Tunneling in 1D describes the effect that quantum particles can penetrate a classically insurmountable potential energy barrier. The extension to classically forbidden transitions in phase space generalizes the tunneling concept. A typical 1D Hamiltonian system has a mixed phase space. It contains regions of regular and chaotic dynamics, the so-called regular islands and the chaotic sea. These different phase space components are classically separated by dynamically generated barriers. Quantum mechanically they are, however, connected by dynamical tunneling. We perform a semiclassical quantization of almost resonance-free regular islands and transporting island chains of quantum maps. This yields so-called quasimodes, which are used for the investigation of direct dynamical tunneling from an almost resonance-free regular island to the chaotic sea. We derive a formula which allows for the determination of dynamical tunneling rates. Good agreement between this analytical prediction and numerical results is found over several orders of magnitude for two example systems. / Der 1D Tunneleffekt bezeichnet das Durchdringen einer klassisch nicht überwindbaren potentiellen Energiebarriere durch Quantenteilchen. Eine Verallgemeinerung des Tunnelbegriffs ist die Erweiterung auf jegliche Art von klassisch verbotenen Übergangsprozessen im Phasenraum. Der Phasenraum eines typischen 1D Hamiltonschen Systems ist gemischt. Er besteht aus Bereichen regulärer und chaotischer Dynamik, den sogenannten regulären Inseln und der chaotischen See. Während diese verschiedenen Phasenraumbereiche klassisch durch dynamisch generierte Barrieren voneinander getrennt sind, existiert quantenmechanisch jedoch eine Verknüpfung durch den dynamischen Tunnelprozess. In dieser Arbeit wird eine semiklassische Quantisierung von praktisch resonanz-freien regulären Inseln und transportierenden Inselketten von Quantenabbildungen durchgeführt. Die daraus folgenden sogenannten Quasimoden werden für die Untersuchung des direkten dynamischen Tunnelns aus einer praktisch resonanz-freien regulären Insel in die chaotische See verwendet, was auf eine Tunnelraten vorhersagende Formel führt. Ihre anschlie?ßende Anwendung auf zwei Modellsysteme zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Numerik und analytischer Vorhersage über viele Größenordnungen.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre général de la description de l’effet tunnel dans la limite semi classique h → 0. Nous présentons une nouvelle méthode de calcul direct de la largeur des doublets tunnel. L’expression obtenue est basée sur l’utilisation de traces d’opérateurs quantiques, dont l’opérateur d’évolution Û (T)prolongé analytiquement à l’aide d’un temps complexe T. L’étape suivante consiste en un développement semi classique de ces traces. Nous nous plaçons dans le cadre des systèmes intégrables unidimensionnels afin d’insister sur l’importance d’un temps complexe et on montre que le choix d’un chemin du temps [t] adapté, lors du calcul semi classique des traces, fournit un critère de sélection efficace des trajectoires complexes dominantes. Nous verrons que cette approche retrouve la technique des instantons dans la limite d’un temps purement imaginaire et qu’elle permet d’inclure les descriptions, inaccessibles par une rotation de Wick complète, de l’effet tunnel dynamique et résonant. Nous montrons également comment adapter cette méthode au taux de transmission tunnel d’un état localisé dans un minimum local vers un continuum d’états. Enfin, nous proposerons, en guise de perspectives,d’étudier l’effet tunnel résonant à partir de modèles intégrables présentant des îlots stables entourés de chaînes de tores pour lesquels nous tenterons d’adapter la théorie de l’effet tunnel assisté par les résonances. / The present work is developed within the general framework of the description of the tunneling effect in the semiclassical limit h → 0. We introduce a new method for the direct computation of the tunneling splittings. We get a trace formula involving the evolution operator continued in the complex plane using a complex time T. The next step is to obtain semi classical expansion of these traces. Within the framework of one dimensionnalintegrable systems, we show the key role of a complex time. When performing semiclassical calculations, an appropriate complex-time paths provide an efficient criterion in order toselect the dominant complex trajectories involved in the traces. We will show that our approach includes instanton techniques in the limit of a purely imaginary time and describes dynamical tunneling and resonant tunneling for which a complete Wick is not sufficient.We will show also how our method works for the decay rates. Finally, as a perspective,we will study resonant tunneling from integrable models which exhibit prominent islands surrounded by chains of tori. From these models, we will try to apply the theory of resonant assisted tunneling to integrable systems.

Orientador: Kyoko Furuya / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T22:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viscondi_ThiagodeFreitas_M.pdf: 15446195 bytes, checksum: d4e6bd6c75ebc928ffe531009f94d745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Examinamos vários aspectos do modelo de um condensado de Bose-Einstein aprisionado em um potencial de três poços simetricamente dispostos, incluindo os efeitos geralmente negligenciados de interação entre partículas em modos locais distintos, que conhecemos como colisões cruzadas. Por intermédio de uma extensão do formalismo de pseudo-spins de Schwinger, aproveitamos a estrutura algébrica natural do sistema, de forma a construir o análogo clássico do modelo utilizando os estados coerentes próprios das representações totalmente simétricas do grupo SU(3). Empregando esta aproximação semiclássica, estudamos os diferentes regimes dinâmicos populacionais presentes no sistema, que podem ser divididos em três grandes conjuntos, os quais denominamos como dinâmicas de condensados gêmeos, poço vazio e vórtice. Estes regimes estão relacionados ao comportamento dos pontos de equilíbrio do modelo, que apresentam bifurcações e alterações de estabilidade, ferramentas essenciais à compreensão dos fenômenos não lineares de tunelamento do condensado. A dinâmica de condensados gêmeos representa um subregime integrável do sistema, onde observamos a supressão do tunelamento bosônico, conhecida como auto-aprisionamento macroscópico. Os estados de vórtice são responsáveis por configurações de rotação do condensado na armadilha, ao passo que os estados de poço vazio exibem desocupação persistente em um dos modos locais. Todos os resultados análogos clássicos são comparados a cálculos quânticos exatos, no intuito de observar as origens da quebra de correspondência clássico-quântica, que quantificamos com uma medida de emaranhamento multipartite, conhecida como pureza generalizada. Também consideramos a transição de fase quântica presente no modelo para interações bosônicas atrativas, a qual associamos a uma mudança da dinâmica populacional do sistema, observada como uma fragmentação das representações do estado fundamental sobre o espaço de fase / Abstract: We examined several aspects of a Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a symmetrically arranged triple-well potential, including the effects of the generally neglected interaction between particles in different local modes, known as cross-collisions. By means of an extension of the Schwinger¿s pseudospins formalism, we take advantage of the system¿s algebraic structure in order to obtain the classical analogue of the model, by using the coherent states of the fully symmetric representations of the SU(3) group. Employing this semiclassical approximation, we studied the different dynamical regimes of the system, which can be divided into three large groups, which we call as twin-condensate, single depleted well and vortex dynamics. These dynamical regimes are related to the behavior of the fixed points of the model, which exhibit bifurcations and changes of stability, essential tools to the understanding of the nonlinear tunneling phenomena. The twin-condensate dynamics is an integrable subregime of the system, where we observe the suppression of bosonic tunneling, known as macroscopic self-trapping. The vortex states are responsible for the rotational configurations of the condensate in the trap, while the single well depleted states exhibit one persistent vacant local mode. All the classical analogue results are compared to exact quantum calculations, in order to observe the origins of the broken quantum-classical correspondence, which we quantified with a measure of multipartite entanglement, known as generalized purity. We also consider the quantum phase transition for attractive bosonic interactions, which we connect to a change in population dynamics of the system, observed as the phase space fragmentation of the ground state representations / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Cette thèse concerne l'étude spectrale de l'opérateur de Schrödinger avec champ magnétique et paramètre semi-classique, sur un domaine borné et régulier en dimension 2, avec condition de Neumann au bord. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement au cas où le champ magnétique s'annule sur une union de courbes régulières. L'objectif est de comprendre l'influence d'une annulation du champ et d'expliciter le comportement des basses valeurs propres et des fonctions propres associées lorsque le paramètre semi-classique tend vers 0. Dans cette limite - dite semi-classique - la description précise des éléments propres passe par la compréhension de différents opérateurs modèles sous-jacents. La première partie est consacrée au cas d'un champ magnétique qui s'annule de manière non dégénérée le long d'une courbe régulière simple intersectant le bord du domaine. La deuxième partie concerne le cas d'une annulation quadratique à l'intérieur du domaine. Dans de ces deux cas d'étude, on donne dans un premier temps un équivalent asymptotique de la première valeur propre. La majoration s'obtient par une construction de fonctions tests appropriées tandis que la minoration s'obtient par une méthode de localisation quantique. Ce dernier aspect est délicat car il s'agit de gérer la transition entre des modèles ayant des homogénéités différentes. Dans un second temps, on examine les propriétés de localisation des premières fonctions propres, via des estimées d'Agmon semi-classiques. Ceci permet d'obtenir un développement asymptotique complet des premières valeurs propres, à n'importe quel ordre. Dans le cas d'une annulation quadratique, la thèse est complétée par une étude de l'opérateur modèle pour lequel le lieu d'annulation est une union de deux droites sécantes faisant un angle non nul. Dans la limite petit angle, la structure du spectre est gouvernée un symbole opérateur à deux paramètres. On établit différentes propriétés de ce symbole opérateur et de la fonction de bande associée. Des simulations numériques basées sur la librairie éléments finis Mélina++ ont guidé l'analyse et illustrent les résultats obtenus. Les difficultés numériques - dues aux fortes oscillations de la phase dans l'expression des fonctions propres - sont gérées grâce à une interpolation polynomiale de haut degré. / This thesis is devoted to the spectral analysis of the Schrödinger operator with magnetic field and semiclassical parameter, on a bounded regular domain in dimension two, with Neumann boundary condition. We investigate the case when the magnetic field vanishes along a union of smooth curves. The aim is to understand the influence of the cancellation and to study the behaviour of the lowest eigenvalues and the associated eigenfunctions when the semiclassical parameter tends to 0. In this regime - called the semiclassical limit - the precise description of the eigenpairs requires the understanding of underlying models. In the first part, we consider a magnetic field which vanishes linearly along a smooth simple curve intersecting the boundary. The second part is devoted to the case when the magnetic field vanishes quadratically. In both cases, we firstly give a one term asymptotics of the lowest eigenvalue. The upper bound is obtained by using appropriate test functions whereas the lower bound results from a localisation process. This last aspect constitutes the most difficult part because of the different scales involved. Then we investigate the localisation properties of the first eigenfunctions thanks to semiclassical Agmon estimates. This leads to a full asymptotic expansion of the first eigenvalues. In the case when the magnetic field vanishes quadratically, we study in addition the model operator for which the cancellation set is a union of two straight lines, whose intersection form a non-zero angle. In the small angle regime, the structure of the spectrum is governed by an operator symbol with two parameters. We establish different properties of this symbol and the associated band function. Numerical simulations based on the finite elements library Mélina++ have guided the analysis and illustrate the obtained results. The difficulties of the numerical computations - induced by the high phase oscillations of the eigenfunctions - are circumvented by polynomial interpolation of high degree.

Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous étudions la propagation des mesures de Wigner associées aux solutions de l'équation de Schrödinger à potentiels présentant des singularités coniques, et nous montrons qu'elles sont transportées par deux différents flots Hamiltoniens, l'un sur le fibré cotangent à la variété des singularités et l'autre ailleurs dans l'espace des phases, à moins d'un phénomène d'échange entre ces deux régimes qui peut se produire quand des trajectoires du flot extérieur atteignent le fibré cotangent. Nous décrivons en détail et le flot et la concentration de masse autour et sur la variété singulière, et illustrons avec des exemples quelques questions issues de la faute d'unicité des trajectoires classiques sur les singularités en dépit de l'unicité des solutions quantiques, ce qui refute tout principe de sélection classique, mais qui n'empêche dans certains cas de résoudre complètement le problème.Dans la deuxième partie nous présentons un travail mené en collaboration avec Dr. Clotilde Fermanian et Dr. Fabricio Macià où nous analysons une équation de type Schrödinger pertinente à l'étude semiclassique de la dynamique d'un électron dans un cristal avec impuretés et montrons que, dans la limite où la période caractérisique du réseau cristallin est sufisamment petite par rapport à la variation du potentiel extérieur représentant les impuretés, cette équation peut être approximée par une équation de masse effective, ou, plus généralement, que sa solution se décompose en modes de Bloch et que chacun d'eux satisfait une équation de masse effective spécifique à son énergie de Bloch / In the first part of this thesis we study the propagation of Wigner measures linked to solutions of the Schrödinger equation with potentials presenting conical singularities and show that they are transported by two different Hamiltonian flows, one over the bundle cotangent to the singular set and the other elsewhere in the phase space, up to a transference phenomenon between these two regimes that may arise whenever trajectories in the outsider flow lead in or out the bundle. We describe in detail either the flow and the mass concentration around and on the singular set and illustrate with examples some issues raised by the lack of uniqueness for the classical trajectories on the singularities despite the uniqueness of quantum solutions, dismissing any classical selection principle, but in some cases being able to fully solve the problem.In the second part we present a work in collaboration with Dr. Clotilde Fermanian and Dr. Fabricio Macià where we analyse a Schrödinger-like equation pertinent to the semiclassical study of the dynamics of an electron in a crystal with impurities, showing that in the limit where the characteristic lenght of the crystal's lattice can be considered sufficiently small with respect to the variation of the exterior potential modelling the impurities, then this equation is approximated by an effective mass equation, or, more generally, that its solution decomposes in terms of Bloch modes, each of them satisfying an effective mass equation specificly assigned to their Bloch energies

This thesis is a collection of the three projects I have worked on at Purdue. The first is a paper on thermoacoustic tomography involving circular integrating detectors that was published in Inverse Problems and Imaging. Results from this paper include demonstrating that the measurement operators involved are Fourier integral operators, as well as proving microlocal uniqueness in certain cases, and also stability. The second paper, submitted to the Journal of Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems, is much more of an application of sampling theory in to the specific case of thermoacoustic tomography. Results from this paper include demonstrating resolution limits imposed by sampling rates, and showing that aliasing artifacts appear in predictable locations in an image when the measurement operator is under sampled in either the time variable or space variables. We also show an application of a basic anti aliasing scheme based on averaging of data. The last project moves slightly away from microlocal analysis and considers the uniqueness in medical imaging of the restricted Radon transform in even dimensions. This is the classical interior problem, and we show a characterization of the range of the Radon transform, and from this are able to obtain a characterization of the kernel of the restricted Radon transform. We include figures throughout to illustrate results.

We investigate thermalization in finite quantum systems using coherent state-based approaches to solve the time-dependent Schr\'odinger equation. Earlier, a lot of work has been done in the quantum realm, to study thermalization in spin systems, but not for the case of continuous systems. Here, we focus on continuous systems. We study the zero temperature thermalization i.e., we consider the ground states of the bath oscillators (environment). In order to study the quantum dynamics of a system under investigation, we require numerical methods to solve the time-dependent Schr\'odinger equation. We describe different numerical methods like the split-operator fast fourier transform, coupled coherent states, static grid of coherent states, semiclassical Herman-Kluk propagator and the linearized semiclassical initial value representation to study the quantum dynamics. We also give a comprehensive comparison of the most widely used coherent state based methods. Starting from the fully variational coherent states method, after a first approximation, the coupled coherent states method can be derived, whereas an additional approximation leads to the semiclassical Herman-Kluk method. We numerically compare the different methods with another one, based on a static rectangular grid of coherent states, by applying all of them to the revival dynamics in a one-dimensional Morse oscillator, with a special focus on the number of basis states (for the coupled coherent states and Herman-Kluk methods the number of classical trajectories) needed for convergence. We also extend the Husimi (coherent state) based version of linearized semiclassical theories for the calculation of correlation functions to the case of survival probabilities. This is a case that could be dealt with before only by use of the Wigner version of linearized semiclassical theory. Numerical comparisons of the Husimi and the Wigner case with full quantum results as well as with full semiclassical ones is given for the revival dynamics in a Morse oscillator with and without coupling to an additional harmonic degree of freedom. From this, we see the quantum to classical transition of the system dynamics due to the coupling to the environment (bath harmonic oscillator), which then can lead ultimately to our final goal of thermalization for long-time dynamics. In regard to thermalization in quantum systems, we address the following questions--- is it enough to increase the interaction strength between the different degrees of freedom in order to fully develop chaos which is the classical prerequisite for thermalization, or if, in addition, the number of those degrees of freedom has to be increased (possibly all the way to the thermodynamic limit) in order to observe thermalization. We study the ``toppling pencil'' model, i.e., an excited initial state on top of the barrier of a symmetric quartic double well to investigate thermalization. We apply the method of coupled coherent states to study the long-time dynamics of this system. We investigate if the coupling of the central quartic double well to a finite, environmental bath of harmonic oscillators in their ground states will let the central system evolve towards its uncoupled ground state. This amounts to thermalization i.e., a cooling down to the bath ``temperature'' (strictly only defined in the thermodynamic limit) of the central system. It is shown that thermalization can be achieved in finite quantum system with continuous variables using coherent state-based methods to solve the time-dependent Schr\'odinger equation. Also, here we witness thermalization by coupling the system to a bath of only few oscillators (less than ten), which until now has been seen for more than ten to twenty bath oscillators.

Ce manuscrit est consacré à l'étude de la mécanique classique et la mécanique quantique en présence d'un champ magnétique. En mécanique classique, nous utilisons un Hamiltonien pour décrire la dynamique d'une particule chargée dans un domaine soumis à un champ magnétique. Nous nous intéressons ici à deux problèmes classiques de physique : le problème de confinement et le problème de scattering. Dans le cas quantique, nous étudions le problème spectral du laplacien magnétique au niveau semi-classique dans des domaines de dimension deux: sur une variété Riemanienne compacte à bord et dans ℝ ². En supposant que le champ magnétique ait un unique minimum strictement positif et non-dégénéré, nous pouvons décrire les fonctions propres par les méthodes WKB. Grâce au théorème spectral, nous pouvons estimer efficacement les vraies fonctions propres et les fonctions propres approchées localement proche du minimum du champ magnétique. Dans ℝ ², sous l'hypothèse additionnelle d'une symétrie radiale du champ magnétique, nous pouvons montrer que les fonctions propres du laplacien magnétique décroissent de manière exponentielle à l'infini avec une vitesse contrôlée par la fonction phase de la procédure WKB. De plus, les fonctions propres sont très bien approchées dans un espace à poids exponentiel. / This manuscript is devoted to classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, especially in the presence of magnetic field. In classical mechanics, we use Hamiltonian dynamics to describe the motion of a charged particle in a domain affected by the magnetic field. We are interested in two classical physical problems: the confinement and the scattering problem. In the quantum case, we study the spectral problem of the magnetic Laplacian at the semi-classical level, in two-dimensional domains: on a compact Riemmanian manifold with boundary and on ℝ ². Under the assumption that the magnetic field has a unique positive and non-degenerate minimum, we can describe the eigenfunctions by WKB methods. Thanks to the spectral theorem, we estimated efficiently the true eigenfunctions and the approximate eigenfunctions locally near the minimum point of the magnetic field. On ℝ ², with the additional assumption that the magnetic field is radially symmetric, we can show that the eigenfunctions of the magnetic Laplacian decay exponentially at infinity and at a rate controlled by the phase function created in WKB procedure. Furthermore, the eigenfunctions are very well approximated in an exponentially weighted space.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第19200号 / 人博第741号 / 新制||人||178(附属図書館) / 27||人博||741(吉田南総合図書館) / 32192 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇敷 重廣, 教授 森本 芳則, 准教授 木坂 正史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Tunneling in 1D describes the effect that quantum particles can penetrate a classically insurmountable potential energy barrier. The extension to classically forbidden transitions in phase space generalizes the tunneling concept. A typical 1D Hamiltonian system has a mixed phase space. It contains regions of regular and chaotic dynamics, the so-called regular islands and the chaotic sea. These different phase space components are classically separated by dynamically generated barriers. Quantum mechanically they are, however, connected by dynamical tunneling. We perform a semiclassical quantization of almost resonance-free regular islands and transporting island chains of quantum maps. This yields so-called quasimodes, which are used for the investigation of direct dynamical tunneling from an almost resonance-free regular island to the chaotic sea. We derive a formula which allows for the determination of dynamical tunneling rates. Good agreement between this analytical prediction and numerical results is found over several orders of magnitude for two example systems. / Der 1D Tunneleffekt bezeichnet das Durchdringen einer klassisch nicht überwindbaren potentiellen Energiebarriere durch Quantenteilchen. Eine Verallgemeinerung des Tunnelbegriffs ist die Erweiterung auf jegliche Art von klassisch verbotenen Übergangsprozessen im Phasenraum. Der Phasenraum eines typischen 1D Hamiltonschen Systems ist gemischt. Er besteht aus Bereichen regulärer und chaotischer Dynamik, den sogenannten regulären Inseln und der chaotischen See. Während diese verschiedenen Phasenraumbereiche klassisch durch dynamisch generierte Barrieren voneinander getrennt sind, existiert quantenmechanisch jedoch eine Verknüpfung durch den dynamischen Tunnelprozess. In dieser Arbeit wird eine semiklassische Quantisierung von praktisch resonanz-freien regulären Inseln und transportierenden Inselketten von Quantenabbildungen durchgeführt. Die daraus folgenden sogenannten Quasimoden werden für die Untersuchung des direkten dynamischen Tunnelns aus einer praktisch resonanz-freien regulären Insel in die chaotische See verwendet, was auf eine Tunnelraten vorhersagende Formel führt. Ihre anschlie?ßende Anwendung auf zwei Modellsysteme zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Numerik und analytischer Vorhersage über viele Größenordnungen.