Motiviert durch neuere Vorschläge zur experimentellen Untersuchung von Quantengravitationseffekten werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Annahmen und Methoden untersucht, die für die Vorhersagen solcher Effekte im Rahmen der Loop-Quantengravitation verwendet werden können. Dazu wird als Modellsystem ein skalares Feld, gekoppelt an das Gravitationsfeld, betrachtet. <br /> Zunächst wird unter bestimmten Annahmen über die Dynamik des gekoppelten Systems eine Quantentheorie für das Skalarfeld vorgeschlagen. Unter der Annahme, dass sich das Gravitationsfeld in einem semiklassischen Zustand befindet, wird dann ein &quot;QFT auf gekrümmter Raumzeit-Limes&quot; dieser Theorie definiert. Im Gegensatz zur gewöhnlichen Quantenfeldtheorie auf gekrümmter Raumzeit beschreibt die Theorie in diesem Grenzfall jedoch ein quantisiertes Skalarfeld, das auf einem (klassisch beschriebenen) Zufallsgitter propagiert. <br /> Sodann werden Methoden vorgeschlagen, den Niederenergieliemes einer solchen Gittertheorie, vor allem hinsichtlich der resultierenden modifizierten Dispersonsrelation, zu berechnen. Diese Methoden werden anhand von einfachen Modellsystemen untersucht. <br /> Schließlich werden die entwickelten Methoden unter vereinfachenden Annahmen und der Benutzung einer speziellen Klasse von semiklassischen Zuständen angewandt, um Korrekturen zur Dispersionsrelation des skalaren und des elektromagnetischen Feldes im Rahmen der Loop-Quantengravitation zu berechnen. Diese Rechnungen haben vorläufigen Charakter, da viele Annahmen eingehen, deren Gültigkeit genauer untersucht werden muss. Zumindest zeigen sie aber Probleme und Möglichkeiten auf, im Rahmen der Loop-Quantengravitation Vorhersagen zu machen, die sich im Prinzip experimentell verifizieren lassen. / Motivated by recent proposals on the experimental detectability of quantum gravity effects, the present thesis investigates assumptions and methods which might be used for the prediction of such effects within the framework of loop quantum gravity. To this end, a scalar field coupled to gravity is considered as a model system. <br /> Starting from certain assumptions about the dynamics of the coupled gravity-matter system, a quantum theory for the scalar field is proposed. Then, assuming that the gravitational field is in a semiclassical state, a &quot;QFT on curved space-time limit&quot; of this theory is defined. In contrast to ordinary quantum field theory on curved space-time however, in this limit the theory describes a quantum scalar field propagating on a (classical) random lattice. <br /> Then, methods to obtain the low energy limit of such a lattice theory, especially regarding the resulting modified dispersion relations, are discussed and applied to simple model systems. <br /> Finally, under certain simplifying assumptions, using the methods developed before as well as a specific class of semiclassical states, corrections to the dispersion relations for the scalar and the electromagnetic field are computed within the framework of loop quantum gravity. These calculations are of preliminary character, as many assumptions enter whose validity remains to be studied more thoroughly. However they exemplify the problems and possibilities of making predictions based on loop quantum gravity that are in principle testable by experiment.

The physics of electron devices is investigated within the framework of Semiclassical Monte Carlo and Path-Sum Monte Carlo analysis. Analyses of shortchannel III-V trigate nanowire and planar graphene FETs using a Semiclassical Monte Carlo algorithm are provided. In the case of the nanowire FETs, the bandstructure and scattering effects of a survey of materials on the drain current and carrier concentration are investigated in comparison with Si FETs of the same geometry. It is shown that for short channels, the drain current is predominantly determined by associated change in carrier velocity, as opposed to changes in the carrier concentration within the channel. For the graphene FETs, we demonstrate the effects of Zener tunneling and remote charged impurities on the device performance. It is shown that, commensurate with experimental evidence, the devices have great difficulty turning off as a result of the Zener tunneling, and have a conductivity minimum which is affected by remote impurities inducing charge puddling. Each material modeled is matched with experimental data by calibrating the scattering rates with velocity-field curves. Material and geometry specific parameters, models, and methods are described, while discussion of the basic semiclassical Monte Carlo method is left to the extensive volume of publications on the subject. Finally, a novel quantum Path-Sum Monte Carlo algorithm is described and applied to a test case of two layered 6 atom rings (to mimic graphene), to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in reproducing phase transitions in collective phenomena critical to possible beyond-CMOS devices. First, the method and its implementation are detailed showing its advantages over conventional Path Integral Monte Carlo and other Quantum Monte Carlo approaches. An exact solution of the system within the framework of the algorithm is provided. A Fixed Node derivative of the Path Sum Monte Carlo method is described as a work-around of the infamous Fermion sign problem. Finally, the Fixed Node Path-Sum Monte Carlo algorithm is implemented to a set of points showing the accuracy of the method and the ability to give upper and lower bounds to the phase transition points. / text

This thesis consists of a summary of four papers dealing with resonances of Dirac operators on Euclidean 3-space. In Paper I we show that the Complex Absorbing Potential (CAP) method is valid in the semiclassical limit for resonances sufficiently close to the real line if the potential is smooth and compactly supported. In Paper II  we continue the investigations initiated in Paper I but here we study clouds of resonances close to the real line and show that in some sense the CAP method remains valid also for multiple resonances. In Paper III we study perturbations of Dirac operators with smooth decaying scalar potentials  and show that these possess many resonances near certain points related to the maximum and the minimum of the potential. In Paper IV we show a trace formula of Poisson type for Dirac operators having compactly supported potentials which is related to resonances. The techniques mainly stem from complex function theory and scattering theory.

Nesta tese, obtemos estados quânticos que satisfazem a equação de Schrödinger, para Hamiltonianos quadráticos de forma geral e, ao mesmo tempo, permitem de maneira natural obter a correspondência com a descrição clássica. Usamos o método de integrais de movimento para construir operadores de criação e aniquilação, que satisfazem a álgebra de Weyl-Heisenberg. Dessa forma, construímos os estados de número generalizados (ENG) de maneira análoga ao que é feito para os estados de Fock. Obtemos diferentes famílias de estados coerentes (EC), através de uma superposição dos ENG, que chamamos de estados coerentes generalizados (ECG). Esses estados são rotulados pela constante complexa z escrita em termos do valor esperado inicial da coordenada e do momento. Escrevemos os ECG em função do desvio padrão inicial na coordenada, $\\sigma_q$, de modo a minimizar a relação de incerteza de Heisenberg no instante de tempo inicial. Obtemos, de forma pioneira, os ECG para partícula livre e discutimos em detalhes suas propriedades, tal como a relação de completeza, a minimização das relações de incerteza e a evolução da correspondente densidade de probabilidade. Mostramos que o valor esperado da coordenada e do momento segue ao longo da trajetória clássica no espaço de fase. Mostramos que, quando o comprimento de onda da partícula livre é muito menor que $\\sigma_q$, os EC se comportam como estados semiclássicos. Além da partícula livre, construímos pela primeira vez, os ECG para o oscilador invertido e discutimos em detalhes suas propriedades. Mostramos que os ECG de sistemas diferentes podem ser relacionados, impondo condições sobre os parâmetros do Hamiltoniano. Por fim, consideramos Hamiltonianos dependentes do tempo, em particular, construímos os ECG, de forma exata, para um oscilador harmônico cuja frequência varia explicitamente no tempo. Mostramos ainda modelos úteis para obter solução exata de sistemas dependentes do tempo, fazendo analogia com a equação de spin ou equação de Schrödinger unidimensional independente do tempo. Além disso, desenvolvemos um método próprio, que fixa a solução e em seguida determinamos a forma da frequência. / In this thesis we obtain quantum states that satisfy the Schrödinger equation for quadratic Hamiltonians in the general form and at the same time allow, naturally, to obtain the correspondence with the classical description. For this, we use the method of integrals of motion to construct creation and annihilation operators, which satisfy the algebra of Weyl-Heisenberg. Thus, we obtain the generalized number states (GNS) in the same way that is done for the Fock states. We obtain diferent families of coherent states (CS) that we call generalized CS (GCS), by a superposition of GNS. These states are labeled by a complex constant z which is written in terms of the initial expected values of the coordinate and momentum. We write the GCS in terms of the initial standard deviation of the coordinate, $\\sigma_q$, which provides the minimization of Heisenberg uncertainty relation at the initial instant time. In particular, we obtain for the first time the GCS for the free particle and discuss in detail their properties, such as the completeness relation, the minimization of uncertainty relations, and the evolution of the corresponding probability density. We show that the expected values of coordinated and momentum propagate along the classical trajectory in phas espace. When the Compton wavelength is much smaller than $\\sigma_q$, the CS can be considered a semiclassical state. In addition to the free particle, we obtain for the first time the GCS for the inverted oscillator and discuss in detail their properties. We show that the GCS of diferent systems can be related by imposing conditions on the parameters of the Hamiltonian. Finally, we consider the time-dependent Hamiltonian, especially to obtain the GCS for a harmonic oscillator whose frequency varies explicitly in time. We also show useful models to obtain exact solution for time-dependent systems, by analogy with the spin equation or one-dimensionaltime-independent Schrödinger equation, as well as a method which consists first to find the solution and then determine the shape of the frequency.

O objetivo desta Tese foi a aplicação da teoria dos estados coerentes para sistemas quânticos não-triviais. A partir da definição de estados coerentes para grupos de Lie compactos em geral, nos dedicamos a uma investigação detalhada da construção de tais estados e de suas propriedades no caso do grupo simplético unitário Sp(4), que é extremamente importante tanto em mecânica quântica quanto em mecânica clássica. Esse grupo possui uma complexidade intermediária, que permite um tratamento analítico ainda que apresente propriedades não-triviais do ponto de vista de teoria de representação de álgebras de Lie. Os estados coerentes obtidos nos permitiram uma investigação do limite clássico para sistemas com simetria Sp(4) e uma conexão com a teoria do caos em mecânica quântica. Além disso, tratamos uma proposta recente de generalização do conceito de estados coerentes para sistemas de espectro discreto não-degenerado, os estados de Gazeau-Klauder. Esses estados foram aplicados a um problema de magnetização bidimensional e também ao potencial unidimensional de mínimos duplos, onde observamos o aparecimento dos estados chamados \"Gatos de Schrödinger\", que consistem na superposição de dois estados de mínima incerteza. / The subject of the Thesis was the aplication of the coherent states theory to non-trivial quantum systems. Starting from the general definition of coherent states for compact Lie groups, we made a detailed investigation of the construction of these states and its properties in the case of the unitary symplectic group Sp(4), which is extremely important in both quantum and classical mechanics. This group has an intermediate complexity, allowing an analytic treatment while presenting non-trivial properties from the point of view of represention theory of Lie algebras. The coherent states so obtained allowed us an investigation of the classical limit of systems with Sp(4) symmetry and a conection with the theory of chaos in quantum mechanics. Besides that, we have treated a recent generalization of the concept of coherent states for systems with discrete and nondegenerate spectrum, the Gazeau-Klauder states. These states were applied to a twodimensional magnetization problem and also to the onedimensional double-well potential, where we have observed the appearence of the so-called \"Schrödinger cats\", which consist in the superposition of two minimum-uncertainty states.

Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T00:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LuisCoelhodos_D.pdf: 950495 bytes, checksum: 6d6e6d4fadee89455b54a57206af4e76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A supercompleteza da base de estados coerentes gera uma multiplicidade de representações da integral de trajetória de Feynman. Estas diferentes representações, embora equivalentes quanticamente, levam a diferentes limites semiclássicos. Baranger et al calcularam o limite semiclássico de duas formas para a integral de trajetória, sugeridas por Klauder e Skagerstam. Cada uma destas fórmulas envolve trajetórias governadas por uma diferente representação clássica do operador Hamiltoniano: a representação P em um caso e a representação Q no outro. Nesta tese, nós construímos outras duas representações da integral de trajetória, cujos limites semiclássicos envolvem diretamente a representação de Weyl do operador Hamiltoniano, isto é, a própria Hamiltoniana classica. Mostramos que, no limite semiclássico, a dinâmica na representação de Weyl é independente da largura dos estados coerentes e o propagador é também livre das correções de fase encontradas em todos os outros casos. Além disto, fornecemos uma conexão explícita entre as representações quânticas de Weyl e de Husimi no espaço de fases / Abstract: The overcompleteness of the coherent states basis gives rise to a multiplicity of representations of Feynman¿s path integral. These different representations, although equivalent quantum mechanically, lead to different semiclassical limits. Baranger et al derived the semiclassical limit of two path integral forms suggested by Klauder and Skagerstam. Each of these formulas involve trajectories governed by a different classical representation of the Hamiltonian operator: the P representation in one case and the Q representation in the other one. In this thesis we construct two other representations of the path integral whose semiclassical limit involves directly the Weyl representation of the Hamiltonian operator, i.e., the classical Hamiltonian itself. We show that, in the semiclassical limit, the dynamics in the Weyl representation is independent of the coherent states width and that the propagator is also free from the phase corrections found in all the other cases. Besides, we obtain an explicit connection between the Weyl and the Husimi phase space representations of quantum mechanics / Doutorado / Física Clássica e Física Quântica : Mecânica e Campos / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:38:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Grigolo_Adriano_M.pdf: 3666934 bytes, checksum: 255f444a354a51cf33e045323fd794a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O propagador é um objeto central quando se está interessado em obter soluções dependentes do tempo para a equação de Schrödinger. Ele representa a amplitude de probabilidade de que, após um certo intervalo de tempo, um dado estado inicial seja encontrado em um determinado estado final. O propagador pode ser calculado a partir de uma integral de caminhos, na qual todas as trajetórias geométricas que conectam o estado inicial ao final devem ser consideradas. Não obstante, à medida que a ação de um sistema se torna grande em comparação com a constante de Planck, verifica-se que somente aqueles caminhos que obedecem a equações de movimento clássicas contribuem significativamente para a integral. A aproximação semiclássica consiste justamente em calcular o propagador levando-se em conta apenas as contribuições provenientes das vizinhanças de tais trajetórias. Neste trabalho nos voltamos para o propagador semiclássico na representação de estados coerentes. Estados coerentes são estados de incerteza mínima os quais se adequam naturalmente à formulação semiclássica. Nesta representação, contudo, ocorre que as trajetórias clássicas que são utilizadas no cálculo do propagador semiclássico são complexas. Além disso, as condições de contorno às quais estas trajetórias estão submetidas impõem sérias dificuldades na avaliação direta de tal expressão. Como alternativa, apresentamos aqui uma representação a valores iniciais (IVR) para o propagador semiclássico escrito na base de estados coerentes. Duas versões deste método são divisadas. Os cuidados especiais que devem ser tomados ao se lidar com trajetórias complexas são enfatizados. Em seguida, aplicamos nossa fórmula IVR na resolução de alguns sistemas simples e mostramos que nossos resultados são comparáveis àqueles obtidos com o método de Herman-Kluk, que é o método mais popular dentre as IVRs semiclássicas / Abstract: The propagator is a central object when one is interested in obtaining time-dependent solutions to the Schrödinger equation. It stands for the probability amplitude that after a certain time interval, a given initial state is found at a given final state. The propagator can be calculated from a path integral in which all geometric paths that connect the initial and final states must be considered. Nevertheless, as the action of a system becomes large when compared to Planck¿s constant, one finds that only those paths that obey classical equations of motion will contribute significantly to the integral. The semiclassical approximation consists in evaluating the path integral by taking into account only those contributions arising from the vicinities of such classical trajectories. Here we focus on the semiclassical propagator in the coherent state representation. Coherent states are minimum uncertainty states that naturally lend themselves to the semiclassical formulation. In this representation, however, it turns out that the classical trajectories that contribute to the semiclassical propagator are complex. Moreover, the boundary conditions to which these trajectories are subjected pose serious difficulties in the direct evaluation of such expression. As an alternative, we present an initial value representation (IVR) for the semiclassical coherent state propagator. Since it makes use of complex trajectories, we call it Complex Initial Value Representation (CIVR). Two versions of the method are devised. The special care required when dealing with complex trajectories is emphasized. Finally, we apply our CIVR formula to a few simple systems and show that our results are comparable to those obtained with the Herman-Kluk method, which is the most popular method among the semiclassical IVR formulas / Mestrado / Física Geral / Mestre em Física

Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T16:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veronez_Matheus_M.pdf: 3220654 bytes, checksum: 8a9b1ab2e2d0f8f82a8747e9a1f7c2fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nas duas últimas décadas do séc. XX os estados coerentes entraram em cena como uma poderosa representação sobre a qual pode-se apoiar a mecânica quântica, possibilitando a extensão do cálculo de integrais de trajetória a uma classe de estados mais abrangente, da qual os autoestados de posição e momento são membros. Cálculos semiclássicos revelaram que as contribuições mais importantes ao propagador quântico provém de domínios centrados em trajetórias complexas no espaço de fase. O método dos estados coerentes acoplados emprega estados dinâmicos para desenvolver um esquema exato para resolver a equação de Schrödinger dependente do tempo, dinâmica esta que emprega trajetórias reais. O regime semiclássico deste método exato conduz a um resultado similar ao obtido a partir das integrais de trajetória, porém empregando trajetórias reais. Neste trabalho o interesse é desenvolver a teoria dos estados coerentes acoplados empregando as trajetórias complexas naturais à aproximação semiclássica e estudar a viabilidade deste método / Abstract: By the end of the last century the harmonic oscillator coherent states were extensively studied as a powerful representation for doing quantum mechanics on the phase space. They were employed in the development of a more general class of path integrals which has the usual Feynman path integral as a particular case. The semiclassical limit of these path integrals involves contributions of functions evaluated on complex trajectories on the phase space. The coupled coherent states (CCS), an exact method devised for solving Schrödinger\'s equation employing a set of path guided states driven by real trajectories, has its semiclassical limit in accordance with that provided by the path integral method, respecting the differences among the trajectories each one employs. In this work we extend the range of the CCS using complex trajectory guided states and we study the complex CCS theory thus obtained / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:21:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ParisioFilho_FernandoRobertodeLuna_D.pdf: 1316597 bytes, checksum: 7f79cd7aefdbaf70bddcdb50acb8e154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta tese aborda diversos aspectos da propagação semiclássica de estados coerentes. Determinamos uma expressão bastante geral para o propagador entre tais estados que, ao contrário das fórmulas existentes na literatura, é válida para pacotes de larguras quaisquer. O resultado, obtido via integração funcional, depende de trajetórias clássicas num espaço de fase complexificado. Aproximações baseadas em órbitas reais são também analisadas e demonstra-se a origem comum dos propagadores gaussianos de Heller e BAKKS. Em seguida, é feito um estudo bastante completo da propagação semiclássica de estados coerentes na representação de posição. Os resultados formais obtidos são aplicados explicitamente para o caso de um pacote gaussiano sob a influência de um potencial repulsivo suave. Para este sistema, a solução das equações de Hamilton e a própria função de onda semiclássica podem ser determinadas analiticamente. O problema das soluções não contribuintes, que se origina da aplicação do método do expoente estacionário, é resolvido através de imposições de consistência física. Os efeitos das cáusticas no espaço de fase, pontos onde a aproximação semiclássica de ordem quadrática diverge, são controlados através de correções envolvendo funções de Airy / Abstract: This thesis addresses di®erent aspects of the semiclassical propagation of coherent states. We have derived a general expression for the propagator connecting these states which, di®erently from previous formulae in the literature, is valid for packets of arbitrary widths. The result, obtained via functional integration, depends on classical trajectories in a complex phase space. Approximations based on real orbits are also analyzed and it is demonstrated that the Heller and BAKKS Gaussian propagators belong to the same category. Next we make a detailed study of the semiclassical propagation of coherent states in the position representation. The obtained formal results are applied to the case of a Gaussian packet under the influence of a smooth repulsive potential. For this system the solution of Hamilton's equations and the semiclassical wave function can be expressed analytically. The problem of non-contributing solutions, which originates from the application of the stationary exponent method, is solved by the introduction of some criteria of physical consistency. The e®ects of caustics in phase space, points where the lowest order semiclassical approximation diverges, are controlled by introducing corrections involving Airy functions / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Abstract The most important paradigms in quantum mechanics are probably a twolevel system, a harmonic oscillator and an ideal (infinite) periodic potential. The first two provide a starting point for understanding the phenomena in systems where the spectrum of energy levels is discrete, whereas the last one results in continuous energy bands. Here an attempt is made to study the dynamics of the electrons in a narrow miniband of a semiconductor superlattice under electric and magnetic fields. Semiconductor superlattices are artificial periodic structures, where certain properties like the period and the energy band structure, defined in standard crystals by the nature, can be controlled. Electron dynamics in a single superlattice miniband is interesting both from the viewpoint of fundamental and applied physics. From the fundamental perspective superlattices serve as a model system for a wealth of phenomena resulting from the wavenature of charge carriers. On the other hand, superlattices can potentially be utilized in oscillators and amplifiers operating at THz frequencies. They can, in principle, provide a reasonable THz Bloch gain under dc bias and parametric amplification in the presence of ac pump field. Because of numerous scientific and technological applications in different areas of science and technology, including astrophysics and atmospheric science, biological and medical sciences, and detection of concealed weapons and biosecurity, a construction of compact tunable THz amplifiers and generators that can operate at room temperature is an important – but so far unrealized – task. This thesis focuses on the influence of electric and magnetic fields on small-signal absorption and gain in semiconductor superlattices in the presence of dissipation (scattering). We present several new ideas how the effects arising due to the wave nature of the electrons can be utilized in an operation of THz oscillators and amplifiers. In Papers I–V, we discuss the properties of superlattice sub-THz and THz parametric amplifiers, whereas the Papers VI–IX are devoted to the problem of domain instability in the realization of cw THz Bloch oscillator. In Paper IX we also establish a feasibility of new type of superlattice THz amplifier based on nonlinear cyclotron-like oscillations of the miniband electrons. The ideas presented in the Papers I–IX are supplemented here with a detailed discussion of the physical origin of the effects and more rigorous mathematical derivations of the main equations.