Theoretical foundation: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic system disease manifesting itself particularly by inflammatory joint impairment. The main problems confronting daily the patient include pains of the motor system and fatigue. The disease has typically long, progressive development, and although it does not cause directly the patients' death, it reduces their life by some ten years on average. The serious character of the disease consists in the fact that the motor abilities of the individual are gradually impaired. At the beginning the patients must avoid major physical activity, often give up their hobbies and sometimes even their jobs. In the most serious cases, the disease may even prevent the patients from performing basic self-service activities. Goal of the thesis: The goal of the thesis consists in mapping the level of problems of rheumatoid arthritis patients at performing daily activities. Hypotheses - H1: Rheumatoid arthritis patients feel discomfort when performing common daily activities, H2: Rheumatoid arthritis patients make use of supporting and compensation aids when performing common daily activities, H3: Rheumatoid arthritis patients make use of another person's assistance when performing common daily activities. Methodology: The research part of the thesis was implemented based on quantitative inquiry within the grant Project No. 120/2012/S ?Reflection of life quality in nursing?. The actual research made use of HAQ standardized questionnaire, distributed among the rheumatoid arthritis patients. The size of the research set was set at 200 rheumatoid arthritis patients from all over the Czech Republic. The respondents were chosen based on quota selection, striving to observe the proportion of men to women at 3:1, i.e. 150 women and 50 men. When searching the respondents, organizations associating patients with the respective diagnosis were first approached. All results obtained were statistically processed in the SASD (Statistical Analysis of Social Data) program. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: The results can be divided into three areas, by the related hypotheses. The first part of the results gave information on the degree of discomfort felt by the individuals when performing specific common daily activities. It was found out that the patients see the most difficult activity in taking down an item from a place above their head and bathing in the bathtub. The second area brought information on the aids used to perform common daily activities. The respondents named dressing aids or handgrips at the bathtub most frequently. The third and last area brought the answer to the question what activities require another person's help. The patients named reaching or opening of things most frequently. But an essential part of the patients stated not to need any help of another person in common daily activities. Based on the results, the hypotheses were evaluated as follows: H1 - Rheumatoid arthritis patients feel discomfort when performing common daily activities - confirmed, H2 - Rheumatoid patients make use of supporting and compensation aids when performing common daily activities - confirmed and H3 - Rheumatoid arthritis patients make use of another's person when performing common daily activities - not confirmed. Conclusion: The thesis provides a detailed and comprehensive view on the issues of performing common daily activities in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The results can be used both by practical nurses and by students of nursing and related disciplines. The thesis can also constitute foundation for further research. The thesis results will be also presented and published.

The topic of old age and ageing is wide-ranging. The position of senior citizens within a society and the solution of the questions connected with the consequences of their growing age represents an integral part of the natural life cycle. Apart from their material security the quality range of senior citizens{\crq} life is made up of their state of health, accessibility of both public and private health, social and other services, marital status, the quality of housing, the chance of further education and developing social contacts. The quality of life is a very subjective and individual phenomenon. It involves different impulses for various people in different periods. There is a general tendency towards rising demands on the quality of life within the population and it the same with the oncoming generation of senior citizens. It is always necessary to ask oneself a question whether the quality of senior citizens{\crq} lives in institutional facilities is on an appropriate level and which are the factors influencing the quality of their lives. Evaluating the quality of life can be also looked upon as a subjective individual{\crq}s view of the individual aspects of his life. However, it is highly important that the living environment meets and satisfies the senior citizens{\crq} corporal, psychic, social and spiritual needs. This diploma thesis represents a continuation of the bachelor{\crq}s thesis: The quality of senior citizens{\crq} life in institutional facilities. The basic aim is to compare the quality of senior citizens{\crq} life in the institutional facility {--} the Old People{\crq}s Home of Kůsov within a period of two years. I have chosen the topic of the thesis because I have been working in an institutional facility for more than 21 years, and the quality of senior citizens{\crq} life has made me think about this problem more thoroughly. The diploma thesis includes the present state of affairs of the problems in question, the specification of hypotheses, methodology, the results of the research, discussion, conclusion, the list of the sources, key words and supplements. The description of the present state of affairs comprises the characteristic features of the senior citizens{\crq} population, senior citizens{\crq} state of health, their self-sufficiency and activities. Another concept is the quality of life. Provided that we combine the word quality with that of life, we will face the fact that various people can have and usually do have different ideas about what in fact comprises the meaning of their life, what makes their life of high quality. The quality of life is looked upon as a multi-dimensional quantity and is usually defined as a ``subjective appraisal of one{\crq}s own conditions of life{\crqq}. Further on there are institutional facilities and the new Social Care Act No. 108/2006 digest mentioned in this part. There have two hypotheses been specified in this thesis, which have been confirmed by the research. The original research sample of the year 2004 included 100 respondents: 40 men and 60 women. Within the period of two years 22 respondents died, 8 men and 14 women. These respondents were taken away from the total sample and, as a result, a new representative sample has come into being comprising 78 respondents, 32 men ans 46 women. The research was carried out by means of the method of a controlled dialogue, using a questionnaire for the users of the old people{\crq}s home, the standardized SEIQoL questionnaire and an ADL test. The results were compiled in tabular and chart form, and subsequently processed by means of the STATISTICA statistical programme. The discussion includes a summary of the research knowledge in comparison with the sources used. The conclusion comprises a summary of the complete research part. We can conclude that nowadays the quality of life in an institutional facility can reach a high level.

The number of rheumatic diseases has been increasing in Europe. It is estimated that currently up to a quarter of Europeans suffer from some type of rheumatism. Rheumatoid arthritis and Bechterew's disease (ankylosing spondylitis) are chronic diseases manifested by pain, stiffness, inflammation of joints and the back. The theoretical section is divided into two parts; the first part defines rheumatoid arthritis and Bechterew's disease from the health point of view. The second part is devoted to the social area that is often neglected. The aim of the practical section of the thesis is to reveal how rheumatoid arthritis differs from Bechterew's disease in terms of the use of social assistance, as well as employability or participation in social life. For the data collection, qualitative research methods and interviewing techniques were used. The addressed respondents were patients of rheumatology consulting rooms of the Medipont Plus Ltd., who were divided into two groups ? patients with rheumatoid arthritis and those with Bechterew's disease. The research has shown that persons suffering form rheumatoid arthritis are more likely to get a disability pension than those with Bechterew's disease and they also more often use social contributions, most frequently the extra benefits for people with disabilities ? ZTP cards. This is related to a lower work capability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to those with Bechterew's disease. The research results are influenced by the age of the respondents, the length of the illness, the difference in the roles of men and women and last but not least, by personality characteristics. The research has proved that patients suffering from rheumatic diseases as well as those suffering from Bechterew's disease and undergoing biological treatment are more self-sufficient due to this modern treatment. It has also been found that the respondents who are not fully self-sufficient are not informed about the possibilities to get social benefits and contributions and do not know where to get this information. The thesis could provide an impetus for the strategy when rheumatic diseases are not considered only a medical issue, because these diseases significantly influence the lives of the people affected and thus become a serious psychosocial issue.

Este trabalho apresenta os estudos técnicos para implantação de um sistema de geração de energia que atenda a demanda dos circuitos eletroeletrônicos de um queimador de biogás, tornando-o autossuficiente energeticamente e viabilizando sua instalação em locais distantes e não atendidos pelo sistema convencional de distribuição de energia. O projeto do sistema de geração de energia tem como base a associação das tecnologias fotovoltaica e termoelétrica direta, tipo efeito Seebeck. O queimador de biogás descrito neste projeto é instalado em miniestações de tratamento de efluentes com produção de biogás, onde o aproveitamento energético da forma tradicional é inviável em função da baixa e inconstante vazão de biogás. O queimador de biogás possui um circuito eletrônico de controle que determina o tempo de combustão do biogás, onde, através de um microcontrolador, recebe informações do circuito eletrônico de controle e registra o volume de biogás queimado, objetivando a obtenção dos créditos de carbono. O queimador de biogás tem como objetivo somente o saneamento, provocando a queima do gás metano (CH4) presente no biogás e permitindo a busca por créditos de carbono, contribuindo para a diminuição dos efeitos provocados pelos gases do efeito estufa (GEE). Durante os estudos, foi constatado que a energia gerada pelo painel fotovoltaico é suficiente para atender a demanda de energia do circuito eletroeletrônico do queimador de biogás, enquanto que o sistema termoelétrico direto obteve resultados desprezíveis. Constatou-se também que parte do circuito do controlador de carga, utilizado nesse estudo, pode futuramente ser inserida no firmware do microcontrolador já existente no projeto, reduzindo assim significativamente os componentes do circuito. / This paper presents the technical studies for the implementation of a system of power generation to meet the energy demand of biogas burner electronics circuits, making it self-sufficient energy and enabling installation in remote locations not served by the conventional system of energy distribution. The design of the power generation system is based on the combination of photovoltaic technologies and thermoelectric direct like Seebeck Effect. The biogas burner described in this project is installed in mini-stations for treatment and biogas production, where energy reuse in the traditional way is not feasible due to the low and variable flow of biogas. The biogas burner has an electronic control circuit which determines the time of combustion of biogas, which, through a microcontroller receives information from the electronic control circuit and registers the volume of biogas flared aiming to get carbon credits. The biogas burner, aims only sanitation, causing burning methane gas (CH4) present in biogas and allowing the search for carbon credits, helping to reduce the effects caused by greenhouse gases (GHG). During the studies, it was found that the energy generated by the photovoltaic panel is enough to attend the energy demand of the electronics circuit of biogas burner, while the direct thermoelectric system obtained a negligible result. It was found that part of the charge controller, used in this study, in the future can be inserted into the firmware of the microcontroller existing of the in the project, reducing therefore the circuit components significantly.

Introduction: Fractures of the proximal end of the femur are one of the most frequent diagnoses. Patients with this diagnosis have to deal with performing daily activities. Both for painas well for the necessity of adherence to antiluxal measures. Thanks to this decrease thein independence from the other person. As one of the maingoals in this diploma thesis we determined means how occupational therapy canincrease self - sufficiency in this target group. As other goals, we found in formativ about the selection and financing of compensatory aids and we made a manual about this information. We focused on the factors that affect the return of patients to the home environment. Methodology: In the personal parts we chose 6 case studies (3 men and 3 women), in the averageage 73.5 years (median 72, 5), youngest 64 years, oldest 85 years. Patients underwent 5 therapies dedicated to the training of self - sufficiency of personal everyday activities (pADL). We measured the effectiveness of th erapeutic units using the Barthel Index. We observed them and found out chat compensatory aids they use for self-sufficiency Results: Probands recese daverage 33.3 points in the evaluationat the initialexamination. After graduating therapiest heave rage performance of all probands obtained at 67, 5 points. They used...

This dissertation is focused on providing family-based care for the seniors at their home environment in connection with the care allowance. The goal of this work is to determine the influence of the care allowance sustainability of the care for the elderly at home environment from a perspective of the family caregivers. The theoretical part of the dissertation discusses the concept of self-sufficiency, interrelationship of the family care for a elderly family member at their home environment, state help for the family carers and a care allowance. In the practical part of this dissertation are presented and discussed the obtained results of the quantitative and qualitative survey, validated specify of the research assumptions and answered research questions related to the provision of the care allowance beneficiaries and understanding the impact of the care allowance on care sustainability for the caregivers of the eldery at their home environment.

This thesis deals with multidisciplinary cooperation in residential facilities for the elderly (so- called MTD). I'm going to focus on retirement houses. The theoretical part deals with old age, fundamental documents defining social rights and basic values in the care of the elderly. It also deals with cooperation team composition in retirement houses for the elderly, development phases, principles and barriers to the functioning of a multidisciplinary team. In the empirical part I deal with the description of the data collecting and analysing the results of questionnaire survey and interviews. The aim of my thesis is to find out with what barriers of multidisciplinary cooperation retirement houses deals with. In the practical part, I looked for obstacles affecting their functioning and also what would contribute to the creation of a team in a retirement house. Keywords cooperation multidisciplinary team seniors care residential facilities self-sufficiency

This research explored the perceived factors that influenced the decisions of single and married mothers to enroll or not enroll in post-secondary education. The study then investigated the relationship between educational level and income for single mothers in Utah. From a survey of 1197 Utah mothers, this study concluded that mothers enroll in post-secondary education out of desire and necessity, and there is a relationship between an educational attainment level of a Bachelor's degree of higher and the ability of a single mother to gain economic stability. Specifically, single mothers enroll in post-secondary education for financial reasons while married mothers enroll more often for personal improvement. Family and friends are important supports for mothers who decide to enroll in post-secondary education. Time is a perceived barrier for single and married mothers who decide not to enroll in post-secondary education, and money is a barrier for single mothers who decide not to enroll in post-secondary education. Married mothers in this research would enroll in post-secondary education if a life event required them to become the financial provider for the family. Strategies for dealing with insufficient income sometimes vary by educational level of the single mothers in this research. However, assets, sufficient income and money left over at the end of the month are significantly different depending on educational level, most often the Bachelor's degree or higher. Lastly, while to no significant difference was found between the employment rate and educational level of single mothers in this research, significance was found between the educational level and income of single mothers.

After the repeal of the Corn Laws ended the policy of protectionism which had enabled Britain to feed herself from within her own resources, free trade resulted in domestic food production constituting only 30% of the British diet. This study looks at the political discourse from 1880 to 1939 when the ¿empty countryside¿ became a symbol of agricultural decline. Emerging radical and socialist narratives put forward approaches for rural regeneration and increased food production. Other narratives suggested that agricultural decline was one manifestation of national decline whereby a self sufficient and proud nation was being betrayed by Capitalism. Both Left and Right offered up the prospect of different solutions predicated upon shared perceptions of ¿Englishness.¿ The experience of Irish famine failed to inform political action or policy making. The study notes the importance of War upon the development of food policy. Increasingly, the State joined forces with the NFU in a corporate endeavour which sought to manage, rather than increase, food production and created structures which became increasingly important in the context of rearmament. Increased food production was rejected upon defence grounds in that free trade and a navy were seen as appropriate safeguards. Those countries which sought to follow self sufficiency ¿ or autarky ¿ are portrayed as warlike in their intentions; by 1939 all mainstream political parties rejected the notion of artificially increased food production. Those who continued to press for increased food production concentrated either upon earlier pre Capitalist societies or were attracted by Fascism and strong leadership. After such searches became increasingly problematic there was emphasis upon the soil, with the adoption of an approach which was both practical and mystical.

The primary aim of this thesis was to use the calculation instrument for the solar energy potential map of Landskrona to simulate several PV systems to a sanitation company. The calculation tool is designed to calculate the profitability and environmental benefits of installing solar panels. The calculation tool was adapted in order to compare cost efficiency, environmental benefit and degree of self-sufficiency and self- consumption for the solutions. The PV system was planned to a company, Landskrona Svalöv Renhållning (LSR). Furthermore, four different ways to construct the PV system were investigated; flat against the roof, tilted with respect to the roof, tilted with respect to the roof and oriented (azimuth angle), as well as an installation with a string of tilted PV modules together with PV modules mounted flat against the roof. Variation of the system configurations was achieved by changing the parameters tilt and azimuth angle. The capacity was adjusted so that the annual production would be 83 500 kWh for all the studied systems. The different systems were optimized in two ways; first for the most output per module, and secondly for the greatest self-sufficiency in order to minimize the losses of excess production. PV modules optimally oriented for production per module provides the highest profitability and lowest payback period. The study suggests that photovoltaic systems are a competitive installation for LSR even without subsidies. The degree of self-consumption was 11 %. Simulation results showed that the degree of self-sufficiency could only be increased marginally by simply changing the orientation of solar cells (with power adapted to maintained production level). There was no significant benefit from tilting the solar cells by 90 ° to increase self-sufficiency in the winter. The simulations showed that almost all of the produced electricity was used to LSR 's internal load. This high degree of self-consumption showed very little excess electricity was produced. LSR is connected to the medium voltage power grid via two transformers. The surplus production covered only part of the no-load losses in transformers. Surplus electricity could therefore not be sold, but the high self-consumption rate limited this loss of revenue. The solar electricity from crystalline silicon cells, results in slightly higher greenhouse gas emissions than wind power but much lower than the production mix of electricity available in the market. The self-produced solar electricity contributed to the environment because LSR did not have to buy the contracted wind electricity, which then became available for others. The study's conclusions are that a PV system is likely to be profitable for LSR. Self-sufficiency would be about 11%, and the self-consumption rate of 98%. The environmental benefit consisted of the contribution of renewable energy in the mix of electricity generation on the market. / Huvudsyftet med denna rapport var att simulera olika solcellsanläggningar med ett beräkningsverktyg till en renhållningsverksamhet. Beräkningsverktyget är framtaget till solpotentialkartan över Landskrona för att beräkna lönsamheten och miljönyttan av att installera solceller. Beräkningsverktyget anpassades för att jämföra kostnadseffektiviteten, självförsörjningsgraden, självkonsumtionsgraden och miljönyttan med olika systemlösningar på solcellsanläggningar. Landskrona Svalövs Renhållning (LSR) var den renhållningsverksamhet de simulerade solcellsanläggningarna anpassades till. Först antogs fyra olika sätt att anlägga solcellerna på; platt, uppvinklat från tak, uppvinklat från tak och riktat (azimutvinkeln) samt en systemlösning med en sträng solceller som var uppvinklade tillsammans med en grupp platt anlagda solceller. Sedan utfördes simuleringar genom att ändra parametrarna vinkel och azimutvinkel. Effekten anpassades så att årsproduktionen var 83 500 kWh för alla de studerade systemen. Dessa olika systemlösningar optimerades på två sätt. För det första, till största produktion per modul, för det andra till största självförsörjningsgrad. Den högsta lönsamheten och lägsta återbetalningstiden gav den solcellsanläggning vars moduler var optimalt orienterad för produktion per modul. Studien pekar mot att en solcellsanläggning för LSR är en konkurrenskraftig installation utan statligt stöd. I de simulerade fallen täckte den egenanvända elen den totala elanvändningen till ca 11 %.  Simuleringsresultaten visade att denna självförsörjningsgrad endast gick att höja marginellt genom att ändra på orienteringen (med effekt anpassad så att produktionsnivån bibehölls). Det fanns ingen signifikant nytta av att anlägga solceller i 90° för att öka självförsörjningen under vintern. Simuleringarna visade att nästan all egen elproduktion användes till LSR:s interna last. Denna höga självkonsumtionsgrad visade att mycket lite överskott av el producerades. LSR är anslutna till högspänningsnätet via två transformatorer. Överskottsproduktionen täckte bara en del av tomgångsförlusterna i transformatorerna. Överskottselen kunde därmed inte säljas, men den höga självkonsumtionsgraden begränsade denna förlust av intäkter. Solkraft från solceller av kristallina solceller har något högre växthusgasutsläpp än vindkraftsel men mycket lägre än den produktionsmix av el som finns på marknaden. Egen solelproduktion bidrog till miljönyttan eftersom LSR inte behövde köpa den kontrakterade vindkraften då de använde egen solel och elen från vindkraft blev tillgänglig för andra. Studiens slutsatser är att en solcellsanläggning sannolikt skulle vara lönsam för LSR. Självförsörjningsgraden skulle bli ca 11 % och självkonsumtionsgraden över 98 %. Miljönyttan bestod i tillskott av förnybar el i den mix av elproduktion som fanns på marknaden.