purpose is also to try to understand if the real estate agents own think that they market the house in the best way in order to get the prospective buyer to buy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To collect the primary data I will do a comparison between advertisements in 1990 and 2009. I have done qualitative interviews with real estate agents but also collect expert opinions from marketers which are well informed in advertising matters. I have collect secondary data from books, Internet and also from old and new newspapers.</p><p><strong>Result & conclusion: </strong>This study shows that the real estate agent two decades ago did not have enough knowledge of how to market a house. However, there has been a considerable progress since than. Today real estate agents have the necessary knowledge for marketing a house. The conclusions are based on the comparison of advertisements. Marketing experts and real estate agents confirm this conclusion.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong></strong><strong>Suggestion for future research: </strong>It would be interesting to investigate how real estate agents use newspaper advertising to market themselves and their offices. Furthermore, it would be interesting to make an comparison between advertising in two different countries, e.g. the US and Sweden.</p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>This study shows that the development of advertisement have advanced during the last 19 years. This can establish.</p>

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att utvärdera utvecklingen av objektannonser i mäklarbranschen genom tiden, vad gäller utformning av annonser och val av mediekanaler. Syftet är även att försöka utläsa om fastighetsmäklaren marknadsför objektet så som marknadsföringsteorin säger att man bör marknadsföra en produkt. Metod: Metoden som används är att samla primärdata genom att göra en jämförelse mellan objektannonser från år 1990 med objektannonser från år 2009. Därefter har primärdata samlats in med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med fastighetsmäklare såväl som med experter som besitter stora kunskaper inom området. Sekundärdata som används är hämtad från litteratur och Internet.   Resultat &amp; Slutsats: Uppsatsens resultat visar att dåtidens fastighetsmäklare inte hade tillräckliga marknadsföringskunskaper för att marknadsföra objektet. Utvecklingen har dock gått framåt och idag besitter de den kunskap som krävs för att marknadsföra ett objekt så som marknadsföringsteorin säger att man bör marknadsföra en produkt. Denna slutsats baseras på jämförelsen av annonser. Slutsatserna styrks ytterligare med hjälp av expertutlåtanden och av fastighetsmäklarna själva. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vad denna uppsats inte tar upp, men som skulle vara intressant att undersöka, är hur fastighetsmäklare använder dagstidningar för att marknadsföra sig själva och deras kontor. Det skulle även vara intressant att göra en jämförelse av objektannonser mellan olika länder, såsom USA och Sverige. Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen har bidragit till ett konstaterande att utvecklingen av fastighetsmäklarens marknadsföring av objekt har utvecklats på flera olika plan de senaste 19 åren. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences how gets on advertisements in the real estate industry and see how they have developed during the last 19 years when it comes to design an advertisement (layout) and media channel selection. The purpose is also to try to understand if the real estate agents own think that they market the house in the best way in order to get the prospective buyer to buy. Method: To collect the primary data I will do a comparison between advertisements in 1990 and 2009. I have done qualitative interviews with real estate agents but also collect expert opinions from marketers which are well informed in advertising matters. I have collect secondary data from books, Internet and also from old and new newspapers. Result &amp; conclusion: This study shows that the real estate agent two decades ago did not have enough knowledge of how to market a house. However, there has been a considerable progress since than. Today real estate agents have the necessary knowledge for marketing a house. The conclusions are based on the comparison of advertisements. Marketing experts and real estate agents confirm this conclusion.  Suggestion for future research: It would be interesting to investigate how real estate agents use newspaper advertising to market themselves and their offices. Furthermore, it would be interesting to make an comparison between advertising in two different countries, e.g. the US and Sweden. Contribution of the thesis: This study shows that the development of advertisement have advanced during the last 19 years. This can establish.

No description available.

A partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée durant cinq ans aux chantiers navals deSaint-Nazaire, cette recherche met en évidence l’hétérogénéité du monde ouvriercontemporain et analyse plus spécifiquement la condition des ouvriers qui constituent laminorité stable sur ce site industriel : les ouvriers Chantiers, recrutés directement parl’entreprise donneuse d’ordres.La thèse présente en premier lieu les qualités qui font de ces ouvriers une aristocratieouvrière au sein d’un monde ouvrier caractérisé par son éclatement. Insérés dansl’emploi stable, dans une entreprise qui leur confère des gratifications matérielles etsymboliques, aux côtés de figures ouvrières plus précaires (intérimaires, ouvriers soustraitants,ouvriers immigrés), les ouvriers Chantiers constituent une fraction ouvrière« stable et honorable ». Ils conservent également certains traits traditionnels du mondeouvrier qui montrent qu’ils ne sont que partiellement affectés par les mutations encours. La thèse étudie ensuite les effets des transformations industrielles sur ces ouvriersstables. Les évolutions du travail ouvrier, les segmentations internes au groupeprofessionnel et les processus de mise en concurrence des salariés participent à larecomposition de cette aristocratie ouvrière. De plus, les modes de gestion de la maind’oeuvre,basés sur le recours massif à la sous-traitance (nationale et étrangère),contribuent à nourrir le sentiment de déstabilisation des ouvriers Chantiers. La présencedes ouvriers sous-traitants est effectivement perçue comme une « menace » et rendtangible le risque de précarisation du « noyau stable ». / This research shows the heterogenity of the contemporary blue collars group. Based ona five years ethnographic research in the Saint-Nazaire shipbuilding industry, it analysesthe working condition of the most integrated and “steady” workers, directly hired by theshipbuilding. The thesis explains why these workers can be seen as an “aristocratic” partof the working class. They benefit from an industry that gives them higher material andsymbolical gratifications than the other workers (subcontracter workers, immigrantworkers, etc.). They are not totally impacted by the current transformations observed inthe industry. Indeed, they show some traditional features of the working class culture.But the thesis explores the consequences of the transformations in the management. Themassive presence of local and foreign subcontractors’ workers intensifies theuncertainty for the future felt by the most steady workers.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise présente une nouvelle approche non supervisée pour détecter et segmenter les régions urbaines dans les images hyperspectrales. La méthode proposée n ́ecessite trois étapes. Tout d’abord, afin de réduire le coût calculatoire de notre algorithme, une image couleur du contenu spectral est estimée. A cette fin, une étape de réduction de dimensionalité non-linéaire, basée sur deux critères complémentaires mais contradictoires de bonne visualisation; à savoir la précision et le contraste, est réalisée pour l’affichage couleur de chaque image hyperspectrale. Ensuite, pour discriminer les régions urbaines des régions non urbaines, la seconde étape consiste à extraire quelques caractéristiques discriminantes (et complémentaires) sur cette image hyperspectrale couleur. A cette fin, nous avons extrait une série de paramètres discriminants pour décrire les caractéristiques d’une zone urbaine, principalement composée d’objets manufacturés de formes simples g ́eométriques et régulières. Nous avons utilisé des caractéristiques texturales basées sur les niveaux de gris, la magnitude du gradient ou des paramètres issus de la matrice de co-occurrence combinés avec des caractéristiques structurelles basées sur l’orientation locale du gradient de l’image et la détection locale de segments de droites. Afin de réduire encore la complexité de calcul de notre approche et éviter le problème de la ”malédiction de la dimensionnalité” quand on décide de regrouper des données de dimensions élevées, nous avons décidé de classifier individuellement, dans la dernière étape, chaque caractéristique texturale ou structurelle avec une simple procédure de K-moyennes et ensuite de combiner ces segmentations grossières, obtenues à faible coût, avec un modèle efficace de fusion de cartes de segmentations. Les expérimentations données dans ce rapport montrent que cette stratégie est efficace visuellement et se compare favorablement aux autres méthodes de détection et segmentation de zones urbaines à partir d’images hyperspectrales. / This master’s thesis presents a new approach to urban area detection and segmentation in hyperspectral images. The proposed method relies on a three-step procedure. First, in order to decrease the computational complexity, an informative three-colour composite image, minimizing as much as possible the loss of information of the spectral content, is computed. To this end, a non-linear dimensionality reduction step, based on two complementary but contradictory criteria of good visualization, namely accuracy and contrast, is achieved for the colour display of each hyperspectral image. In order to discriminate between urban and non-urban areas, the second step consists of extracting some complementary and discriminant features on the resulting (three-band) colour hyperspectral image. To attain this goal, we have extracted a set of features relevant to the description of different aspects of urban areas, which are mainly composed of man-made objects with regular or simple geometrical shapes. We have used simple textural features based on grey-levels, gradient magnitude or grey-level co-occurence matrix statistical parameters combined with structural features based on gradient orientation, and straight segment detection. In order to also reduce the computational complexity and to avoid the so-called “curse of dimensionality” when clustering high-dimensional data, we decided, in the final third step, to classify each individual feature (by a simple K-means clustering procedure) and to combine these multiple low-cost and rough image segmentation results with an efficient fusion model of segmentation maps. The experiments reported in this report demonstrate that the proposed segmentation method is efficient in terms of visual evaluation and performs well compared to existing and automatic detection and segmentation methods of urban areas from hyperspectral images.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise présente une nouvelle approche non supervisée pour détecter et segmenter les régions urbaines dans les images hyperspectrales. La méthode proposée n ́ecessite trois étapes. Tout d’abord, afin de réduire le coût calculatoire de notre algorithme, une image couleur du contenu spectral est estimée. A cette fin, une étape de réduction de dimensionalité non-linéaire, basée sur deux critères complémentaires mais contradictoires de bonne visualisation; à savoir la précision et le contraste, est réalisée pour l’affichage couleur de chaque image hyperspectrale. Ensuite, pour discriminer les régions urbaines des régions non urbaines, la seconde étape consiste à extraire quelques caractéristiques discriminantes (et complémentaires) sur cette image hyperspectrale couleur. A cette fin, nous avons extrait une série de paramètres discriminants pour décrire les caractéristiques d’une zone urbaine, principalement composée d’objets manufacturés de formes simples g ́eométriques et régulières. Nous avons utilisé des caractéristiques texturales basées sur les niveaux de gris, la magnitude du gradient ou des paramètres issus de la matrice de co-occurrence combinés avec des caractéristiques structurelles basées sur l’orientation locale du gradient de l’image et la détection locale de segments de droites. Afin de réduire encore la complexité de calcul de notre approche et éviter le problème de la ”malédiction de la dimensionnalité” quand on décide de regrouper des données de dimensions élevées, nous avons décidé de classifier individuellement, dans la dernière étape, chaque caractéristique texturale ou structurelle avec une simple procédure de K-moyennes et ensuite de combiner ces segmentations grossières, obtenues à faible coût, avec un modèle efficace de fusion de cartes de segmentations. Les expérimentations données dans ce rapport montrent que cette stratégie est efficace visuellement et se compare favorablement aux autres méthodes de détection et segmentation de zones urbaines à partir d’images hyperspectrales. / This master’s thesis presents a new approach to urban area detection and segmentation in hyperspectral images. The proposed method relies on a three-step procedure. First, in order to decrease the computational complexity, an informative three-colour composite image, minimizing as much as possible the loss of information of the spectral content, is computed. To this end, a non-linear dimensionality reduction step, based on two complementary but contradictory criteria of good visualization, namely accuracy and contrast, is achieved for the colour display of each hyperspectral image. In order to discriminate between urban and non-urban areas, the second step consists of extracting some complementary and discriminant features on the resulting (three-band) colour hyperspectral image. To attain this goal, we have extracted a set of features relevant to the description of different aspects of urban areas, which are mainly composed of man-made objects with regular or simple geometrical shapes. We have used simple textural features based on grey-levels, gradient magnitude or grey-level co-occurence matrix statistical parameters combined with structural features based on gradient orientation, and straight segment detection. In order to also reduce the computational complexity and to avoid the so-called “curse of dimensionality” when clustering high-dimensional data, we decided, in the final third step, to classify each individual feature (by a simple K-means clustering procedure) and to combine these multiple low-cost and rough image segmentation results with an efficient fusion model of segmentation maps. The experiments reported in this report demonstrate that the proposed segmentation method is efficient in terms of visual evaluation and performs well compared to existing and automatic detection and segmentation methods of urban areas from hyperspectral images.

No description available.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-08T10:36:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 wanderantunesgasparvalente.pdf: 4197156 bytes, checksum: 5b667869c3bb237e570559ddf4cbb30d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T16:56:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wanderantunesgasparvalente.pdf: 4197156 bytes, checksum: 5b667869c3bb237e570559ddf4cbb30d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T16:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wanderantunesgasparvalente.pdf: 4197156 bytes, checksum: 5b667869c3bb237e570559ddf4cbb30d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / O presente trabalho fundamenta-se no método das segmentações geométricas sucessivas (MSGS) para a construção de uma rede neural artificial capaz de gerar tanto a topologia da rede quanto o peso dos neurônios sem a especificação de parâmetros iniciais. O MSGS permite identificar um conjunto de hiperplanos no espaço Rn que, quando combinados adequadamente, podem separar duas ou mais classes de dados. Especificamente neste trabalho é empregado um aprimoramento ao MSGS com base em estimativas de densidade por kernel. Utilizando-se KDE, é possível encontrar novos hiperplanos de separação de forma mais consistente e, a partir daí, conduzir à classificação de dados com taxas de acerto superiores à técnica originalmente empregada. Neste trabalho, o MSGS aprimorado é empregado satisfatoriamente pela primeira vez para a identificação de padrões em sistemas de energia elétrica. O método foi ajustado para a classificação de faltas incipientes em transformadores de potência e os resultados apresentam índices de acerto superiores a trabalhos correlatos. O MSGS aprimorado também foi adaptado para classificar e localizar faltas inter-circuitos em linhas áreas de transmissão em circuito duplo, obtendo resultados positivos em comparação com a literatura científica. / This work is based on the method of successive geometric segmentations (SGSM) for the construction of an artificial neural network capable of generating both the network topology as the weight of neurons without specifying initial parameters. The MSGS allows to identify a set of hyperplanes in the Rn space that when properly combined, can separate two or more data classes. Specifically in this work is used an improvement to SGSM based on kernel density estimates (KDE). Using KDE, it is possible to find new hyperplanes of separation more consistently and, from there, lead to data classification with accuracy rates higher than originally technique. In this paper, the improved SGSM is first used satisfactorily to identify patterns in electrical power systems. The method has been adjusted to the classification of incipient faults in power transformers and the results have achieved rates above related work. The improved SGSM has also been adapted to classify and locate inter-circuit faults on double circuit overhead transmission lines with positive results compared with the scientific literature.