Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo do problema de teste de circuitos analógicos e mistos, propondo uma metodologia de teste e apresentando uma ferramenta para geração automática de vetores de teste (ATPG). A necessidade deste tipo de pesquisa torna-se clara no momento em que um número cada vez maior de aplicações requer algum tipo de interação entre dispositivos analógicos e digitais, não só em se tratando de placas de circuito impresso, mas também em um mesmo circuito integrado. A metodologia prevê a detecção de falhas paramétricas, de grandes desvios e catastróficas em circuitos lineares e não-lineares. Além disso. a ocorrência de falhas de interação é considerada, assim como a definição de vetores para diagnóstico que garantam máxima cobertura de falhas. Inicialmente são apresentados alguns aspectos teóricos relacionados ao teste deste tipo de circuitos (complexidade do teste, abordagens existentes e trabalhos correlatos). A seguir, são apresentados o modelo de falhas utilizado e a metodologia proposta, bem como a ferramenta de ATPG. A técnica é aplicada, então, a dois circuitos. O processo de geração dos vetores de teste é explicado e exemplos de vetores gerados são apresentados. Posteriormente, uma proposta de automatização do método é feita, acompanhada da descrição de algumas ferramentas comerciais utilizadas. Por fim, os resultados e conclusões são apresentados. / This work aims at studying the testing problems related to analog and mixedsignal circuits. This kind of research is very useful nowadays, since there is a great demand for circuits that need some kind of interaction between analog and digital blocks. This document presents a method and an automatic test pattern generation tool aplicable to the detection of soft, large and hard fault in linear and non-linear circuits. This method considers, also, interaction faults and computes diagnose vectors that garantee maximal fault coverage. At first. a brief review of methods. approaches and related works is presented. Then. the fault model used and the test methodology are defined. and an ATPG tool is proposed. Next, the ATPG algorithm is applied to a linear and to a non-linear circuit. The test vector generation process and the test vectors computed are then shown. After that a way to automatize the ATPG tool is discussed under the light of those commercial tools that were used in this work. Finally. the conclusions and results are presented.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo do problema de teste de circuitos analógicos e mistos, propondo uma metodologia de teste e apresentando uma ferramenta para geração automática de vetores de teste (ATPG). A necessidade deste tipo de pesquisa torna-se clara no momento em que um número cada vez maior de aplicações requer algum tipo de interação entre dispositivos analógicos e digitais, não só em se tratando de placas de circuito impresso, mas também em um mesmo circuito integrado. A metodologia prevê a detecção de falhas paramétricas, de grandes desvios e catastróficas em circuitos lineares e não-lineares. Além disso. a ocorrência de falhas de interação é considerada, assim como a definição de vetores para diagnóstico que garantam máxima cobertura de falhas. Inicialmente são apresentados alguns aspectos teóricos relacionados ao teste deste tipo de circuitos (complexidade do teste, abordagens existentes e trabalhos correlatos). A seguir, são apresentados o modelo de falhas utilizado e a metodologia proposta, bem como a ferramenta de ATPG. A técnica é aplicada, então, a dois circuitos. O processo de geração dos vetores de teste é explicado e exemplos de vetores gerados são apresentados. Posteriormente, uma proposta de automatização do método é feita, acompanhada da descrição de algumas ferramentas comerciais utilizadas. Por fim, os resultados e conclusões são apresentados. / This work aims at studying the testing problems related to analog and mixedsignal circuits. This kind of research is very useful nowadays, since there is a great demand for circuits that need some kind of interaction between analog and digital blocks. This document presents a method and an automatic test pattern generation tool aplicable to the detection of soft, large and hard fault in linear and non-linear circuits. This method considers, also, interaction faults and computes diagnose vectors that garantee maximal fault coverage. At first. a brief review of methods. approaches and related works is presented. Then. the fault model used and the test methodology are defined. and an ATPG tool is proposed. Next, the ATPG algorithm is applied to a linear and to a non-linear circuit. The test vector generation process and the test vectors computed are then shown. After that a way to automatize the ATPG tool is discussed under the light of those commercial tools that were used in this work. Finally. the conclusions and results are presented.

Abstract The static linearity testing of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters (ADCs and DACs) has traditionally required test instruments with higher linearity and resolution than that of the device under test. In this thesis ways to test converters without expensive precision instruments are studied. A novel calculation algorithm for the ADC differential non-linearity (DNL) and integral non-linearity (INL) estimation is proposed. The algorithm assumes that two stimuli with constant offset between them are applied to the ADC under test and that the code density histograms for both stimuli are recorded. The probability density function (PDF) of the stimulus is then solved using simple calculations so that DNL and INL of the ADC can be estimated without a priori known stimuli. If a DAC is used to generate the stimulus to ADC, all inputs and outputs are digital and the new algorithm can be used to obtain the PDF of the DAC output. Moreover, the PDF of DAC actually characterizes its INL and DNL so that this all-digital test configuration enables a simultaneous testing of both converters thanks to the new algorithm. The proposed algorithm is analyzed thoroughly both mathematically and by carrying out several simulations and experimental tests. On the basis of the analysis it is possible to approximate the impending estimation error and select the optimal value for the offset between the stimuli. In theory, the accuracy of the algorithm proposed equals that of the standard histogram method with ideal stimulus, but in practice, the accuracy is limited by that of the offset between the stimuli. Therefore, special attention is paid to development of an accurate and small offset generator which enables ratiometric test setup and solves the problems in the case of reference voltage drift. The proposed on-chip offset generator is built using only four resistors and switches. It occupies 122·22 μm2 in a 130 nm CMOS process and accuracy is appropriate for the INL testing of 12-bit converters from rail-to-rail. Based on the analysis of the influence of resistor non-linearity on the accuracy of offset, it is possible to improve the offset generator further. With discrete resistors, the INL of 16-bit ADCs was tested using a 12-bit signal generator. The proposed simple algorithm and tiny offset generator are considered to be important steps towards built-in DNL and INL testing of ADCs and DACs.

Background: Social media (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter) as communication channels have great potential to deliver Human papillomavirus self‐test (HPVST) intervention to medically underserved women (MUW) such as women of low income. However, little is known about MUW’s willingness to participate in HPVST intervention delivered through social media. We evaluated factors that contribute to MUW’s intention to participate in the social media‐related intervention for HPVST. Methods: A 21‐item survey was administered among women receiving food from a local food pantry in a U.S. southern state. Independent variables were social media usage facilitators (including confidentiality, social support, cost, and convenience), and barriers (including misinformation, time‐consuming, inefficient, and privacy concerns). Dependent variables included the likelihood of participating in social‐driven intervention for HPVST. Both variables were measured on a 5‐point scale. We used multinomial logistic regression to analyze the data. Results: A total of 254 women (mean age 48.9 ± 10.7 years) comprising Whites (40%), Hispanics (29%), Blacks (27%), and Other (4%) participated in the study. We found that over 44% of the women were overdue for their pap smears for the past three years, 12% had never had a pap smear, and 34% were not sure if they had had a pap smear. Over 82% reported frequent social media (e.g., Facebook) usage, and 52% reported willingness to participate in social media‐driven intervention for HPVST. Women who reported that social media provide privacy (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 6.23, 95% CI: 3.56, 10.92), provide social support (AOR = 7.18, 95% CI: 4.03, 12.80), are less costly (AOR = 6.71, 95% CI: 3.80, 11.85), and are convenient (AOR = 6.17, 95% CI: 3.49, 10.92) had significantly increased odds of participating in social media intervention for HPVST. Conclusions: The findings underscore that the majority of the MUW are overdue for cervical cancer screening, regularly use social media, and are willing to participate in social media‐driven intervention. Social media could be used to promote HPV self‐testing among MUW.

The purpose of the study was to describe the determinants and practice of HIV self-testing among health care workers (HCWs) in Nyeri provincial hospital, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the rate of HIV self-testing, explore the factors influencing the practice and describe access to HIV psychosocial support, care and treatment. The study was guided by the concepts of the protection motivation theory. Data was collected from 348 HCWs and analysed by means of logistic regression. Results showed that 65.8% of the HCWs had practiced HIV self-testing among themselves. Age, self efficacy and response efficacy were found to be significant predictors of HIV self-testing. Willingness to access HIV psychosocial support (71.3%) and care and treatment (73.9%) was high. Self-testing is highly practiced by HCWs. / HIV self-testing among health care workers at Nyeri Provincial Hospital in Kenya / HIV self-testing among health care workers / Public Health / M.A. (Public Health)

The purpose of the study was to describe the determinants and practice of HIV self-testing among health care workers (HCWs) in Nyeri provincial hospital, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the rate of HIV self-testing, explore the factors influencing the practice and describe access to HIV psychosocial support, care and treatment. The study was guided by the concepts of the protection motivation theory. Data was collected from 348 HCWs and analysed by means of logistic regression. Results showed that 65.8% of the HCWs had practiced HIV self-testing among themselves. Age, self efficacy and response efficacy were found to be significant predictors of HIV self-testing. Willingness to access HIV psychosocial support (71.3%) and care and treatment (73.9%) was high. Self-testing is highly practiced by HCWs. / Public Health / M.A. (Public Health)

The design of reconfigurable microwave and millimeter-wave circuit components and on-chip testing circuitry are demonstrated. These components are designed to enable the mitigation of process faults, aging, radiation effects, and other mechanisms that lead to performance degradation in circuits and systems. The presented work is primarily based on SiGe HBTs in BiCMOS technology and harnesses the inherent resilience of SiGe to mechanisms that degrade transistor performance. However, CMOS FETs are also used in limited applications, such as in the design of switches, op-amps, and DACs. Individual circuit blocks and circuit systems are characterized with the aim of evaluating their performance under nominal conditions as well as in the context of extreme environments and other deleterious phenomena.

The diploma thesis "Individualization in Preschool and Elementary Education" deals with an individualized education of preschoolers and children at the primary school stage. It is a case study with direct observation, interviews and studying the relevant documents qualitatively examines in detail the individualization in a particular educational institution in order to gain insight into its real individualized learning using representative sample to clarify its meaning. The thesis has both theoretical and practical forms and is aimed at studying the possibility of the individualized learning. It analyzes a specific way of teachers' pedagogical work with preschool children and school children in primary education. The first chapter of the theoretical part is based on knowledge drawn from several information sources about the individualization as an organizational form of education and also on synthesis of findings from several pedagogical and psychological disciplines influencing individualized learning; the second chapter describes the basic terms, principles, types, systems and special organizations of individualized educational work. The first chapter of the practical part is based on the direct observation and exploration of individualization in the selected educational institution in order to...